Tariamai finougriškos kilmės Lietuvos vandenvardžiai

136 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica XC SIMONAS NOREIKIS The University of Helsinki ORCID id: orcid.org/0000-0003-2895-5880 Directions of scientific research: fine-grained history and comparative linguistics, onomastics. This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. The Commission shall be empowered to adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 26 to supplement this Regulation by laying down detailed rules for the application of this Regulation. This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. This is VANDENVARDZIAI Lithuanian Hydronyms of Allegedly Finno-Ugric Origin This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal. The aim of the study is to verify the Fino-Ugric origin of the names of the waters identified during the research carried out by Aleksandr Vanago and other linguists on Lithuanian water names by comparing the names of the waters with similar-sounding current Fino-Ugric appellations and words. It is believed that such a comparison is not reliable, since it refers to possible language contacts that took place 4,000 years ago, when the Baltic and Finno-Ugric languages had a different phonological structure. For this reason, a historical-phonological reconstruction of the comparable forms was carried out and it was determined whether the Lithuanian form could emerge from the reconstructed Fino-Ugric form. After receiving a su kuriuo lyginamas Lietuvos vandenvardis, yra vartojamas finougriškų vietovardžių daryboje (semantinis kriterijus). Neigiamo atsakymo atveju finougriškos kilmės galimybė taip negative answer, the possibility of a Finno-Ugric origin was rejected. It was also examined whether the appeal had been rejected. Finally, the origin of the comparative Finno-Ugric appellation was checked and in some cases it turned out that the common word in the Finno-Ugric languages is a loan from other languages and appeared later than the supposed contacts of the Baltic and Finno-Ugric languages in the current territory of Lithuania. By applying the listed methods, by erasing the mentioned water words and by re-establishing their etymologies, it became clear that all of them were unreliable until now. Based on the latest archaeological research, it can be said that Lithuania cannot be a substrate of the fine rocks of the Stone Age in general. However, it does not rule out the possibility that there may be new words in Lithuanian that the author of this article is looking for while studying for a doctorate. The main words are: fine fibres, substrates, water words, onomastics, contacts of languages. Straipsniai / Articles 137 Tariamai finougriškos kilmės Lietuvos vandenvardžiai This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal. The study aims to verify the Finno-Ugric etymology of 40 Lithuanian hydronyms appellatives suggested by Aleksandras Vanagas and other linguists comparing them to Finno-Ugric and proper names that sound similar. However, such a comparison is not languages had suitable as the supposed contacts took place 4000 yers ago when Baltic and Finno-Ugric different phonological structures. Therefore, a historical-phonological reconstruction of the comparative forms was made and scrutinised whether the Lithuanian form could have been developed from the reconstructed Finnic-Ugric form. If the answer was negative, then the Finno-Ugric etymology was rejectable. It was also verified if the Finno-Ugric appellative to which a Lithuanian hydronym was compared was used in Finno-Ugric toponym formation. In case of a negative answer the Finno-Ugric etymology was rejectable. Finally, the etymology of the comparative Finno-Ugric appellatives was verified, and in some cases it appeared that they were loanwords from other languages borrowed later than the supposed contacts between the Balts and the Finns. Ugrians took place in Lithuania. After investigating the suggested etymologies it appeared that all of them were wrong. According to recent archaeological data it can be claimed that there cannot be Finno-Ugric substrate in Lithuania from the Stone Age. Nevertheless, it is not excluded that in Lithuania there could be Finno-Ugric (VoticKreevin) proper names, which the author of the article is looking for in his PhD studies. KEYWORDS: Finno-Ugric, substrate, hydronyms, onomastics, language contacts. 1.The following table is inserted: The article is dedicated to the critical analysis of Lithuanian watermarks considered fine-grained and is published in 2018 on the basis of a master's thesis written and defended in Finnish at the University of Helsinki, with the aim of introducing Lithuanian readers to the results of this work (Noreikis 2018). In Lithuania, there is still a strong belief that in 2000 B.C. Before the arrival of the Balts in the territory of present-day Lithuania, it was inhabited by Finno-Ugric […] ancestors of the present-day Finns, Estonians and other peoples, and the water names of Finno-Ugric origin are proof of the latter fact. The proposed concept of this theory is considered so unquestionable that it is even written about in history textbooks, for example, in the textbook Laikas 7, which gives specific 2004: 37). Įsitikinimas dėl dabartinėje Lietuvos teritorijoje gyvenusių finougrų paremtas examples of such water words Jarà, K[…]dė, Tilká (Laikas 7) continuity theory, t. y. iki indoeuropiečių-baltų ten gyvenę šukinės keramikos kultūros atstovai, SIMONAS NOREIKIS The Acta Linguistica Lithuaniana (LXX) contains about 40 hydronyms that offer an kalbėjo finougrų kalbomis. Remdamasis šia teorija, Aleksandras Vanagas pateiexplanation of the Finno-Ugric origin. Recently, the theory of continuity has begun to lose its relevance, it is no longer believed that the Finougri lived in the current territory of Lithuania. According to archaeologist Valterio Lango, contacts between the Balts and the Finno-Ugric languages began in the territory of present-day Russia (to the west of Moscow) and later took place in present-day Latvia and Estonia (Lang 2016). Therefore, looking only through the prism of archaeological science, it can be doubted that there could be aquarists of Finno-Ugric origin in Lithuania. according to which people lived before the spinning ceramic culture, the purpose of this Lithuanian study […] to verify is presented from the point of view of the etymology of the water words. Vanago's proposed etymologies have shortcomings, as he compared the selected Lithuanian water words with Finnish, Estonian, Karelian and other Finnish appellative and verification words. The study was insufficient because very old language contacts were being investigated. It is important to know the history of the development of comparative languages and to reconstruct comparative forms. Therefore, the following questions arise from the study carried out: 1. Are the comparisons of Lithuanian water names with Finno-Ugric appeals and verification words provided by Arago precise? 2. Are the fountains of Finno-Ugric origin presented in Vanago from the Stone Age? 3. Can there be Finno-Ugric place names in Lithuania at all? The sources in which Vanagas presents possible fine-grained hydronyms are provided in the […]Analysis[…] section of the article. Some of Vanago's fine-grained watercolors were briefly discussed by Vytautas Rimša (1995) and Karis Arvas Liukonenas (Liukkonen 2003), who proposed an explanation of the Baltic origin, which was done without detailed comments in conference papers. