Envy as a Psychological and Cognitive Phenomenon in Ukrainian and Slovak Linguistic Consciousness (Based on the Associative Experiment)

Straipsniai / Articles 301 ANDREA GROMINOVA University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Slovakia ORCID id: orcid.org/0000-0002-2384-6880 Fields of research: translation studies, translation reception of Russian literature in Slovak cultural context, contemporary Russian literature, contemporary Russian and Slovak poetry. OLEH TYSHCHENKO University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava ORCID id: orcid.org/0009-0009-0811-2123 Fields of research: Slavic ethnolinguistics, comparative phraseology, linguoculturology, cognitive linguistics, general and comparative-typological linguistics, translatology. IGOR KOROLYOV Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv ORCID id: orcid.org/0000-0003-0436-5923 Fields of research: general linguistics, linguistic communication, psycholinguistics. MYROSLAVA FABIAN Uzhhorod National University ORCID id: orcid.org/0000-0002-3351-1275 Fields of research: lexical semantics, comparative semantics, pragmatics, cross-language and cross-cultural communication, sociolinguistics. DOI: doi.org/10.35321/all90-12 ANDREA GROMINOVA, OLEH TYSHCHENKO, IGOR KOROLYOV, MYROSLAVA FABIAN 302 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica XC ENVY AS A PSYCHOLOGICAL AND COGNITIVE PHENOMENON IN UKRAINIAN AND SLOVAK LINGUISTIC CONSCIOUSNESS (BASED ON THE ASSOCIATIVE EXPERIMENT)1 Pavydas kaip psichologinis ir kognityvinis reiškinys ukrainiečių ir slovakų kalbinėje sąmonėje (remiantis asociaciniu eksperimentu) ANNOTATION The complex psychological, sociocultural and semiotic phenomenon of ENVY is explored in the paper. It is regarded as a mental correlating factor of cultural signs and symbolic stereotypes, norms and values. Additionally, it serves as the element of cognitive and evaluative experience, ethical, and religious customs and beliefs, such as the naive model of the world in the magic texts, body and evaluative metaphors of up and down, the concepts of success, wealth, poverty, the domestic and the strange, etc. A linguistic-cognitive analysis of the conceptual sphere of ENVY has been conducted. It is based on the associative experiment on its stimuli reactions, their frequency as well as national and cultural specificity received from Ukrainian and Slovak respondents. The frame model of ENVY has been developed according to gender, associative imagery, evaluative and metaphoric features. The obtained results have been interpreted in cognitive, quantitative and qualitative terms, sustained by the proverbs and sayings actualizing the notion of ENVY. The empirical material has been modelled as corresponding subframes. Zones of their semantic interconnections with the concepts of HATRED, JEALOUSY and GREED have been identified. 1 The study is published with the support of the international grant project Erasmus+ KA220-HED No. 2021-1-SK01-KA220-HED-000022917 entitled “The innovation of the concept and curriculum of doctoral study programs and increasing their effectiveness” (A. Grominova, O. Tyshchenko). Straipsniai / Articles 303 Envy as a Psychological and Cognitive Phenomenon in Ukrainian and Slovak Linguistic Consciousness (Based on the Associative Experiment) KEYWORDS: concept of ENVY, associative experiment, frame, subframe, Ukrainian and Slovak respondents. ANOTACIJA Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas sudėtingas psichologinis, sociokultūrinis ir semiotinis reiškinys PAVYDAS. Jis laikomas psichiniu veiksniu, koreliuojančiu su kultūriniais ženklais ir simboliniais stereotipais, normomis ir vertybėmis. Be to, jis yra kognityvinės ir vertinamosios patirties, etinių ir religinių normų bei tikėjimų elementas, pavyzdžiui, nai vusis pasaulio modelis magijos tekstuose, kūno ir vertinamosios metaforos, nurodančios kryptį aukštyn arba žemyn, sėkmės, turto, skurdo, buities, svetimybių sąvokos ir kt. Atlikta lingvokognityvinė konceptualiosios PAVYDO srities analizė. Ji grindžiama ukrainiečių ir slovakų respondentų asociacinio eksperimento reakcijų į stimulus, jų dažnumo, taip pat tautinės ir kultūrinės jų specifikos duomenimis. Koncepto PAVYDAS freimų modelis buvo sukurtas pagal lyties, asociacinių vaizdinių, vertinamųjų ir metaforinių ypatybių požymius. Remiantis patarlėmis ir priežodžiais, aktualizuojančiais konceptą PAVYDAS, gauti rezultatai buvo interpretuojami kognityvi niu, kiekybiniu ir kokybiniu požiūriu. Empirinė medžiaga buvo modeliuojama kaip atitinkami po freimiai. Nustatytos jų semantinių sąsajų su konceptais NEAPYKANTA, PAVYDAS ir GODUMAS sritys. ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: konceptas PAVYDAS, asociacinis eksperimentas, freimas, pofreimis, ukrainiečių ir slovakų respondentai. 1. INTRODUCTION Linguistic consciousness has been the central object of psycholinguistic research in contemporary studies. It determined its multi-vector study from various perspectives: methodological, cognitive, semiotic, ethnolinguistic, axiological, lexicographical, etc. ENVY as one of the basic anthropological categories is a complex multifunctional, cultural, mental, and linguistic phenomenon that needs separate consideration. The axiometric and semantic reconstruction of the associative field of ENVY requires ethnocultural and ethno-psychological reconstruction of emotions by focusing on 1) both common and distinctive features of images of linguistic consciousness peculiar to representatives of different nations; 2) the study and comprehension of identity and historical memory of the ethnos; 3) the values and cultural stereotypes of the ethnos by applying psycholinguistic and cognitive techniques. ANDREA GROMINOVA, OLEH TYSHCHENKO, IGOR KOROLYOV, MYROSLAVA FABIAN 304 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica XC The mentioned cognitive techniques prove Kutter’s statement (1998: 72– 73) that “ENVY is a greed engorging a person from inside […] it turns into a resentment which Friedrich Nietzsche termed as “existential ENVY” (Germ. Lebensneid).” The destructive semantics of ENVY and HATRED are highlighted by Maria Szymkowska (1989: 27) who regards the emotional states through the prism of “psychological hygiene”: they have “the sense of destruction and disease both from the point of somatic health of those who experience them and those to whom they are directed. They constitute a threat for the physical health.” As a multidimensional category, ENVY has always attracted the attention of scholars who try to find answers to questions about its composition and manifestations. From the viewpoint of nursing science, the analysis of ENVY is based on the desire to understand human beings from the perspective of subjective health and illness (Maijala, Munnukka, Nikkonen 2000). Similar studies focus on the study of ENVY and JEALOUSY, and how their positive and negative aspects among nurse academics affect the workplace (Cleary, Walter, Halcomb, Lopez 2016), and try to prove that not only can patients ENVY their analysts’ creativity, but that therapists and analysts can ENVY their patients’ creativity (Safán-Gerard 2019; Hupka, Zaleski, Jurgen, Reidl, Tarabrina 1997). Oleh Tyshchenko (2020: 248) found out the features of lexemes compatibility with the ENVY and JEALOUSY in Slavic languages. In numerous works comparative and typological reflection of the considered concept is presented: Irina Nesvetajlova (2010), Irina Koltuckaja (2014), Natalija Šapran (2015), Tatjana Grigorjanová, Marina Matytcina (2018). Based on the categories of cultural anthropology and human psychology, Schoeck proves that FEAR and ENVY are integral components of human relationships existing in modern and primitive cultures where relevant representations and concepts categorize and regulate various manifestations of ENVY (Gawarkiewicz 2008: 11). ENVY is one of the Seven deadly sins, and the most shameful one, derives from the Latin invidia, “non-sight”. It is deeply ingrained in the human psyche, being common to all times and people. It is usually directed towards the people who compare themselves or feel they compete. Envious people tend to be hostile, angry, resentful and irritable. For a clearer delineation of these nuances in the investigated emotions, the researchers use the principle of semantic primitives, suggested by Wierzbicka: 1) X feels ENVY: “Something good happened to someone else. It did not happen to me. I do not want that to be the case. I want such good things happen to me, not to someone else. Therefore, I suffer and hate the others”; 2) X feels jealous: “I fear that the person who is dear for me has good feelings for someone else. I’m afraid that the Straipsniai / Articles 305 Envy as a Psychological and Cognitive Phenomenon in Ukrainian and Slovak Linguistic Consciousness (Based on the Associative Experiment) person who is dear for me may lose good feelings to me. I do not want that to be the case. I wish the person who is dear for me had good feelings only to me. Therefore, I suffer and hate the other” (Wierzbicka 2006: 123). The given research aims to create the linguistic and cultural image of ENVY based on associative experiment as well as to present its “psychological portrait” in the framework of established discursive practices, and in particular, in its functioning in individual’s everyday consciousness, in subjective, individual acts of speech, revealing its frequency and creating its typology in Ukrainian and Slovak students. To achieve the aim of the research, the following tasks have been put forward: to make a brief overview of ENVY as a psycho-cognitive and social phenomenon; to present the conceptual sphere of ENVY of Ukrainian and Slovak respondents in the frame structure form and to find the verbal content of each given the frequency and qualitative composition of reactions; having established the mutual associative concept connection index, to find the areas of semantic intersection in the associative pairs ENVY – GREED, ENVY – JEALOUSY within the associative-verbal network; to describe the reaction typology within each of the offered subframes (scenario, axiological, parametric, causative, etc.) given their universality, uniqueness and national and cultural markedness; to visualize the received reactions to the word-stimuli in the appropriate graph form and comment on them. 2. METHODOLOGICAL BASIS OF RESEARCH In the present paper, the frame modelling of ENVY in the linguistic consciousness of the Ukrainians and Slovaks is based on the notion of a frame as a complex taxonomic structure. American sociologist Goffman interprets the frame as the ability of practical consciousness “to assemble the world into an organized whole without the participation of discursive control”, as “a certain perspective of perception that creates a formal definition of the situation”, i.e. frames are basic elements that a researcher can identify within the framework of situations. Situations are subjected to organizing principles that “generate” different events, e.g. social events. The same principles also regulate our subjective participation in events (Goffman 1974: 10–11; Sineleva 2014: 78). As commonly recognized, an associative experiment is a technique for studying speech reactions to words or word combinations (stimuli), revealing reflexive temporary connections of sensations, feelings, images, concepts and designations in the mental lexicon of native speakers. ANDREA GROMINOVA, OLEH TYSHCHENKO, IGOR KOROLYOV, MYROSLAVA FABIAN 306 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica XC An associative experiment involves informants questioning with a list of stimuli and subsequently establishing the most frequent reactions (Galton, Tumb, Marbe). It is aimed at modelling the language system in the form of an associative-verbal network (Yu. N. Karaulov) or associative fields of vocabulary, the formation of an “associative profile” of consciousness images (Ufimceva 2008: 20). Furthermore, the associative experiment “allows to confirm the psychological relevance of the theoretical assumptions of the researcher, i.e. to represent the associative network of meanings [...] as a reflection of hierarchical conceptual structures in the mind of a speaker” (Potapenko 2013: 20), and reactions to a specific stimulus can be considered as a reflection of the corresponding conceptual structures, which to some extent are accompanied by emotions and evaluations following informant’s conceptual picture of the world. As Zinaida Popova and Josif Sternin specify (2007: 203), “a cognitive interpretation of the results of associative experiments can be performed through the stage of describing psycholinguistic meanings or through a direct cognitive interpretation of associates”. According to Roman Gawarkiewicz (2008: 7), “associative experiment aims to analyze the ways of describing, interpreting and