Load sediments quantification in Algerian North-West basins by ANN (Artificial Neurons Network) method

1 GeoScience Engineering Volume LXV (2019), No. 3 http://gse.vsb.cz p. 1 – 17, ISSN 1802-5420 DOI 10.35180/gse-2019-0013 LOAD SEDIMENTS QUANTIFICATION IN ALGERIAN NORTHWEST BASINS BY ARTIFICIAL NEURONS NETWORK METHOD Yacine HAFIED 1, Nadir MAROUF 2, Mohamed Tewfik BOUZIANE 1, Boualem REMINI 3, Shiynkaruk LUBOMIR 4 1Laboratory of Hydraulic, Biskra University, Biskra 7000, Algeria, 2Laboratory of Hydraulic, Oum El Bouaghi University, Algeria 3Department of Water Science, Faculty of Technology, Blida 1 University, Blida 9000, Algeria, 4National University of Water Supply and Environmental Management, Ukraine E-mail:hafied.yacin[email protected] ABSTRACT Due to the complexity of basins morphometric parameters and the hydroclimatic irregularity of the semi-arid regions of North Africa, solid transport has been still far from being clearly assessed. This study attempts to shed light on this problem; in order to conceive a global model for the suspended sediment load quantification, taking into account all stream waters of the North-West area of Algerian. The calculation is based on the use of the ANN artificial neurons network method, which has proven its success and its reliability in several fields of research. The collected data are measured in hydrometric stations of several basins, such as Cheliff, Tafna, Macta, and Oran’s basins. The results obtained using the ANN method are sufficiently reliable, the best correlations were obtained for each studied stream water exceeding 97% (specific model to each station), and 90% in the case of a global model characterizing for all studied stations, which allows the extracted model to give better estimation of the suspended solid flow rates for any measured liquid flow rate of the north-west Algerian basins. Keywords: Solid transport, ANN method, Watersheds, North-West Algeria, Siltation dam 1 INTRODUCTION Water resources development in the north of Algeria requires water reservoirs construction for various purposes; however, the design and successful exploitation of water reservoirs can only be made through an accurate and proper sedimentary volume prediction. This volume estimation will have a big economic impact, knowing that an underestimation or overestimation decreases or increases the dead-volume. Underestimation can affect dam’s life time by contrast, overestimation can lead to a huge increase in dam’s cost. Because of its semi-arid climate, relief irregularities and precipitations volume, the northwest side of Algeria is one of the most vulnerable regions in soil erosion. The phenomenon of sediments reaching the dams every year has prompted many researchers who have tried to solve this problem with several methods. In this context, we mention the works of Tixeront [1], Capolini [2], Ghorbel and Claude [3], Heusch [4], Milliman and Meade [5], Sogreah [6], Demmak [7], Colombani [8], Walling [9], Probst and Suchet [10], Lahlou [11], Rais and Abidi [12], Albergel [13], Snoussi et al. [14], Merzouki [15], Moukhchane et al. [16], Meddi [17], Bouraba [18], Remini and Avenard [19], Remini [20], Terfous et al. [21], Ghenim et al. [22] Megnounif et al. [23], Bouanani [24], Dechemi et al. [25], Achite and Touaibia [26], Touaibia et al. [27], Marouf and Remini [28], Marouf [29],who have studied some Algerian, Tunisian, and Moroccan basins. In reality, the problem is very difficult, complex and far from being solved with the current theoretical formulas. A considerable gap between the empirical formulas used, the siltation quantities in dam’s measured by bathymetric surveys and the estimation during the design. Consequently, we were obliged to choose ANN method to solve this problem in a concrete way. The method has been known for its power, efficiency and also proves its success in several areas of research [30, 31]. This study is based on historical data "liquid flow rates-solid flow rates" of the North-West Algerian basins namely Cheliff, Tafna, Macta, and Oran, in order to provide the most appropriate global sedimentary load estimation model. 