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to thoroughly investigate each case of explanation of the Finno-Ugric origin proposed by Vanago. Method 2. As already mentioned in the introduction, Vanagas offered Lithuanian watermen explanations of the origin of the Fino-Ugric by comparing them with the current Fino-Ugric appellations, but this is not enough when it comes to possible kadangi tuo metu tiek baltų, tiek finougrų kalbų fonetinė išraiška buvo kitokia. Todėl pirmasis žingsnis, kurį reikia žengti analizuojant Vanago pateiktus palyginimus – rekonstruoti lietuviško vandenvardžio prabaltišką formą bei Articles by Articles 139 Tariamai finougriškos kilmės Lietuvos vandenvardžiai 4,000-year-old contacts, the Fino-Ugric appellation or the form of the real word in the Fino-Ugric dialect using the method of historical-comparative phonology. The result may be that […] similarly supposed word forms in speech would be very different and, in the event of possible borrowing, they would emerge as completely different forms. This method was promoted by Antė Aikio in her research on Sami place names in Finland, when it was popular to evaluate place names of uncertain origin as of Sami origin by comparing them with words from contemporary Sami languages or even without providing a comparison (Aikio 2007: 160). He pointed out that the phonological structure of Sami dialects and modern Sami languages differs significantly, so a historical-phonological reconstruction needs to be carried out (see also 164), after which the etymology of the Sami could be refuted. By analogy, this method could also be applied to the analysis of Lithuanian watercourses considered fine-grained. The semantic aspect is also not excluded from the examination of the appropriateness of the etymology of the finougriška. If the origin is convincing from a phonological point of view, it is not necessarily convincing from a semantic point of view. For example, a place name is compared to a fine-grained appellation, which is not used in fine-grained place names. Finally, it is necessary to verify the origin and the time of the Fino-Ugric appeal, with which the Lithuanian watershed is compared. That appellation may appear as a loan word in the same Fino-Ugric languages that appeared later than the Fino-Ugric people may have lived in the current territory of Lithuania. Then the etymology of the Lithuanian watermark finougriška is rejected from a chronological point of view. 3. ANALYSIS This part will analyze the water names that Vanagas and other scholars present as being of Finno-Ugric origin. Vanag mentioned them in various of his works, of which Zigmas Zinkevičius (2005: 29) compiled, in his opinion, the most likely list of water names of Finnish origin and claimed that the Finnish origin of most of these water names was not in doubt, but did not explain why. This article will present a list of water names, most of which are based on the aforementioned Zinkevičia list, but it will also include more water names mentioned in other sources. For example, the river Tilka was mentioned in the history guide Time 7 (2004: 37). The list of Zinkevičius will also be supplemented by other water names mentioned by Vanago (1975: 406407). Straipsnio antraštėse pateikiami sukirčiuoti vandenvardžiai kaip Vanago (1981) etimologiniame žodyne (jeigu hidronimai šiame šaltinyje nekirčiuojami, straipsnyje jie taip pat kirčiuojami nebus). SIMONAS NOREIKIS 140 Act of Linguistic Lithuanian XC The PAV. Most likely to be of Finnish origin according to Zinkevičių (2005: 30) 3.1. The lake Vanagas (1970: 106) does not provide an explanation of the origin of the Finougriška, but only compares the name with other Lithuanian water names, such as Ìlma Didžióji, Emis and assigns it to a certain type, which is formed by the prefix -ėdpagalba. However, in his etymological dictionary, Vanagas (1981: 129) already compares this water name with the Latvian place names Ilmāde, Ilmede (upė), Ilmat (village), Ilmātes (play), Ilmete (village), which Janis Endzelynas, in turn, compares with the Estonian place names Ilmat-salu, Ilm-soo, Ilma-soo (Endzelīns: 1956: 359). From a phonological point of view, the comparison of Ilm[…]do with the Latvian and Estonian place names mentioned earlier in the article is inappropriate, since the Lithuanian form of the name has a long vowel […], which according to historical phonology could not have emerged from the short vowel e or a and the long vowel. It is also worth noting that in the Fino language, the kirtis was fixed in the first skiemenie, and the second skiemuo is crossed by the lake named Ilm[…]das. Straipsniai / Articles 141 Tariamai finougriškos kilmės Lietuvos vandenvardžiai In Finnish, the area has place names with the root Ilmair, meaning "the place is highest compared to the surrounding objects" (Aikio 2007: 176). There are other lakes around Ilm[…]d, but topographically they are on the same level. Therefore, the opinion that Ilm[…]das may belong to this type of Finnish place names is rejected. From the point of view of phonology and the typology of place names, Ilm[…]das is more of Baltic origin and is related to the names Ìlma Didžióji, E[…]mis, E[…]mė and A[…]mė (plg. Lithuanian elm[…]ti alm[…]ti […]lėtai tekėti[…]). It expresses the paveldėta iš indoeuropiečių prokalbės (Rudzīte 1993: 135); nemažai indoeuropietiškų vandenvadžių sudaryti su šaknimi *el- / *ol-. Be to, lietuvių kalboje apophonic a ~ e alternation, known as e ~ i alternation (in other words, kẽlti ~ kiti). 3.2. The city of Ýmasta (upė) Vanagas (1981: 129-130): The local name of Ýmasta is Imastu vald. In the Estonian place names community (EKNRe s. v.1 Imastu, Imavere) it is explained that the toponym can be related to the surnames *Ima, *Immo(i) and the Finnish personal name Himanen: Himas (also known as Himas) The comparison with Estonian place names is phonologically problematic, since the Lithuanian form of the river name Ymasta has a long vowel y, and Estonian Imastu […] short vowel i. Ýmasta cannot also be associated with Finnish Himanen, since 3.3. finų *h (estų kalboje dažnai išnykęs) yra kilęs iš finougrų prokalbės *š, todėl į baltų kalbas būtų patekusi forma **Šimair lietuviškas vardas būtų **Šimasta. Jarà (up and lake), Jarlka (up) Vanagas (1981: 134) refers to the Jarõs river and lake, as well as the Jarlkos river as waterfalls of Finnish origin and connects them with the Finnish lakes ‘ežeras. Vanagas (1971: 149) bases this connection on the fact that there are sudurtiniai place names in Latvia, the second vowel of which is -(j)eris, -(j)ēris, derived from the Finnish proverb *järvi. However, this comparison is inappropriate. The Latvian place names mentioned are of Lithuanian origin, and the objects themselves are located on the shore of the bay of Riga, in the historical settlement of the Lithuanians. The phonological peculiarity of the Lithuanian language […] probalsio v disappearance after probalsio r (Finnish prokalbės *järvi > lyvių prokalbės *järro > Kuržemės lyvių jōra, Salacos lyvių järu) is reflected in the place names (Kallio 46[…]47 2016:). 