perceiving the world, its evaluative categorization by modern native speakers, to represent the “system of meanings created by culture”. Language is a reflection of our conceptual system (Tyshchenko, Korolyov, Palchevska 2021), and by conducting cognitive psycholinguistic associative experiments as well as using other various methodologies, we may find a complex solution of the language to thought conceptual framing together with its subframes. The emotional component plays a leading role in shaping both the mythological and modern picture of the world. Fundamentally contrasting associative tests are carried out on various thematic groups of vocabulary in closely related as well as structurally and geographically distant languages. For instance, Petrova (2018: 14) presented the associative field of stimuli names of FOOD in Ukrainian, English and modern Greek, identifying the following types of reactions: syntagmatic, paradigmatic, thematic, phonetic, word-forming, reminiscent (quotation), hyponymic, personalities, geographical trademarks, national and cultural, evaluative, individual (subjective) associations. For a complete analytical review of this issue in Ukrainian and comparative psycholinguistics, see (Levchenko, Tyshchenko, Dilai 2020). Straipsniai / Articles 307 Envy as a Psychological and Cognitive Phenomenon in Ukrainian and Slovak Linguistic Consciousness (Based on the Associative Experiment) 3. RESEARCH PROCEDURE AND FINDINGS The empirical basis of the research comprises the results of the associative experiment conducted in 2019. The general scenario of the free-associative experiment consisted of the following research procedure: the students and cadets of Lviv State University of Life Safety (Fire Safety, Civil Security specialities), the students of Lviv Polytechnic National University and University of St. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava took part in the associative experiment. In total, 194 Ukrainian and 127 Slovak respondents were offered 67 incentives, such as envy(n), to envy(v); envious(adj) like/as which in the aggregate of the received reactions create the associative verbal network of ENVY concept sphere. Thus, a total of 145 reactions from Ukrainian respondents, including 104 unique, and 536 reactions from Slovak respondents received in the process of associative experiment have been presented in Figures 1 and 2 correspondingly. The experiment flow shows that the participants (Ukrainian respondents) reacted without missing the stimuli, mostly towards the middle of the given list; by the end of the list, the number of reactions significantly decreases (or is limited to one response to a stimulus word). Several respondents indicated “no association” even at the beginning of the list or put a line indicating the absence of any reaction. On the contrary, Slovak students (despite the smaller number of respondents) participated more actively and they tried to give answers to all word stimuli equally during the poll. Thus, several answer reactions were given for most of the word stimuli. This subjective factor can be used to explain several disproportions of the received answers from Ukrainian and Slovak respondents. In the research presented, the experiment and analysis of verbal responses did not involve the task of determining the correlation and specificity of respondents’ answers based on their gender. We believe that investigating this aspect warrants a separate study. However, in the process of the directed association experiment, a separate task was to trace the typology of reactions depending on comparison standard (which objects ENVY is compared with in word combinations ‘envious as’ in masculine form and ‘envious as’ in feminine form). To ensure the universality of the findings and highlight the social component, particularly the gender factor, in the relevant segment of the experiment, we find it essential to provide commentary on the frequency of verbal associations in each of the compared languages, along with specifying the number of male and female responses, respectively. An aspect of the offered methodology is the determination of the “associative” distance between concepts using the data analysis on their common associates ANDREA GROMINOVA, OLEH TYSHCHENKO, IGOR KOROLYOV, MYROSLAVA