Bread Toasters, hair dryers and clothes dryers: CO2 emissions

Book o P oceedings o he 3 d In e na ional Cong ess on Sus ainable Cons uc ion and Eco-E icien Solu ions 582 29. B ead oas e s, hai d ye s and clo hes d y- e s: CO2 emissions Agudo Ma ínez, And és (1)(*) y Ga cía Ga zón, Ca los(2) (1)(*) D . A chi ec . Cabine P ojec . Uni e si y o Se ille, Spain (2) F ee p o essional a chi ec . Se ille, Spain Summa y In line wi h he app oach o sus ainabili y es ablished in he Eu opean amewo k, ou way o dwelling buildings also should be modi ied dosing he use o applianc- es, as hese can p oduce unexpec ed CO2 emissions. In line wi h ou commi men o in eg a ing he igh agains change and social commi men in ou sus ainabili y me hodology applied o buildings ha e we s opped o hink some ime in accoun - ing o he o al calcula ion o he ene gy consump ion o a building using hese amilia de ices? Ha e we e e hough abou he amoun s o CO2 ha ou appli- ances o ? By pe o ming six o de ed and alued in en o ies e e ed o wo buildings o a - e age, using di e en cons uc i e solu ions, di e en clima e zones and a lis o mos ep esen a i e appliances o ou daily use, we measu ed CO2 emissions and ene gy consump ion o he examples using specialized so wa e, e e ences om manu ac u e s and accoun ing o consump ion acco ding o he Ins i u e o Di - e - ica ion and Sa ing o Ene gy (IDAE). Key wo ds: Socie y, Sus ainabili y, Ene gy sa ing, emissions, 2020. Index 1. In oduc ion 2 App oxima ion o he concep o sus ainable cons uc ion 3 S udy o emissions om buildings 4 S udy o emissions appliances 5 Compa a i e Analysis 6 Conclusions 7 Ci a ions and Re e ences Book o P oceedings o he 3 d In e na ional Cong ess on Sus ainable Cons uc ion and Eco-E icien Solu ions 583 1 In oduc ion The de e io a ion o he en i onmen and global clima e change a e o cing socie y, and especially o p oduc i e and economic e hink he oadmap sec o s. Only ou ene gy consump ion buildings highe han 40% o he ene gy demand o he Eu opean Union and ep esen he la ges sou ce o g eenhouse gas emissions. This si ua ion is wha has gene a ed a special in e es in all le els o go e nmen o p omo e ene gy sa ing in he cons uc ion sec o and imp o e he managemen o buildings. The use o 40% o he ma e ial, only in he cons uc ion sec o , gene a es 40% o he was e and consumes 40% o p ima y ene gy a ailable. These benchma ks demons a e he need o mo e owa ds a model o sus ainable cons uc ion was ed no ene gy, na u al esou ces and no squande ou o e lowing land ills. Sus ainable s a egy o he Eu opean Union by 2020 in ol es challenging o ad ance objec i es in a new ene gy model o enewable ene gy and ene gy e iciency in ol es educing CO2 emissions and a p og essi e ene gy independence, which undoub edly in ol e a change subs an ial in ou habi s. The app oaches o sus ainable cons uc ion in ol es a necessa y change o men ali y in all sec o s linked o he cons uc ion p ocess. En i onmen al aspec s mus be conside ed in a ange ha ex ends om he decisions o de elope s, p o essionals, manu ac u e s o ma e ials and equipmen , builde s and owne s o enan s own he building. This pape aims o e lec on he impo ance o accoun ing in he pos cons uc ion phase, he impac gene a ed in he amewo k o sus ainabili y use s o buildings, and e alua e he impac caused by ene gy consump ion and CO2 emissions ha may in ol e ha mless use o appliances ha make ou li e easie . 2 App oach o he concep o Sus ainable Cons uc ion The concep o "sus ainable de elopmen " was bo n in 1972, based on a pa e n o p og ess o achie e balance be ween economic de elopmen and he a ional use o esou ces o na u e. Then come he i s policies based on he p inciple o pa - icipa ion, equi y and solida i y, which ake in o accoun li e cycles and aise he esolu ion o he p oblems. Since ancien imes, man has aken in o accoun he en i onmen o se lemen s: in he no he n coun ies sough ligh and hea cons uc ing buildings wi h la ge win- dows acing sou h, and in he sou he n coun ies, loca ed in wa me a eas, gaps Book o P