1 These here and further in the article s. v. sub verbum (subtitle in the dictionary). SIMONAS NOREIKIS 142 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica XC The changes occurred late, around the 15th century, and before that the Lithuanian language's vocabulary differed little from the Estonian language nologiniu požiūriu, kadangi Lietuvoje galimi finougriški vandenvardžiai atsira- (cf. 60[…]61). Therefore, the comparison is inappropriate. The form of the ežeras yra toli nuo lyvių gyvenamojo arealo, todėl palyginimas arealiniu-tipololychees appeared 3500 years later. In addition, the Jarõs river is not suitable from an onomastic point of view. It is worth noting that the origin of the Finnish lake is not entirely clear. The word is even thought to be of Baltic origin (Nuutinen 1989); it has been associated with the white jaura (lietuvių jáura), which in Finnish proverb became the jawrä (EVE s. v. järvi), and later because of the metathesis became the *järvi. It's hard to imagine how Jarà could have gotten out of it in the event of a possible reverse borrowing. Finally, the name Jarà is crossed in the last syllable, which is contrary to the laws of the Finnish language. Meanwhile, Jarlka is rather a water name of Slavic origin, which is associated with the Slavic pagan god Jaril(k)o. The village of Jericho in Latvia is associated with the name of this god (Buga III 639), so the possibility of Slavic origin is much more convincing. It should be added that Vanagas (1981: 134) draws attention to Gustavo Leidingo's prose-jotvingian place names Jarcke, Jara, Arke, Jarke Fliess (Leyding 1959: 43), but does not comment on the details of their relationship with Jarà. Therefore, further research should check whether Jarà is not related to these place names. 3.4. K[…]vė (upė) is the name of the river. Vanagas (1975: 405): K[…]vė ~ estų käwe […]greitas, veiklus[…] (Wiedemann 1869: 278, 425), since Kazimieras Būga (III 615) connected this series of Latvian place names with the word estišku. The Latvian place names given in the bugs will not be discussed here because they are unrelated to the topic of the article. Meanwhile, from the point of view of historical phonology, Kvė cannot be linked to the Estonian käwe. The form käwe given by Ferdinando J. Vydemano is a weak form, and the form used in modern Estonian is käbe (kilmininkas käbeda) (EESe s. v. käbe). The form of this word in Finnish prokalbē *käpedä, from which it could hardly have come out *Kēwijā baltų prokalbėjė. Vanagas (1981: 154) provided a more convincing explanation of Latvian rather than Finno-Ugric origin. 3.5. K[…]dė, Kidẽlė (upė) (formerly known as K[…]dė) Vanagas (1981: 156): K[…]dė ~ Latvian appellation of the word ķidas, ķides, ķidi […] lyvių kid(ūd) ‘žuvų viduriai, žarnos; kas nors mažas, nesvarbus’; ~ estų vietovardis Articles of the 143rd Tariamai finougriškos kilmės Lietuvos vandenvardžiai Kide-maa (Endzelīns 1961: 378); ~ upėvardis Ķidurga ~ lyvių kid(ūd) (Rudzīte 1961: 185). Pirmiausia reikia atkreipti dėmesį į Vanago pateiktus tikrinius žodžius. Ķidurga has the variant Ķīdurga with the long ī (LGIA VD). The Estonian place name database (KNAB) does not contain the exact word Kidemaa, only Kiidemaa with a long ii can be found there. As a result, it is doubtful whether the river name K[…]dė is properly related to the Latvian and Estonian place names mentioned earlier in the article from a phonological point of view. From the point of view of onomastics, the origin of the Finno-Ugric language is also doubtful, since there are no place names in the Finnish language whose determinant would be the lion's kid (ūd) and its equivalents in other Finnish languages, such as Finnish kita […]ryklä, gerklä, burna[…], estonian kida, kidu id. […] green and Finnish kidukset […] green. Wolfgang P. Schmid pointed out that the Latvian keys, keys, keys are a late loan; If it had entered the Baltic dialect, the Latvian equivalent would be *cid-, and explained why Kdė might be of Lithuanian origin (Schmid 1988: 165[…]166). The etymological dictionary of Vanago also includes the names Skidẽlė, Skidupỹs and Skidulỹs ~ sksti ‘skleistis into the country; to dissolve; It's not like I don't know what I'm doing. to tear, to tear, to tear, to tear, to tear, to tear, to tear, to tear, to tear, to tear, to tear. Šmidas compares these words with another Lithuanian word (s)kedžius. Therefore, by analogy, the knife can be associated with the knife. In addition, Rimša (1995: 97) believes that K[…]dė could have originated from the verb kidénti […]kedenti[…]. The question of whether Lithuanian water names could be derived from the words (s)kisti, kidénti, remains open to Lithuanian onomastics researchers. However, it can be argued that K[…]dė is not a water source of the fine-grained substrate of the Stone Age. 3.6. The Kigus, the Kigas (upė) Vanagas (1981: 157): Kigus ~ Kerg-ozero (~ Finnish kärki […]genỹs[…], Estonian kärg […]juodàsis genỹs[…] (Vasmer 1934: 380)), also known as Kerg-ozero, is the name of a village in Estonia. […] Kyrgus[…] (up in the Archangel region (Časev 2010) ~ the highest […]highest[…] (Sliava 1996: 50). A comparison with Finnish kärki may be appropriate, as the appellative has equivalents in other Finno-Ugric languages (SES; UEW), but in the case of a possible borrowing, the Lithuanian equivalent **Kegus is more likely. Šliavas (1996: 50) also indicated a variant of the river name, which is most likely the second lower form. The comparison with Kyrgus is questionable, since its Finno-Ugric origin is given by comparing this surname with various Finno-Ugric appellations and not relying on jų, kaip vietovardžių, darybos, semantikos specifiką bei istorinės fonologijos dėsningumus. SIMONAS NOREIKIS 144 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica XC tinas semantiniu, since the river flows through a Šliavo palyginimas galbūt būtų tinkamas fonologiniu požiūriu, tačiau atmeslevel. Schmid pointed out that the name of the river may be related to the sound of the sound of the sound of the sound of the sound of the sound of the sound of the sound of the sound of the sound of the sound of the sound of the sound (Schmid 1988: 166). Due to the appropriateness of this comparison, the question is left open for Lithuanian onomastics. 3.7. Kvė, Latvian for Kive (upė) The Kėvė River flows through the territories of Lithuania and Latvia. Būga (III 229) suggested that this river name should be considered of Finnish origin (plg. lyvių kiv, Finnish kivi […]akmuo[…]). The Latvian equivalent Ķive indicates a late origin of this name. If the name had entered the Baltic dialect, the Latvian form would be **Cive. It is also necessary to pay attention to the fact that both in Lithuania and Latvia this river name has another variant, in which the root voice y ī is long: Lithuanian Kyvė and Latvian Kīve. The latter form is indicated in the Latvian place name database (LGIA VD) as the main, other forms of the river name Ķīves strauts, Ķīvīte. The long root voice does not allow the name to be associated with the Finnish *kivi, since the borrowed root voice does not sound like it. Laimutė Baluodė connects the Latvian form Ķīvīte with the appellative ķīvīte ‘pempė, which is a loan from the German lowland language (kiwit) through the Estonian language (Balode 2015: 58). So it may be an indirect finism, but it's just an assumption. However, Vanagas (1981: 158) does not discard the Baltic origin and associates it with the appellatives kyvis, kyvynas ‘kirmėlytė or some kind of beetle, kyvynas ‘smulkus water animal, infuzorija. If the name form with a long vowel is primitive, then perhaps this connection is appropriate. But in any case, it seems more convincing than the origin of the Finno-Ugric. 