FABIAN 308 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica XC (the mutual associative connection index), as well as the associative experiment visualization results, which makes it possible to identify such common areas (e.g., between ENVY and greed, ENVY and jealousy). Fig. 3–4 shows the investigated section of the associative-verbal network. The mutual associative concept connection index was calculated by detecting the correlation between the number of identical reactions to the total number of received reactions. Previously, a similar technique was offered (Ulanovič 2010: 214). It is important to state that not all received reactions were taken into account for the obtained results description, but only those that correspond to the reaction distribution method (by subframes within the frames) offered by the authors, since these verbal associations have the greatest pragmatic and cognitive-value relevance for the obtained results. Thus, the description does not include the reaction results associated with declarative, participle, and possessive (belonging of ENVY to a certain object) subframes. Therefore, the number of described reactions presented in the main part of the investigation is much smaller than the received list of reactions in general. FIG. 1. Reactions to заздрість ‘ENVY’ stimulus Straipsniai / Articles 309 Envy as a Psychological and Cognitive Phenomenon in Ukrainian and Slovak Linguistic Consciousness (Based on the Associative Experiment) FIG. 2. Reactions to závisť ‘ENVY’ stimulus To commence, an in-depth analysis of the axiological and colour subframes. is provided. The rating of ENVY within the category of GOOD-EVIL takes mainly the negative pole of the axiological scale. It primarily manifests the incentive to ENVY in the categories of current norms violations, ethical evaluation, rejection, sometimes with a significant manifestation of negativity (in a person’s thoughts or actions): Ukrainian не варто/not worth (f 1,3), дуже погано/very bad (m 0,65), думати погано/think poorly (f 0,65), зле/bad (f 0,65) зло/evil (f 1,3/m 1,3), недобре, негатив/not good, negative (f 1,3), Slovak negatívne/negatively (f 2,00). Similar reactions are observed to заздрість ‘ENVY’ stimulus: найгірше/ the worst (m 0,69), недобре/not good (m 0,69), нічого доброго/nothing good (m 0,69), обмеженість/narrow-mindedness (f 0,69), погана/bad (f 0,69), погано/ badly (f 0,69/m 2,07). We observe similar reactions to the stimulus заздрити ‘to ENVY’ (f 3,9/m 2,6): погань/badness (m 1,38), низько/mean (m 0,69), ницість/meanness (f 1,38), недоречність/inappropriateness (f 0,69), нікчемність/ worthlessness (f 0,69), кoристолюбність/selfishness (f 0,69). This concept is interpreted within the limits of ethical and religious norms as a violation of certain prohibitions and regulations: гріх/sin (typically a sufficiently productive ANDREA GROMINOVA, OLEH TYSHCHENKO, IGOR KOROLYOV, MYROSLAVA FABIAN 316 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica XC відлюдькуватий/lonely, withdrawn (f 0,65). Reactions to the stimulus envious as/like (feminine form) associated with poverty are less frequent (m 0,65). In general, the obtained anthropocentric reactions containing a generic term human being (predominantly female) sometimes with pejorative adjectives найгірша людина, одинока нещасна жінка/the worst person, a lonely unhappy woman are also connected to evil eye/вріклива (f 0,65). 8. THE COMPARATIVE SUBFRAME: REACTIONS TO STIMULUS ENVIOUSAS/ LIKE (IN MASCULINE FORM) AND ENVIOUS AS/LIKE (IN FEMININE FORM) Rare and atypical reactions are connected with the names of plants. According to the obtained data, a single female reaction of this type морква/carrot (f 0,65) has been recorded, the sense of which is hard to explain rationally. We can speak about situational or highly subjective reactions. Only female respondents compare an envious woman with a witch/відьма (f 1,56), anthroponym Параска/ Paraska (presumably under the influence of fiction), with a gossiper пліткарка/ scandalmonger or with an indefinite subject не знаю хто/do not know who (f 0,78); whereas men – with children and some vital human universal values such as life and goodness (m 0,78). Moreover, male reactions are connected with concepts of JUSTICE and TRUTH: виправдання і хотіти