2 PRESENTATION OF THE STUDY AREAS The study focuses on the basins located in the north-west of Algeria, i.e. Cheliff, Tafna, Macta, and Oran basins (Figure 1). Seven (07) measurement stations were selected in this area, on the large amount of data stored, to have reliable and concrete models for the suspended sediment load quantification. The choice of these hydrometric stations is aroused by the availability and richness of historic measurement data, in our case, liquid flow rates, solid flow rates. The data were provided by National Agency of Water Resources ‘Agence Nationale des Ressources Hydriques’ (ANRH) in 2016 [32] - see Table 1. 2 GeoScience Engineering Volume LXV (2019), No. 3 http://gse.vsb.cz p. 1 – 17, ISSN 1802-5420 DOI 10.35180/gse-2019-0013 Figure 1. Representation of the studied basins [32] Table 1: Characteristics of the studied hydrometric stations [32] Basin Stream waters Station Code Period Measurement data Number Cheliff Djidiouia Djidiouia RN4 01-27-01 1974-2000 4 995 Cheliff Cheliff Sidi Belatter 01-36-02 1969-2001 432 Tafna Mouilah Mouilah RN7 16-02-02 1973-2001 5 943 Tafna Tafna Pierre du chat 16-08-01 1971-2005 537 Macta Mekerra El Hacaiba 11-01-01 1989-2003 1905 Macta Froha Griss 11-14-12 1976-2003 652 Oran’s Mellah Turgo Nord 04-02-20 1978-2003 5083 2.1 BASINS CHARACTERISTICS The characteristics of the studied watersheds are given in Table 2. Table 2: Characteristics of the studied watersheds [32] Basin Stream waters Surface area (km2) Perimeter(km) CI Compactness index Equivalent length(Km) Talweg length (Km) Hmin (m) Hmax (m) Chélif Djidiouia 835 135 1.31 51.20 51 70 925 Cheliff 43700 1383 1.85 619 759 20 1983 Tafna Mouilah 1 820 187 1.23 65.90 124 410 1824 3 GeoScience Engineering Volume LXV (2019), No. 3 http://gse.vsb.cz p. 1 – 17, ISSN 1802-5420 DOI 10.35180/gse-2019-0013 Tafna 6 900 350 1.18 115 160.00 50 1824 Macta Mekerra 955 127 1.15 39 54 925 1440 Froha 132 56 1.36 22 / 499 1201 Oran’s Mellah 697 135 1.43 / 60 36 824 CHELIFF BASIN It is located in the North-West region of Algeria, bordered at North by Algiers coastal basin; South by Sahara basin, West by Oran costal basin, Macta and Oran highlands and East by Chott-Melghir, Zahrez, ChottHodna and Isser. The main watercourse in this Basin is Chéliff-stream water. Figure 2. Djidiouia stream water watershed [32] 4 GeoScience Engineering Volume LXV (2019), No. 3 http://gse.vsb.cz p. 1 – 17, ISSN 1802-5420 DOI 10.35180/gse-2019-0013 Figure 3. Cheliff stream water watershed [32]  Djidiouia stream water is a stream located east of the wilaya of Relizane, north-western Algeria which flows from the Rahouia Mountains and runs into Cheliff stream water (Figure 2).  Cheliff stream water is a river of 725 km long, located in the north-west of Algeria which is fed from the Tellian Atlas, more precisely in the Djebel AMOUR and flows into the Mediterranean Sea. The Cheliff is characterized by a very fertile valley and it is the most important river in Algeria (Figure 3). TAFNA BASIN The Tafna Basin is located in the extreme north-west of Algeria while a part of it is immersed in Morocco, bordered to the north by the Oran Basin Coastal, east by Macta Basin, and west by Moroccan borders. Its main watercourse is the Tafna River. 5 GeoScience Engineering Volume LXV (2019), No. 3 http://gse.vsb.cz p. 1 – 17, ISSN 1802-5420 DOI 10.35180/gse-2019-0013 Figure 4. Tafna stream water watershed [32] Figure 5. Mouilah stream water watershed [32] 6 GeoScience Engineering Volume LXV (2019), No. 3 http://gse.vsb.cz p. 1 – 17, ISSN 1802-5420 DOI 10.35180/gse-2019-0013  Tafna stream water is a stream of 170 km long, stretching in the wilaya of Tlemcen (Figure 4) and after having crossed sinuous gorges, enters the wilaya of Ain Témouchent, crosses the ancient city of Siga, and flows into the Mediterranean Sea. The Tafna watershed is fed from mountains of Djebel Merchiche near Sebdouand extending partially to Morocco.  