3.8. the mouth Vanagas (1975: 405) argues that the Finno-Ugric origin of this river name is quite doubtful. In his etymological dictionary (Vanagas Savo 1981: 161162) he compares this water name with several Latvian toponyms with the root Kāk-, part of which Būga (III 623) associated with the Finnish köykky ‘sulinkęs, kuprotas. From the point of view of historical phonology, a comparison with this Finnish appellative is completely undeveloped, since its form in Finnish proverb was *keikkü, from which the form *Kākcould hardly have arisen. In addition, the long-tailed deer after the long-tailed deer appeared later than the white and Finnish deer Straipsniai / Articles 151 Tariamai finougriškos kilmės Lietuvos vandenvardžiai Vardas Pernavà yra su priesaga -ava, kuri dažnai sutinkama baltų vandenvardžių leksikoje (lietuvių kalboje ji dažnai keičiama naujesne forma -uva). Vanagas (1970: 101) writes that the meaning of many names ending in -ava -uva is unclear today. Pernavà is one of them. Paulius Aristė writes that the Estonian and Finnish place names Pärnir Perngali are substrate of an unknown extinct language (Ariste 1981: 17). The appellative pärnä occurs only in Finnish languages (SES s. v. pärnä), so it may be that it is a substratic word. Thus, it can be assumed that Pernavà and Pérnokė are not of Finno-Ugric origin, but may have originated from an extinct language substrate. P […]ladis (upė) is the name of a village in Poland. Vanagas (1981: 258) in the etymological dictionary proposes two explanations of the origin of the Finougri. First, Vanagas relies on the proposal of Rudzytė (Rudzīte 1968: 189) and Anton Breidako (Breidaks 1973: 100) to explain that the Latgale river Pyldys ups (Latvian form Pilda) may be related to the Estonian field […]3. Pyldys is presented as the ancestor of the Latgalian single female genus (see Leikuma 2003: 13). However, Vanago's comparison of the name Pilatus with Latgale Pylda is incorrect, since the latter only appeared after the Estonians moved to Latgale at the beginning of the 19th century. It would also not be fair to equate the name Pladis with the Estonian form põld. In Finnish, the form was *pëlto, and the word itself is borrowed from Germanic prokalbs (< *felþa) ‘field, soil (EVE s. v. pelto). It is difficult to find a reasonable explanation for how the shape Pladis could have arisen from the pelto põld […] *pëlto. Vanagas in the etymological dictionary also raised the hypothesis that Pladis is related to the Latvian place names Pīlags, Pīladzis, etc. They are composed of similar Finnish loan-appeals, the primary form of which is liver pīlõg ‘šermukšnis. These loans are widespread and are mainly found in the Kursa, Žiemgalos and Vidžemės ports (Zeps 1962: 165[…]166). However, they are not found in the Latgalian borders (except for a few snails on the border of the Middle East). The Pladza river is located in the area of Pašvitina, which also belongs to the historical territory of Žiemgala. Unfortunately, there is no information about the waterfalls in the territory of Žiemgala, formed from the word pīlõg. 3 Despite strong arguments for the connection between Pilda and põld, no one has pointed out that in the southern Estonian dialects the Germanic loan põld […]laukas[…] is much more commonly used than the Finnish veldinys nurm […]laukas, pieva[…], which may deny the connection between the Latvian word and the Estonian appellative. The author of the article addresses this issue in the doctoral studies related to place names of Finnish origin in Latvia. SIMONAS NOREIKIS 152 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica XC From the point of view of the phonetic structure, it is difficult to find a connection between the name Pladis and the variants of the appellative kamienų pīlādz-, pīlāg-, pīlag-, pīlaģ. The stone voice in the original language (lyva) and in all Latvian word forms is always long. In Lithuanian, on the other hand, this voice is short Lyvių pīlõg and has become long due to a phonological change *š > *h > (plg. suomių pihlaja, estų pihlakas). In the ancient Finnish dialect, the root was *pišla-, but the Lithuanian form of the name does not have these footprints. Therefore, the name Piladis cannot be associated with any Finnish form. On the other hand, duktyvus lietuvių vandenvardžiuose. Kamienas pilgali būti daiktavardžio pils arba veiksmažodžio plti vedinys. Iš abiejų lengvai galima sudaryti vandenvarPladis can be an infixed word, because the infix is -adyra prodžius, for example, Pil-ẽlė < Lithuanian pils, Pil-ãšius < plti (Vanagas 1981: 258). In his earlier work, Vanagas (1970: 71) equates the name Pladis with the last names. He mentions the possible origin of the finches only in the foreword. Vanagas acknowledges that from a phonetic point of view, the forms of the lyviškė and the Latvian forms formed from them can hardly or can not be related to Pladis. However, he assumes that Pladis may be related to the Latvian name Piladzis (in his opinion, it is the Lithuanianized form of Pīladzis). Unfortunately, it's not clear what this area is and where it is, why the sound has become so short. Meanwhile, Vanagas (1981: 258) in his etymological dictionary writes only about the possible origin of the finougres, and parallels with the names Pilẽlė and Pilãšius are not indicated, nors jos paaiškinamos plačiau. Todėl šiuo atveju linkstama pritarti baltiškajai etimologijai. 3.22. the pond Vanagas (1981: 268): Púožas ~ Latgalia's manor name is Puožu-māja. According to the scholar, the form of the poem is derived from the forms pāz-, pāž-. He bases his statement on the fact that the Latgalian language translates the white ā into uo. He compares the name of the lake to other Latvian place names, such as Pāze (pieva), Pāzis (three different objects) and Pāzs, Pāžupe (upė), which are composed of the Latvian word pāzis […] pāź ‘uola (Vanagas marked the word pāž as Finnish, although in fact it is Vydemano Estonian […]vokiečių words used the form pāž, the regular form in Finnish words is paasi (Wiedemann 1869: 858). The use of the word pāzis in Latvian is not widespread, it is used only in Livonian (Vidžemės) languages (Zeps 1962: 160). The name of the village is Pāz-, Pāžvietovės is Kurše (LGIA VD). In Puožas ir Puožu-māja yra skirtingose istorinėse vietovėse. Púožo ežero teritorijoje nėra uolų, todėl siejimas su finų *paasi yra semantiškai nepagrįstas. addition, the Finnish language and its equivalents in other Finnish languages are considered to be of Germanic origin (< * spāđa, EESe s. v. paas). Assuming that the Lietuvoje iki baltų atsikraustymo, jie tikriausiai neturėjo žodžio *paasi, kuris Articles by Articles 153 Tariamai finougriškos kilmės Lietuvos vandenvardžiai Finno-Ugric inhabitants are comparatively recently borrowed, they entered the territory of Finland after the Finno-Ugric inhabitants allegedly settled in Lithuania. In Lithuanian, the case of phonetic development is *paasi > *puožneįmanomas (particularly *s > *ž). Puožas associated the name Vanagas with recent Finnish language forms, which are the result of an autonomous phonetic development. Aikio notes that the names should be compared not with the current forms, but with the reconstructed ones (Aikio 2007: 164). The comparison of the word paasi with the early form *spāđa indicates that Púožas is not related to them. Therefore, it can be concluded that Púožas is not a place name for the fine-grained substrate of the Stone Age. 3.23 Robatà, also known as Robãtė (upė) Vanagas (1981: 279) argues that this river name is most likely a finno-ugrism and compares it with the Latvian hydronym Rabbat-Esser, associated with the lions and the Estonian raba […]pelkė[…], the lions rabat-suo […]pelkė[…], the rapa-suo […]klampi pelkė[…]. Estonian raba is a loan word from the ancient Scandinavian languages (EESe s. v. raba). Skolinic languages from Scandinavian languages entered Finnish languages only in the 3rd to 8th century (Kallio 2015: 26), so it is not possible to say from a chronological point of view that Robatà is a hydronym of the substrate finougrų of the Stone Age. Vanagas mentions that Vladimir N. Toporov offers a different definition of origin, but does not describe it in detail (Toporov 1977: 84). It can be seen in the primary source that this scholar suggests an Indo-European origin. The verification of Toporov's assumptions is not related to the topic of this article, so it is suggested that other researchers pay attention to it in the future. 