чи бажати чогось/justification and wanting or desiring something (m 0,78). Women tend to relate ENVY with HONESTY (f 0,78) and regard it as stable and unchangeable завжди/always (f 0,78). We can also sporadically observe the connection with somatic metaphoric correlates such as жало/sting (m 0,65). Some allusive intertextual reactions related to cartoons (поштар Пєчкін/postman Pechkin – only for female reactions 0,65), to antonomasia Леськахвеська/Leskahveska (only for female reactions 0,65), to some religious concepts Буда/Buda (m 0,78) are rather expressive. Reactions of phraseological origin жаба/frog or comparisons аж очі повилазили/the eyes popped out from shock pertain to female responses. Many reactions represent family or interpersonal relations (тітка/aunt f 0,78), everyday images of close surroundings (сусіди, сусід/neighbours, neighbour – m 0,78, attributive and pronominal word combinations сусіди, моя сусідка зла сусідка, сусідка/neighbours, my neighbour is an evil neighbour, neighbour f 6,25/m 3,13 in the function of standard comparison), social and age characteristics (розлучена/divorced f 0,78), profession продавець/seller (m 0,78), social status дякова жінка/deacon’s wife (f 0,65). They are also typical of the Straipsniai / Articles 317 Envy as a Psychological and Cognitive Phenomenon in Ukrainian and Slovak Linguistic Consciousness (Based on the Associative Experiment) Slovaks: chcem to, čo sused/I want what my neighbour wants (f 2,00), suseda/male neighbour (m 23,53/f 8,00), susedka/female neighbour (f 2,00). Status associative reactions in the Slovak language are connected to the family and kin relations – mother-in-law or a relative in general: súrodenec/a sibling, svokra/mother-in-law (f 2,00), which serve as an etalon of the comparison in the constructions like závistlivý ako. However, animals and insects evoke the strongest associations: заздрити ‘to ENVY’: бджілка/bee (m 0,78), вовчиця/she-wolf (m 0,78), without emotional connotations вовк, ворона/wolf, crow (f 1,56), гусениця, пантера/ caterpillar, panther (f 0,78). According to the results of associative experiment, a snake is considered to be a standard of female ENVY змія (f 3,13/m 0,78), less typical лисиця/fox (f 1,56/m 0,78), миша/mouse (f 0,78/m 1,56), муха/ fly (f 0,78), and the least common – зозуля, кішка, кобра, криса/cuckoo, cat, cobra, rat (f 0,78). Male reactions, on the contrary, actualize images of кобилa, куркa, мавпa, павлін, сорокa/mare, chicken, monkey, peacock, magpie (m 0,78), and собакa/dog (m 1,56). The latter male reaction can be considered a typical negative evaluation of a malevolent person. The comparative subframe constructed during a direct associative survey on the gender-based responses is also worthy of attention. Here ENVY was compared to other objects, and Slovak respondents revealed the following associative connections: to animals with both the generic and specific nominations Britská mačka/British cat (f 2,00), hovädo/brute (f 2,00), hus/a goose, vrana/a crow (m 5,88), laň/a doe, zmija/a snake (viper) (f 2,00), líška/a fox (f 6,00), mačka/ cat, kamoška/friend, (f 2,00), straka/magpie (f 4,00), to the stimulus závistlivá ako; býk/a bull (f 2,00), pes/dog (f 4,00), straka/magpie (f 2,00), to the stimulus závistlivý ako. The response Britská mačka is interpretable in terms of Britain’s leaving the EU; social and role, as well as gender-age associations človek (m 5,88/f 4,00), malé decko/a small child, moja stará/my old lady, starý človek/old person (m 5,88), baba/an old woman, stará babka/old grandma, šľachtic/a nobleman, priateľka/a friend, jednoduchá osoba/a single person (f 2,00), nepriateľka/enemy, nadriadená/superior (m 5,88). To the stimulus závistlivá ako not only real such as the antonyms Slovák (f 2,00), chamtivec/a greedy person, but also imaginary, fictitious associative connections have been fixed: maniak/maniac, hráč/player (f 2,00), including some mythological personages strigôň/a male old witch, vlkodlak/werewolf (f 2,00). Purely female reactions in the Slovak language encompass the emotional reactions containing the people’s names, for example, babizňa/a hag, hlupák/a fool, pažravica/clove, zatrpknutá žena/bitter woman, zlá kráľovná/Evil Queen. Concerning the stimulus závistlivý ako, the most prominent verbal