oceedings o he 3 d In e na ional Cong ess on Sus ainable Cons uc ion and Eco-E icien Solu ions 584 we e smalle o sun p o ec ion. Howe e , in he mos ad anced echnology so- socie ies has been seen as he solu ion o all ou p oblems, using all kinds o e- sou ces unlimi ed, b eaking he balance be ween de elopmen and he a ional use o esou ces. Wi h he en y in o o ce o he Kyo o P o ocol on 22 Oc obe 2004, global awa eness awa e o he gene a ion and emission o so-called g eenhouse gases ha a ec he a mosphe e and cause clima e imbalance o he plane , caused by is ound human ac i i ies, which leads o unp edic able and ca as ophic esul s. The analysis o he si ua ion and he sensi i i y o socie ies, om he e ec i e da e o he P o ocol make i impe a i e ha app op ia e measu es o educe ene gy con- sump ion and CO2 emissions o he a mosphe e ac ion. Cu en ly, he p omo ion o en i onmen al awa eness and o ecas s abou he dis- appea ance o oil p oduced o each ecological added alue, esul ing in a powe - ul mo emen o sus ainable cons uc ion. P omo ing buildings wi h high ene gy e iciency, and he end o ecological e- gene a ion o cons uc ion was e, hey ha e majo oles in a concep o sus ainable cons uc ion ha includes he posi i e aspec s o each end, main aining he ini ial posi ion o he balance be ween de elopmen and na u al esou ces. Based on he abo e, he e a e ou basic building sus ainable ac ion: ecological e- gene a ion comp ising espec o he en i onmen whe e a building is buil , he use o ma e ials wi h low en i onmen al and social h oughou he li ecycle o he building impac , ene gy e iciency o he building and he use s hemsel es wi h hei pa icipa ion in he li e cycle o he building. 3 S udy emissions buildings Fo his s udy, he esul s o he issuance o annual CO2 gene a ed o wo ypes o esiden ial buildings loca ed in h ee Spanish ci ies a e measu ed o his s udy,: ype 12 mul i- amily housing block, and ype 100 mul i- amily housing block, which o in u n hey a e applied o di e en ypes o enclosu es. In his p ocess he CE3x so wa e is used, and housing p o ided wi h he mos common acili ies o cooling, hea ing and ho wa e a e es ima ed. In he calcula ions he da a e- e ed o in Appendix B o DB HE Clima ic zones, su ace da a and ansmi ances o housing a e used. Book o P oceedings o he 3 d In e na ional Cong ess on Sus ainable Cons uc ion and Eco-E icien Solu ions 585 Table. 1 Appendix B Clima ic zones. DB HE Book o P oceedings o he 3 d In e na ional Cong ess on Sus ainable Cons uc ion and Eco-E icien Solu ions 586 Enclosu e ype A. U= 2.38 W/m2K Enclosu e ype B. U= 1.8 W/m2K Enclosu e ype C U= 0.38 W/m2K Book o P oceedings o he 3 d In e na ional Cong ess on Sus ainable Cons uc ion and Eco-E icien Solu ions 587 Fig. 1 Types o enclosu es: a, b and c. A chi e o au ho s 3.1 Type building o 12 mul i- amily housing We s a by analyzing he o al CO2 emissions o a 12 mul i- amily housing, and es ima es ha he ho wa e and hea ing 8 houses a e achie ed wi h elec ical appliances (Joule e ec ) and 4 homes wi h na u al gas boile s. To do his, we ha e conside ed h ee Spanish ci ies wi h di e en clima es: Se ille, Mad id and Pamplona, loca ed in he sou he n, cen al and no he n peninsula, espec i ely a eas. The ollowing ables show annual CO2 emissions a e ob ained, depending on he clima ic zone, he su ace cons uc ed o housing and ansmi ances su aces and enclosu es and windows. In addi ion, he di e ence in emissions is also e lec ed by he ype o enclosu e used, and he es ima ed cos would esul in he imp o emen wo ks o he he mal insula ion o he building en elope. Table. 2 Mul i- amily dwellings in Se ille Whe eas in he same building di e en ypes o enclosu e, we can see in Table 2, ma ked in ed numbe s as mo e ep esen a i e da a, di e en amoun s o CO2 emissions gene a ed by he building. Book o P oceedings o he 3 d In e na ional Cong ess on Sus ainable Cons uc ion and Eco-E icien Solu ions 588 In his case, he p oduc ion alues o CO2 a e a a o k anging om 50,814.90 o 35,945.40 Kg du ing he pe iod o one yea , and he es ima ed cos would mean he imp o emen wo ks o he building en elope in he wo s case would each 103,155 eu os. Table. 