3.24. The Rujà (upper part) Vanagas (1981: 283): Rujà ~ Latvian place names Rūja, Rūjupe, Rūjas, which Būga (III 617) considers to be finougrizms. According to Vanago, the origin of the Finougriškė is also confirmed by the Latvian river names Ruoja, prussian Rogys, Royenn, Roigen […] *Rōjis (*Rōja-), Latvian rāja […]supuvęs, netekąs rūdyno vanduo[…] and kašubų raja […]bala, purvas, pelkė[…]. The latter two appeals were considered to be of Finno-Ugric origin, e.g. Finnish liunas, bala, (Bednarczuk 1976: 51), tačiau Santeris Juntila, grįsdamas istorinės fonologijos Estonian roe liunijos, klampynės, dumblina tėkmė, which rejects this 283) reiškė abejones dėl upėvardžio Rujà ryšio su latviškais vietovardžiais rūj-, kadangi lietuvių upės vardo forma su trumpuoju šaknies balsiu u. Manant, kad assumption (Junttila 2015: 20). Later, Vanagas himself (1981: his assessment is correct, the origin of the river name Rujà finougriška is rejected. SIMONAS NOREIKIS Acta Linguistica Lithuanica XC 154 (English language law) In Finnish dialect, the Finnish form was *rooja, and the long root sound is a late phenomenon. In the Finougre dialect, the form of this word could be *rowaja *roηaja *roγaja (according to the author's personal conversation with A. Aikio), so the earlier mention of Latvian, Prussian and Kashubian appellations and words can hardly be verified as being of Finougrician origin. Sikià (upper part of the city) Vanagas claims that the surname Sikià (Sỹkė) is related to the Lithuanian appellations sỹkas, sỹkis, which were considered Finnish debtors, see Finnish siika (Vanagas 1975: 404[…]405). However, in the Finnish languages themselves, siika is considered a Germanic loanword, and the Lithuanian appellative sỹkas, sỹkis connection with the Finnish and Germanic words is unclear (LÄGLOS III 231), so Sikià cannot be a stone-age substrate word. 3.26 The village of Suosà Vanagas (1981: 320): Suosà is located in the Karelian Suasjärvi. In northern Finland (Enontekiö) there are three lakes, called Suasjärvi. Vanagas does not deny the Baltic etymology and provides a comparison, for example, with the word saus and other Lithuanian appellatives, which seems more convincing. The lakes, called Suasjärvi, are far from Lithuania, so they cannot be associated with Suosa from an areal-typological point of view. In addition, Suasjärvi is, I think, a form of the Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-- Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas. 3.27 The origin of these water names is unclear. He does not mention that the more common form of the name Šakšỹs is Šekšỹs (TLE IV 167). Būga (III 627) assigns this name to the group of Lithuanian and Latvian šakš(t)- šekš(t)- water words. They are associated with the appeals of Lithuanian oak trees the branches of a wooden branch with a spine attached to the back of the mole and oak trees the stones of a tree that has been lying on the ground for a long time or flashing in the water with a word (LKŽe). Vanagas also assumes that the name of the lake Šakšỹs is of Finno-Ugric origin. He compares the name of the water with the names of the waters given by Evgeniy M. Pospelov: the Shokshos lake in the Mokshos river basin and the nine Shokshos rivers whose basin extends from the Onegos lake to the Mezenesa Straipsniai / Articles 155 Tariamai finougriškos kilmės Lietuvos vandenvardžiai 99–100). Pospelovas taip pat mini tokius vandens telkinių geografinius pavaArchangelskaya region (Pospelov 1970: dynastic as marius šokš ‘upės atšaka and straipsnyje tikrinama, ar Vanago aprašomos paralelės su Pospelovo pateiktomis mansių šoš ‘maža upė, upelis. Furthermore, preferential constructions and appeals are correct. Marių šokš is derived from the Ural dialect of soya beans (UEW s. v. soja), a -kšyra spell. In other languages of the Uralic family, this form is similar to the Uralic proverb form and is used without a prefix. There is no correspondence in Finnish. Mansi's shoe is not the same as soy. The correct equivalent, for example, in the northern Mansi language is tajt. The first form of the word šoš is *čoč, because mansių *š is derived from *č (Sammallahti 1988: 511512). Therefore, for phonetic reasons, the appeals of the minis and marys cannot be associated with the Baltic form of *šakš- *šekš-. From the point of view of historical phonology, it is possible to reject the connection of Šakšỹs ~ Šekšỹs with the aforementioned fine-grained appellatives. Finally, it should be added that a~e change is a common phenomenon in white words. For these reasons, the name can be considered a Baltic one. 3.28 The village of Šladis Vanagas (1981: 331) is based on the hypothesis of Juoz Šliav (1970: 263) that the word "šiladyra" comes from the form "šilddėl" in the local dialect of popular anaptikses and that its source is the Lithuanian word "sīlda ‘tiltas". Vanag also took into account the name of the Scheldt River in Karelia (Vasmer 1934: 36). He also pointed out that lions' silda is a Baltic word in Finnish: baltų *tiltas > suomi silta […]tiltas[…] (Thomsen 1890: 98) This is not the case. In this case, Šilda is not a good example, because it is a Karelian water name, formed from the appellative Šilda […]tiltas[…], which expresses the s > š kaita, characteristic of the Karelian language, but it does not represent such an old phenomenon. Thus, comparison with this form is not a suitable example of phonological development from a chronological point of view. The lion's tail, like the aforementioned Karelian heat, is derived from the Finnish "silta" and is a white shell. Even if reverse lending had occurred, it is unlikely that s > s change could have occurred. Therefore, the comparison with Finnish silta vedet is inappropriate. The water name Pladis is said to be very similar to Šladis and has the prefix -ad-, which is productive in Lithuanian water names. In Vanago's (1970: 72) book on Lithuanian hydronym structures, Šladis is mentioned as one of the names made with this prefix, examples. In his etymological dictionary (1981: 331), Vanagas provides only possible equivalents of the Fino-Ugric language. However, the name can be made from the word šlas (Rimša 1995: 98). It has given rise to many different other names (for example, the name of the river Šl-upis, the names of the rivers Šl-ežeris or Šlas), including: dėl Šladis gali priklausyti tai pačiai grupei, taigi