associations include not only the people’s names or evaluative reactions (less frequent, yet expressive chudák/poor guy ANDREA GROMINOVA, OLEH TYSHCHENKO, IGOR KOROLYOV, MYROSLAVA FABIAN 318 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica XC (m 11,76/f 2,00), but also the nominations of the objects of ENVY verbalized by indefinite-quantitative words or pronouns (characteristic mainly of female reactions: ja nie/I do not /not me, mnohí/many (f 2,00), whereas každý naokolo/ everyone around (m 5,88) is typically male response. FIG. 5. ENVY compared to other objects: reactions to the stimuli závisť, závidieť and závistlivý ako/závistlivá ako There are also some unique reactions containing proper names and ethnic nominations Fero/Fero (name), Slovák/Slovak (person) (f 2,00). Thus, Fero is a diminutive of František, it can also be a surname. This reaction could be referred to individual or, personal one. Straipsniai / Articles 319 Envy as a Psychological and Cognitive Phenomenon in Ukrainian and Slovak Linguistic Consciousness (Based on the Associative Experiment) 9. CONCLUDING REMARKS The article presents a linguocognitive analysis of the ENVY conceptosphere as a key emotion based on the data of an associative experiment conducted with Ukrainian and Slovak students. Verbal reaction typology is identified within the framework of the corresponding frame and subframe structures, their typicality and uniqueness are highlighted, and characteristics are presented in terms of frequency and quantitative parameters. By establishing a mutual associative concept connection index, a mechanism for modelling the associative-verbal network is presented (according to the method of Ulanovič, Karaulov, etc.). This approach allowed us to establish the cases of reaction coincidence to the stimuli ENVY and GREED and to render them visually in columns No. 3 and 4. Attention is drawn to the reaction differences according to associative-image and value characteristics. The national and cultural specificity of the obtained associates is traced, considering the realia characteristics of a particular linguistic culture (phraseological and metaphorical reactions, allusions, comparisons). According to the analysis, the most frequent are the reactions with the value categorization, ENVY evaluation in the poles of good-evil, good-bad (axiological subframe) and its parameterization (intensity of expression, in particular through colour associations). Besides, the typical reactions common to both languages are worth considering. They are characterized by clear pragmatic markedness and a connection with the concepts of success, career, and luck, which usually evoke ENVY in others (causative subframe) or the rich-poor oppositions, which are represented by several antonymic reactions with distinct emotional and expressive connotation (Slovak blahobyt/wellbeing, majetok/mansion, pienaze/money, Ukrainian гроші/money, золото/gold, бідолаха/poor man, бідося/poor thing). The latter Ukrainian and Slovak reactions demonstrate typological similarities, obviously due to a common social, ethical and Christian system of values and ideas. The obtained data is supported by paremial and phraseological contexts from the dictionaries in both languages. Purely Slovak reactions represent the negation of falsehood and lie (the conceptualization of the TRUTH and PRIDE) or the disrespect to national pride. Many reactions reflect emotions of suffering and painful physical and mental state. They display character traits, where ENVY is perceived as a destructive entity. The most typical reactions of Ukrainian respondents are пригноблення/ oppression, туга/sadness, біль/pain, щеміти/hurt, страждати/be tormented, мучитись/suffer; in Slovak – тортура/torture, тужити/yearn, гнів/ anger, ненависть /hatred, гріх/sin, фальш/falsehood, егоїзм/selfishness; less ANDREA GROMINOVA, OLEH TYSHCHENKO, IGOR KOROLYOV, MYROSLAVA FABIAN 320 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica XC oftenreactions associated with mental abilities – дурість/stupidity, дурниці/ nonsense and hlupák/fool. Several reactions belong to the scenario frame (they are sometimes classified as reactions of the syntagmatic type). Such reactions are the activation of the corresponding phraseological units and similar metaphorical