Mouillah stream water is located in the left bank tributary of Tafna stream water that starts in the region of El Abed in Algeria at 550 m altitude, then enters Morocco and takes the name of Stream water Isly, and follows in intermittent flow (Figure 5). It becomes a permanent downstream of the city of Oujda (Morocco) to 490 m of altitude to take the name of the Stream water Bounaîm and enters in Algeria near Maghnia, under the name of Mouillah stream water. It sits down on its right bank, the Effou its tributaries, Abbas, Aounia and Méhaguène stream waters. MACTA BASIN It is located in the north-western region of Algeria, bordered to the north by the Oran's coastal basin. One part of it extends to the Mediterranean Sea; south is bounded by the Oran’s Highlands Basin; east by the Cheliff basin and west by the Tafna Basin. It is drained by two main watercourses, the Mebtouh stream water to the west and El-Hammam stream water to the east. Figure 6. Mekerra stream water watershed [32] 7 GeoScience Engineering Volume LXV (2019), No. 3 http://gse.vsb.cz p. 1 – 17, ISSN 1802-5420 DOI 10.35180/gse-2019-0013 Figure 7. Froha stream water watershed [32]  Mekerra stream water is a watercourse originating in the mountains of Djebel El-Marhoum in the south of the wilaya of Sidi-Bel-Abbes. It divides the city centre in two parts, and then it runs into the Medtouh stream water (Figure 6).  Froha stream water is a watercourse that originates in the mountains of Djebel Bezita in the south-east of the wilaya of Mascara and flows into the Ain-Fekan stream water (Figure 7). ORAN’S BASIN It is located in the north-west of Algeria, bounded in the north by the Mediterranean Sea; east by the Algiers coastal basin; south by the three Basins: Chéliff, Macta and Tafna; west by Moroccan borders. Among the main streams of this Basin, we can mention El-Mellah stream water. 8 GeoScience Engineering Volume LXV (2019), No. 3 http://gse.vsb.cz p. 1 – 17, ISSN 1802-5420 DOI 10.35180/gse-2019-0013 Figure 8. Mellah stream water watershed [32]  Mellah stream water is a watercourse that begins in the south of Hammam-Bouhadjar and flows into the Mediterranean Sea (Figure 8). 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 3.1 Distribution of Solid flow rate depending on liquid flow rate. The representation of the measured solid flow rates in relation with the measured liquid flow rate of each studied hydrometric station is illustrated in the graphs mentioned in Figure 9. 9 GeoScience Engineering Volume LXV (2019), No. 3 http://gse.vsb.cz p. 1 – 17, ISSN 1802-5420 DOI 10.35180/gse-2019-0013 Figure 9. Relationship between solid-liquid flowrate in each hydrometric station Qs = 241,7Ql - 696,9 R² = 0,908 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 0 100 200 300 400 Qs (Kg/s) Ql (m3/s) Djidiouia RN4 station y = 43,68x - 306,7 R² = 0,834 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Qs(Kg/s) Ql(m3/s) Sidi Belatter station y = 18,70x - 10,30 R² = 0,800 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Qs (Kg/s) Ql(m3/s) Muillah RN7 station y = 12,95x - 107,2 R² = 0,728 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Qs (Kg/s) Ql (m3/s) Pierre du chat station y = 20,243x - 21,575 R² = 0,9497 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 0 50 100 150 200 250 Qs(kg/s) Ql(m3/s) El Hacaiba station y = 29,102x - 16,157 R² = 0,9229 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Qs (kg/s) Ql(m3/s) Griss station y = 89,105x - 157,27 R² = 0,9007 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Qs(kg/s) Ql (m3/s) Turgo Nord station 16 GeoScience Engineering Volume LXV (2019), No. 3 http://gse.vsb.cz p. 1 – 17, ISSN 1802-5420 DOI 10.35180/gse-2019-0013 [7] DEMMAK, A. 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