baltiška etimologija skamba įtikinamiau. SIMONAS NOREIKIS 156 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica XC The word is derived from the Finnish word šu, which is a shortened form of šu, which is a shortened form of šu, which is a shortened form of šu, which is a shortened form of šu, which is a shortened form of šu, which is a shortened form of šu, which is a shortened form of šu. The names given in Vanago are in fact forms of words in the Karelian language in which the Finnish s has changed to the Finnish s. The names mentioned are related to the Karelian shark or the Finnish suo. However, the name Šuoju remains vague because it does not sound Finnish. It is speculated that this is a form of the Karelian word, in which s > š and a > u changes also occurred. The Finnish form would be *Suoja. During the author's conversation with the researcher Pauli Rahkonen, the name of the finch was suggested as an explanation of the Sami origin of this waterfall. Vanago's comparisons are not reliable because his proposed Finnish equivalents have a secondary sound. Thus, from a phonetic-historical point of view, it is impossible for the name Šuojà to be related to Karelian names. The phonetic structure of the word suo is also different: Finnish suo < late Finnish prokalbė * soo < early Finnish prokalbė * soγi * toγi (Saarikivi 2006: 269 […] 270). It is difficult to imagine how the Baltic forms could have evolved from the early Finnish forms. On the other hand, Arist suggests that the Finnish *soo may be a word from the Paleo-European substrate (Ariste 1971: 256). It remains unclear whether the Lithuanian names are related to it. The name of the lake, Suojis, and the river, Suojá, are connected with the Karelian. Suo-järvi and Finnish suo […]pelkė[…]. The etymological analysis of these names can be carried out in the same way as in the case of the name Šuojà mentioned earlier in the article. Vanagas (1981: 320) is based on Būga (I 523), which explains the etymology of the Latvian name Suoja. Its Lithuanian equivalent would be Šuojà. According to Bugo, the Latvian Suoja and the Lithuanian Šuojà may be related to the Yotvingian word *sōjā (reikšmė nenurodyta), from which the name of the Polish lake Sajno […] slavų *Sajno […] jotvingių *Sōjinan (*Sjāō + -in + -an) probably originated. Vanagas (1988: 47) pointed out that some of the northern Lithuanian water names can be explained by the names occurring in the western white settlement area (in the picture, Dabikinė in northern Lithuania is probably related to the old Prussian word debican ‘great). For this reason, Bugo's explanation seems convincing. The Baltic etymological explanation of the name Šuojà seems to be justified for the reasons mentioned above. Meanwhile, the etymology of the name Suojà remains unclear, but the association of the name with Finnish appellatives and verification words seems inappropriate from a phonetic point of view. Straipsniai / Articles 157 Tariamai finougriškos kilmės Lietuvos vandenvardžiai 3.30 Tarañė (upė) (formerly known as Tarañė) Vanagas (1981: 340) compares it to the Latvian river, whose standard name is Tērand (Rudzīte 1968: 192). Valentin Kiparsky considers this name to be a Finno-Ugric and identifies it with the Finnish Tyrväntö, the Lithuanian tõõra ‘derva and the Estonian Tõrvandi küla (Kiparsky 1939: 236). The comparison of Lithuanian Tarañdė ~ Lithuanian Tērand from a chronological point of view is inappropriate. If Kiparski's comparison is correct, the phonetic form of the name Lyvian is really quite recent. According to Petri Kallio, the Lyvian dialects began to decline only at the end of the 15th century (Kallio 2016: 4647, 6061). Tarand is toli nuo baltų ir lyvių kalbų kontaktų arealo, todėl šis upėvardis negali būti vertinamas kaip finougrų substrato vardas. Vanagas (1975: 405) also associated the name Tarañdė with the northern Russian river name Taranda. The exact location of the river has not been determined (Maradudina 1965: 11). It is also based on Latvian place names with the suffix -nd- (plg. fin. *-ntA, *-ntO) given by Būga (III 621). Būga gives them as Finnish names. Vanag also suggests another option. According to him, Tarañdė can be associated with the personal name Taranda, baltarusių Taranda (see the source of personal names used by Vanago in Biryla 1969: 409). However, it does not refer to appeals such as tarañdžius, tarañdė ‘plepys, taránda ‘kvailys (LKŽe). Nikolai V. Birla also refers to the Russian word "taranta" in the Yaroslavl dialect as "talking man" (for the Mel’ničenko 1961). Visi šie žodžiai gali būti onomatopėjiniai, nes lietuvių kalboje yra nemažai žodžių su onomatopėjine forma tara-, reiškiančių, pavyzdžiui, latter appellative see "talking", "talking", "talking" (LKŽe). Tarañė is not only the name of the river, but also of the village through which the river flows. It is possible that the name of the village was first given by people called Taranda, and only after that the word began to be used as the name of the river. The name Tarañdė is inscribed on the second stem, and this argument testifies against the Finno-Ugric origin. The prevalence of -ntA is limited to the Baltic Finnish and Permian languages (Hakulinen 1979: 200), but the prefix -andtaip is not foreign to the Baltic languages (Būga III 847). The arguments for the Baltic origin of the name Tarande are quite strong. In addition, the river flows much further away from the known historical settlement area. So the Baltic origin is much more convincing. Térvetė, Latvian Tērvete (upė) also known as Térvetė Térvetė (Latvian Tērvete) is in Latvia, but a small part of it flows into Lithuania and is Latvijos pasieniu. Vanagas (1981: 344) etimologiniame žodyne upėvardį lygina su latvišku miško vardu Tarvastes mežs. Pasak jo, šis yra finų kilmės, ir lyginknown by the Estonian names Tarwest, Tarvest, Tervest and Tarvastu kihelkond. He assumes that the Karelian names Terva-lambi and Terva-järvi have the same characteristic. SIMONAS NOREIKIS Acta Linguistica Lithuanica XC 158 This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. Pastarieji du vardai tikriausiai sudaryti iš apeliatyvo terva ‘derva’, kuris finų In languages there may be a Baltic loan (Kalima 1936: 168). The term can also be of Scandinavian origin, but in any case it is a later borrowing in the Finnish languages (i.e. borrowed later than 2000 BC). Vanagas relies on Laurie Ketunen's view that the word tervyra is derived from the word tarvas […]tauras[…] (Kettunen 1955: 223). Vanago must have been surprised to provide this reference, since Ketunen only analyzed names with tarThe word tarvas in Finnish is considered a Baltic loanword (< baltų *tauras (Kalima 1936: 166)), and the form tarvas is the result of metathesis. Tarvas was a prolific surname in local villages, at least in Finland (in the case of Tarvas-joki, Tarvas-järvi). Térvetė was associated with late borrowings in the Finnish languages, so this river name cannot be interpreted as a water name for the substrate of the fine rocks of the Stone Age. There is no reason to deny the origin of the Baltic name Térveté. Būga (III 847) indicates that this may be the prefix in the name Terv-et-ė and compares it with the Latvian place name Tervende, which is of Kuršiškos origin. 