compounds in two languages in the respondents’ memory: Ukrainian руйнувати/destroy, точить душу/sharpens the soul (worries), душевна пустота/emptiness of the soul, жаба душить/the frog strangles (feeling ENVY), Slovak zožiera dušu človeka/eats up the soul of a person, prázdna duša/empty soul. In this case, the personification of ENVY is observed (metaphorical model ENVY IS A BEING) within the cognitive structure of the BODY as a specific location. Both Ukrainian and Slovak students responded similarly to survey questions related to comparison stimuli. Their reactions were mainly related to different animals. Nonetheless, unique associations can be traced with the similarity of reactions associated with the ENVY from neighbours (less oftenENVY to neighbours). For example, among Slovak students more frequently observed are the reactions associated with the terms of kinship and family ties (súrodenec/ sibling, svokra/father-in-law, baba/old lady, stará babka/old woman, Ukrainian тітка/aunt), with social, historical and mythological realia (nadriadená/boss, šľachtic/nobleman, maniak/maniac, strigôň/wampir, vlkodlak/werewolf). The Ukrainian respondents’ answers were also unique. These answers can be correlated with precedent texts (in connection with children’s animated films – поштар Пєчкін/poshtar Pechkin or nicknames associated with wordplay and stylization as folk speech (Леськахвеська/Leskakhveska etc.). The Slovak students’ reactions in their connection with ethnonyms and iconic proper names are also traced here. SOURCES ČRFS – Mokienko Valerij, Wurm Alfréd. Česko-ruský frazeologický slovník, Olomouc: Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci, 2002. Gawarkiewicz Roman 2008: Polski słownik asocjacyjny z suplementem, Szczecin: Print Group Sp. z o.o. 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Wierzbicka Anna 2006: Semantyka: jednostki elementarne i uniwersalne, Lublin: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu M. Curie-Sklodowskiej. Pavydas kaip psichologinis ir kognityvinis reiškinys ukrainiečių ir slovakų kalbinėje sąmonėje (remiantis asociaciniu eksperimentu) SANTRAUKA Straipsnio tikslas – remiantis ukrainiečių ir slovakų respondentų asociacinio eksperimento duomenimis, išnagrinėti konceptą PAVYDAS kaip sudėtingą psichokognityvinį ir semiotinį reiškinį. Taip pat siekiama paaiškinti žodinių asociacijų tipologiją ir jų semantines sankirtas su kitomis konceptualiosiomis sritimis (PAVYDAS, GODUMAS ir kt.). ANDREA GROMINOVA, OLEH TYSHCHENKO, IGOR KOROLYOV, MYROSLAVA FABIAN 324 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica XC Remiantis kognityvinės antropologijos, filosofijos, sociologijos ir kognityvinės semantikos tyrimais, pristatomas koncepto PAVYDAS freimo modelis lyginamose kalbinėse kultūrose, kuris atspindi ukrainiečių ir slovakų kalbinės asmenybės kognityvinių stereotipų, normų ir vertybių sistemą. Sutelkus dėmesį į asociacinį kompleksą pavyko atskleisti pagrindinius skirtumus tarp vyrų ir moterų reakcijų (lyginamajame pofreimyje panaudojus stimulus pavydus kaip (vyriškosios giminės forma) ir pavydi kaip (moteriškosios giminės forma)). Taikant freimų modeliavimo metodą, aprašytos pagrindinės metaforinės koncepto PAVYDAS aktualizacijos sritys, tokios kaip konceptualioji ir asociacinė-figūratyvioji koncepto komponentinė dalis, nustatytas jų ryšys su spalvų asociacijomis (aspektinis pofreimis), atlikta jų kiekybinė analizė, kuri apibendrinta penkiose diagramose ir grafikuose. Atlikta bendrų, tipinių ir unikalių, tautinių ir kultūrinių asociacijų atranka atskleidė ukrainiečių ir slovakų mentalinio žodyno ypatumus panaudojus pagrindinių neigiamų emocijų aksonometriją. Įteikta 2023 m. lapkričio 3 d. ANDREA GROMINOVA University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Slovakia 577/2, Nám.Jozefa Herdu Str. 91701, Slovakia, Trnava andrea.gromino[email protected] OLEH TYSHCHENKO University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava 577/2, Nám.Jozefa Herdu Str. 91701, Slovakia, Trnava olkotiszcz[email protected]om IGOR KOROLYOV Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv 14, Taras Shevchenko Boulevard Str. 01601, Ukraine, Kyiv [email protected] MYROSLAVA FABIAN Uzhhorod National University 14, Universytets’ka Str. 88000, Ukraine, Uzhhorod myroslava.f[email protected]