3 Mul i- amily dwellings in Mad id In Table 3, he CO2 p oduc ion alues a e a a o k anging om 88,311.90 o 60,172.50 Kg du ing he pe iod o one yea , and he es ima ed cos would mean he imp o emen wo ks o he building en elope in he wo s case would emain a 103,155 eu os. Table. 4 Mul i- amily dwellings in Pamplona ! ! ! In Table 4, he p oduc ion alues o CO2 a e a a o k anging om 84,950.10 o 57,409.20 Kg du ing he pe iod o one yea , and he es ima ed cos would mean he imp o emen wo ks o he building en elope in he wo s case would emain a 103,155 eu os. O he di e en esul s ob ained, we can poin ou some impo an aspec s. The annual amoun s o CO2 emi ed by he building in Se ille sou h o he peninsula, in all cases s udied, a e lowe han hose issued by he building in Mad id o Pam- plona espec i ely cen al and no he n a eas. In cases o Mad id and Pamplona esul s ha e some simila i y, whe eas in Se ille CO2 emission alues a e signi i- can ly lowe , alling almos 60% o he amoun s o emission o Mad id o Pam- plona. 3.2 Type 100 mul i- amily housing building We epea he same calcula ions in he p e ious sec ion, bu o a building o 100 apa men blocks. We will ini ially es ima e ha all homes use an elec ic boile o ho wa e and hea pump o ai condi ioning, and we will s udy he loca ion o Book o P oceedings o he 3 d In e na ional Cong ess on Sus ainable Cons uc ion and Eco-E icien Solu ions 589 he building in h ee Spanish ci ies wi h di e en clima es: Se ille, Mad id and Pamplona, loca ed in he sou h, cen e and no h o he peninsula, espec i ely. As in he s udy o he p e ious building, he ollowing ables e lec CO2 emis- sions pe yea , depending on he clima ic zone, he su ace cons uc ed housing and su aces and ansmi ances o he walls and windows, and will e lec he di - e ence in he amoun o CO2 emissions, depending on he ype o enclosu e used, and a hypo he ical es ima ed cos ha would en ail he wo ks o imp o ed he mal insula ion o he building en elope. Table. 5 Mul i- amily dwellings in Se ille Whe eas in he same building di e en ypes o enclosu e, we can see in Table 5, indica ed in ed numbe s as mo e ep esen a i e da a, di e en amoun s o CO2 emissions gene a ed by he building. In his case, he p oduc ion alues o CO2 a e a a o k goes o 99,000.00 134,640.90 Kg du ing he pe iod o one yea , and he es ima ed cos would mean he imp o emen wo ks o he building en elope in he wo s case would each 272,170 eu os. Table. 6 Mul i- amily dwellings in Mad id In Table 6, he p oduc ion alues o CO2 a e a a o k anging om 258,390.00 o 181,170.00 Kg du ing he pe iod o one yea , and he es ima ed cos would mean he imp o emen wo ks o he building en elope in he wo s case would emain a 272,170 eu os. Tabla. 7 Mul i- amily dwellings in Pamplona ! ! Book o P oceedings o he 3 d In e na ional Cong ess on Sus ainable Cons uc ion and Eco-E icien Solu ions 590 ! In Table 7, he p oduc ion alues o CO2 a e a a o k anging om 232,650.00 o 162,360.00 Kg du ing he pe iod o one yea , and he es ima ed cos ha would en ail he imp o emen wo ks o he en elope building in he wo s case would emain a 272,170 eu os. The esul s show ha he annual amoun s o CO2 emi ed by he building in Se- ille -zona sou h o peninsula-, in all cases, a e lowe han hose issued by he building loca ed in Mad id o Pamplona, zones cen e and no h espec i ely. In cases o Mad id and Pamplona esul s ha e some simila i y, whe eas in Se ille alues emi-p essu e CO2 a e signi ican ly lowe , alling almos 60% o he quan ies emission Mad id o Pamplona. 4 S udy o emissions om small appliances. The esul s o annual CO2 emissions gene a ed by a ious appliances o daily use a e measu ed. To do his, use e e ence emissions published he documen ecog- nized by he Minis y o Indus y, Ene gy and Tou ism and Minis y o De elop- men , en i led Fac o s CO2 emissions and Coe icien s s ep p ima y ene gy om di e en sou ces o inal ene gy consumed in he sec o buildings in Spain.