3.2. Tilka (upper part of the body) Vanagas (1981: 345): Tilka ~ the Latvian village names Tilk(u)sāti, Tilkainis, Tilkas […] lyvių tilk, Finnish tilkka […]lašas[…] (Būga III 618). Vanagas also gives the name of the Karelian lake Tilkus for comparison. The Finnish *tilkka is a word of sound-sounding origin (SES s. v. tilkka), from which the origin and verbs, for example, estų tilkuda ‘varvėti, lašėti, are derived. However, "tilkka" is a word of later origin, since in early Finnish speech it cannot be a long proverb (in this case kk) after a long skiemens (Junttila 2015a: 195). Besides, there was no *ti-> sympathy. Therefore, from the point of view of historical phonetics, this river name cannot be regarded as a substrate of stone-age ferns. Meanwhile, the name of the Karelian lake Tilkus is not composed of the word lašas, but of the word zemė (pl. salmi sąsiauris > salmes) (the author's pokalbis su Denisu Kuzminu). Dėl anksčiau straipsnyje minėtų priežasčių palypersonal name is also not appropriate with the word tilkku. Vanagas (1981: 345) galiausiai teigia, kad „bene įtikinamiau būtų sieti su lietuvių tlkti ‘tilti, rimti’.“ Articles by Articles 159 Tariamai finougriškos kilmės Lietuvos vandenvardžiai 3.3.3 The village Ugra begins in Latvia and flows into Kriauną in Lithuania. In Latvia, the name Ugra is also used, but in Lithuania the more common name is Kriaunnų upẽlė, its original name is Kriaunẽlė. The names of the rivers are the names of the Kriaunà rivers. According to Vanago (1981: 352), Ugra may be of Finougrian origin. He equates the river name with the name of the Ugra River in Russia. The location of this river has not been determined, but Vanagas mentions it as a Finno-Ugric. In one of the sources, the name of the river Ugra is not mentioned, but other names with -grare mentioned (see Serebrennikov 1970: 58 for more information). In the Smolensko and Kalugo regions, the Ugra river flows. According to Max Fasmer, Ugra is of Baltic origin (Vasmer 1987: 147). The scientist identifies it with Latvian Uogre, Lithuanian Ungurupė. Fasmer's comparisons will not be discussed in this article because they are not directly related to the subject of the work. However, attention should be drawn to Fasmer's remark that the Ugra cannot be linked to the Russian ugry […]veng rai[…], since there were never any Hungarians in the area where the river is mentioned. It is entirely possible that there is no connection between the names Ugra found in Latvia and Lithuania and the name Ugra of the river flowing into Russia, and they are homonyms. The origin of the name of the river Ugr remains unclear, so it is not possible to say that it is Finno-Ugric. 3.34. […]rka, […]rkis (upė) […]rka, […]rkis (upė) […]rkis (upė) […]rkis (upė) […]rkis (upė) […]rkis (upė) […]rkis (upė) […] […]rkis (upė) […] […]rkis) […] […] […]rkis (upė) […] […] […]rkis) […] […] […] […]rkis (upė) […] […] […] […] what is the meaning of the name of the village Vanagas (1975: 405; 1981: 355): rka ~ estų urg ‘upelis > latvių urga (Zeps 1962: 199), from which the Latvian place names (Balode 64) were also formed, but such names are found only in the former territory of the Lithuanian settlement. rkis is in the middle of Lithuania, i.e. far from the mentioned territory. Uvėda (upė) in the word Vanagas (1981: 256) argues that Uvėda is […]most closely related to Aujėda up.[…] He also compares the river name with the Estonian Ueda, Uueda (Vanagas 1975: 405). However, Uueda is a phonetically reduced form of the personal name Uuetoa, which is a combination of the words uue […]naujo[…] + toa […]kambario[…]. This comparison of Vanago with an Estonian place name was commented on by Ennas Ernitsas and rejected the possibility that the Lithuanian Uvėda might have something in common with the Estonian Uueda (Ernits 1979: 132). It should be noted that the second vowel in the Estonian place name in the personal name Uuetoa toa is the lower form of the appellative tuba ‘chamber, and SIMONAS NOREIKIS 160 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica XC germanų kilmės (SES s. v. tupa), todėl negalima kalbėti apie akmens amžiaus the appellative itself is the substratum of the time. The Baltic origin seems more convincing. 3.36. Výgala (upė) Vanagas (1975: 405) is a Lithuanian singer-songwriter. Although these watercolors sound very similar, they are made in different ways. The Estonian Vigal is formed with the formant -la, the indicating place. The word vigā ‘long wet is inserted between two hills, the word pailgas pelkėtas slėnis is in the Lyvian language, this word probably had a correspondence in the Estonian language (EKNRe s. v. Vigala). Lithuanian Vygala could be formed from the productive form of Lithuanian language -gala (e.g. Ariógala, Baisógala, Gimbógala, etc.). However, the origin of Vyformant remains unclear. Maybe it's the ellipse from Vijogala. 3.7. Vičiuvis, Vičiuvė, Latvian Vircava (upė) Vanagas (1981: 387) claims that Vičiuvis is a Lithuanianized form of Latvian or Ziemgalių (the pronoun in -avvietovardži is often changed to -uv-) (Vanagas 1970: 238, 1981: 387). Vanagas writes in the etymological dictionary: […] in the Latvian language, vircavyra before the back row of the vowel a, that c cannot be, let's say, from [minksto] k. So, the etymologized root should be virc-. […] This statement cannot be accepted, since in Latvian the vowel c before the consonant can be derived from the soft vowel k (in case, kiaurs ~ caurs). Toliau Vanag proposes a Finno-Ugric origin based on the then unpublished 1977 manuscript of Sliav (published after Sliav's death in 1996 in his collection of articles (see Sliav 1996: 50) […] aut. past.). Vanagas compares the name of Virchiv with Estonian place names Virtsa küla, Virts-järv, Virtsu vald, which are associated with the Estonian appellation virts ‘klanas, srutų duobė (Kettunen 1955: 238). Also in Latvian there is the word virca ‘srutos, considered a Finnish loanword (Zeps 1962: 206207). At first glance, the name Virchovia may have something to do with the Finnish language, but it may not be a place name of substrate origin, but an indirect finism, i.e. a place name formed from a Finnish loanword. From a semantic point of view, this river name also does not raise doubts, since semantically similar river names can be found in both the Baltic and Finnish areas: Mỹžupis, Škupis and Finnish Paskajoki (paska […]šūdas[…], […] jokiupė[…]). However, it should be taken into account that Vičiūvis is one of the parallel Lielupės intaks that have a Lithuanian and a Latvian name, for example, Lithuanian Švtė ~ Latvian Svēte, Lithuanian Šešvė ~ Latvian Seseve, Lithuanian Veger ~ Latvian Articles of the 167th Tariamai finougriškos kilmės Lietuvos vandenvardžiai Rimša Vytautas 1995: Pseudosuomugriški baltų vietovardžiai. – Baltistica VII: Baltistica VII Starptautiskais baltistu kongress 1995. g. 13.–15. jūnijā: referātu tēzes, Rīga: Latviešu valodas institūts, 97–98. Rudzīte, Marta 1968: Somugriskie hydronyms in the territory of the Latvian PSR. […] The development of the Latvian lexicon. The scientific articles 86, Riga: Zinātne, 175[…]198. The Saari-Jane 2006: Substrate of the Urals. Studies on the Finno-Ugrian Substrate in Northern Russian Dialects, Helsinki: University of Helsinki. Saarnisto Matti is the author of Karelian Geology (2003). Karjalan is a natural landscape. […] The Karelian synty. Viipurin läänin historia 1, ed. by M. Saarnisto, Karjalaisen Kulttuurin Edistämissäätiö, Karjalan Kirjapaino Oy/Karjala-lehti, 2180. This article is part of a series on the history of the village of Viipurin. Sammallahti Pekka 1988: Historical phonology of the Uralic languages. […] The Uralic languages: description, history and foreign influences, ed. by D. Sinor, Ser. Handbuch der Orientalistik, Sec. 8: Handbook of Uralic and Central Asian Studies, 1, Leiden: E. J. Brill, Schmid Wolfgang P. 478–554. 1988: Noch einmal zur Frage eines westfinnischen Substrats in Litauen. This is the first time that the question of the West Finnish Substrates has been raised in Lithuania. This is the Zeitschrift für Ostforschung. The Commission therefore concludes that the aid is compatible with the internal market within the meaning of Article 107 (3) (c) of the Treaty. Serebrennikov Boris A. 1970: Serebrennikov, Boric A. Why is it difficult разрешить проблему происхождения верхних слоёв севернорусской гидронимии [The problem of severnorusskoj gidronimii is being solved by the severnorusskoj gidronimii] […] Questions of language knowledge [Voprosy jazykoznanija] 1, 44[…]59. In the 1970s, the substrate of the Žeimelis district in Vardyn and Tarme. […] The Land of the Rising Sun, ed. This Decision shall enter into force on the day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. Šliavas Juozas 1996: In the footsteps of the blacksmiths, Vilnius: The company of the blacksmiths. Thomsen Vilhelm 1890: Berøringer between the Finnish and the Baltic (Lithuanian-Lithuanian) languages: in a historical study of languages, Copenhagen: Blanco Lunos. TLE IV […] Council of the Encyclopedia of Lithuania 4 (Simno[…]Žvorūnė), Vilnius: Editor of the main encyclopedias, 1988. Toporov Vladimir N. 1977: Toporov, Vladimir N. The parallel between the Frakian and the Baltic languages. […] The Balkan Linguistic Collection [Balkanskij linvističeskij sbornik], by the author the order. T. V. Civyan, Moscow: Nauka, 59[…]116. He is also a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Vanagas Aleksandras 1970: Lithuanian TSR hydronym factory, Vilnius: Mintis. He is a member of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences. SIMONAS NOREIKIS 168 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica XC Vanagas Aleksandras 1975: The problem of the Finnish-Ugric substrate in the Lithuanian toponymy. This Regulation shall enter into force on the day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. Tallinnae habitus 17.23. This is the first time I've seen it. This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal. I. Acta Linguistica Pars, Tallinn: Valgus, 404[…]405. This is the first time in the history of the European Union that an act has been adopted in this way. In the late 1980s, Alexander Vanaga published the Lithuanian hydronym etymology dictionary, Vilnius: Mokslas. Vanagas Aleksandras 1988: Lithuanian water names, ser. Language and people, Vilnius: It's science. Max Wassermann, "A contribution to the historical study of the peoples of Eastern Europe." 2. The ehemalige Ausbreitung der Westfinnen in den heutigen slavischen Ländern, Berlin: Akademie der Wissenschaften. Max Fassbender is a 1987 American actor. The etymological dictionary of the Russian language 4 (T […] Yashtyp) [Etimological dictionary of the Russian language 4 (T[…] Jaščur)], translated from German and supplemented by O. N. Trubachev, ed. M. A. Oborina [translated by O. N. Trubacheva, edited by M. A. Oborina], Moscow: Progress [Moscow: Progress]. Wiedemann Ferdinand J. (1869): Ehstnisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, St. Petersburg. He was born in St. Petersburg, Germany, and was raised in St. Petersburg. Zeps Valdis J. 1962: Latvian and Finnic Linguistic Convergences, Bloomington: Indiana University; and his work has been published in several languages. The Hague: Mouton and Co. Zinkiewicz-Zigmas, The origin of the Lithuanian nation, Vilnius: Institute of Science and Encyclopedia Publishing Lithuanian Hydronyms of Allegedly Finno-Ugric Origin Summary This article is based on the author's Master Thesis written in Finnish and submitted at the University of Helsinki in 2018. The topic is "Lithuanian hydronyms supposed to be Finno-Ugric" and the aim was a critical analysis of such hydronyms, and the result was that in Lithuania there are no Finno-Ugric hydronyms. This topic is important to Lithuanian onomastics. However, in Lithuania, there are not many people with knowledge of Finnish. Thus, this article makes it possible for Lithuanian readers to see the results of the Master Thesis by the author. In Lithuania, it is still believed that before the arrival of the Balts to the present territory of Lithuania, there lived Finno-Ugric people and they must have left their traces in the toponyms. The supposed time of this event is 2000 B.C. Thus, Alexander Vanagas has proposed Straipsniai / Articles 169 Tariamai finougriškos kilmės Lietuvos vandenvardžiai Finno-Ugric etymologies for various Lithuanian hydronyms which in his opinion sound similar to modern Finnic appellatives and proper names. If the investigated hydronyms are times a result of 4000 years old language contacts, then the Baltic and Finnic languages of those sounded different. Thus, the historical-phonological method will be applied in this study.Such work as well as semantical and onomastic methods comparing Baltic and Finnic toponyms. methods were applied by Aike in investigating supposed Sami toponyms in Finland, where there was a trend to propose a Sami etymology for toponyms with unclear etymology, sometimes even without comparing them to a Sami appellative or a proper name. He noticed that Proto-Sami was phonologically different from modern Sami languages, and he proposed to reconstruct Proto-Sami forms first and only then compare them with Finnish toponyms. A reconstructed form may indicate that Samic etymology is wrong. This method is also suitable in the case of supposed Finno-Ugric hydronyms in Lithuania. In the Master Thesis and this article, there were revised over 40 Lithuanian hydronyms for which Vanagas suggested Finno-Ugric etymologies. All the etymologies by Vanagas were rejected for the following reasons: Historical-phonological. The reconstructed forms of the hydronyms compared to Finno-Ugric appellatives and proper names are so different that the development from one form to another would be possible. It is semantic. A Lithuanian hydronym is compared to an appellative which is not used in the formation of Finno-Ugric toponyms. Chronologically speaking. A Finno-Ugric appellative, to which a Lithuanian hydronym is compared, is a borrowing from other languages (later than the Stone Age). In addition, all the hydronyms presented by Vanagas are very different and it is impossible to classify them in any way (by construction, semantics, etc.). In conclusion, in Lithuania, there are no Finno-Ugric hydronyms of the Stone Age. Nevertheless, the presence of Finnic proper names is possible on the Lithuanian-Latvian borderland, brought by the Kreivins (Votians) who lived in the Bauska region from the 15th century. Bauska is situated not far from the border, which during the centuries was not very precise and there were small changes in it. It means that Krevin could have transferred their proper names to the territories of present-day Lithuania. Thus, further research should be concentrated on seeking Kreevin names in Northern Lithuania. Delivered on 2 May 2024 SIMONAS NOREIKIS of the University of Helsinki Suomių kalbos, finų-ugrų ir skandinavų kalbų ir literatūrų institutas PL25 (Unioninkatu 40) 00014 The University of Helsinki [email protected]