Bread Toasters, hair dryers and clothes dryers: CO2 emissions

Book of Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress on Sustainable Construction and Eco-Efficient Solutions 582 29. Bread toasters, hair dryers and clothes dryers: CO2 emissions Agudo Martínez, Andrés (1)(*) y García Garzón, Carlos(2) (1)(*) Dr. Architect. Cabinet Project. University of Seville, Spain (2) Free professional architect. Seville, Spain Summary In line with the approach of sustainability established in the European framework, our way of dwelling buildings also should be modified dosing the use of appliances, as these can produce unexpected CO2 emissions. In line with our commitment to integrating the fight against change and social commitment in our sustainability methodology applied to buildings have we stopped to think sometime in accounting for the total calculation of the energy consumption of a building using these familiar devices? Have we ever thought about the amounts of CO2 that our appliances off? By performing six ordered and valued inventories referred to two buildings of average, using different constructive solutions, different climate zones and a list of most representative appliances of our daily use, we measured CO2 emissions and energy consumption of the examples using specialized software, references from manufacturers and accounting for consumption according to the Institute for Diver-fication and Saving of Energy (IDAE). Key words: Society, Sustainability, Energy saving, emissions, 2020. Index 1. Introduction 2 Approximation to the concept of sustainable construction 3 Study of emissions from buildings 4 Study of emissions appliances 5 Comparative Analysis 6 Conclusions 7 Citations and References Book of Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress on Sustainable Construction and Eco-Efficient Solutions 583 1 Introduction The deterioration of the environment and global climate change are forcing society, and especially to productive and economic rethink the roadmap sectors. Only our energy consumption buildings higher than 40% of the energy demand of the European Union and represent the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions. This situation is what has generated a special interest in all levels of government to promote energy saving in the construction sector and improve the management of buildings. The use of 40% of the material, only in the construction sector, generates 40% of the waste and consumes 40% of primary energy available. These benchmarks demonstrate the need to move towards a model of sustainable construction wasted no energy, natural resources and not squander our overflowing landfills. Sustainable strategy for the European Union by 2020 involves challenging to advance objectives in a new energy model for renewable energy and energy efficiency involves reducing CO2 emissions and a progressive energy independence, which undoubtedly involve a change substantial in our habits. The approaches to sustainable construction involves a necessary change of mentality in all sectors linked to the construction process. Environmental aspects must be considered in a range that extends from the decisions of developers, professionals, manufacturers of materials and equipment, builders and owners to tenants own the building. This paper aims to reflect on the importance of accounting in the post construction phase, the impact generated in the framework of sustainability users of buildings, and evaluate the impact caused by energy consumption and CO2 emissions that may involve harmless use of appliances that make our life easier. 2 Approach to the concept of Sustainable Construction The concept of "sustainable development" was born in 1972, based on a pattern of progress to achieve balance between economic development and the rational use of resources of nature. Then come the first policies based on the principle of participation, equity and solidarity, which take into account life cycles and raise the resolution of the problems. Since ancient times, man has taken into account the environment of settlements: in the northern countries sought light and heat constructing buildings with large windows facing south, and in the southern countries, located in warmer areas, gaps Book of Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress on Sustainable Construction and Eco-Efficient Solutions 584 were smaller for sun protection. However, in the most advanced technology sosocieties has been seen as the solution to all our problems, using all kinds of resources unlimited, breaking the balance between development and the rational use of resources. With the entry into force of the Kyoto Protocol on 22 October 2004, global awareness aware of the generation and emission of so-called greenhouse gases that affect the atmosphere and cause climate imbalance of the planet, caused by is found human activities, which leads to unpredictable and catastrophic results. The analysis of the situation and the sensitivity of societies, from the effective date of the Protocol make it imperative that appropriate measures to reduce energy consumption and CO2 emissions to the atmosphere action. Currently, the promotion of environmental awareness and forecasts about the disappearance of oil produced to reach ecological added value, resulting in a powerful movement for sustainable construction. Promoting buildings with high energy efficiency, and the trend of ecological regeneration of construction waste, they have major roles in a concept of sustainable construction that includes the positive aspects of each trend, maintaining the initial position of the balance between development and natural resources. Based on the above, there are four basic building sustainable action: ecological regeneration comprising respect for the environment where a building is built, the use of materials with low environmental and social throughout the lifecycle of the building impact, energy efficiency of the building and the users themselves with their participation in the life cycle of the building. 3 Study emissions buildings For this study, the results of the issuance of annual CO2 generated for two types of residential buildings located in three Spanish cities are measured for this study,: type 12 multi-family housing block, and type 100 multi-family housing block, which to in turn they are applied to different types of enclosures. In this process the CE3x software is used, and housing provided with the most common facilities for cooling, heating and hot water are estimated. In the calculations the data referred to in Appendix B of DB HE Climatic zones, surface data and transmittances of housing are used. Book of Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress on Sustainable Construction and Eco-Efficient Solutions 585 Table. 1 Appendix B Climatic zones. DB HE Book of Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress on Sustainable Construction and Eco-Efficient Solutions 586 Enclosure type A. U= 2.38 W/m2K Enclosure type B. U= 1.8 W/m2K Enclosure type C U= 0.38 W/m2K Book of Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress on Sustainable Construction and Eco-Efficient Solutions 587 Fig. 1 Types of enclosures: a, b and c. Archive for authors 3.1 Type building of 12 multi-family housing We start by analyzing the total CO2 emissions for a 12 multi-family housing, and estimates that the hot water and heating 8 houses are achieved with electrical appliances (Joule effect) and 4 homes with natural gas boilers. To do this, we have considered three Spanish cities with different climates: Seville, Madrid and Pamplona, located in the southern, central and northern peninsula, respectively areas. The following tables show annual CO2 emissions are obtained, depending on the climatic zone, the surface constructed of housing and transmittances surfaces and enclosures and windows. In addition, the difference in emissions is also reflected by the type of enclosure used, and the estimated cost would result in the improvement works of the thermal insulation of the building envelope. Table. 2 Multi-family dwellings in Seville Whereas in the same building different types of enclosure, we can see in Table 2, marked in red numbers as more representative data, different amounts of CO2 emissions generated by the building. Book of Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress on Sustainable Construction and Eco-Efficient Solutions 588 In this case, the production values of CO2 are at a fork ranging from 50,814.90 to 35,945.40 Kg during the period of one year, and the estimated cost would mean the improvement works of the building envelope in the worst case would reach 103,155 euros. Table. 3 Multi-family dwellings in Madrid In Table 3, the CO2 production values are at a fork ranging from 88,311.90 to 60,172.50 Kg during the period of one year, and the estimated cost would mean the improvement works of the building envelope in the worst case would remain at 103,155 euros. Table. 4 Multi-family dwellings in Pamplona ! ! ! In Table 4, the production values of CO2 are at a fork ranging from 84,950.10 to 57,409.20 Kg during the period of one year, and the estimated cost would mean the improvement works of the building envelope in the worst case would remain at 103,155 euros. Of the different results obtained, we can point out some important aspects. The annual amounts of CO2 emitted by the building in Seville south of the peninsula, in all cases studied, are lower than those issued by the building in Madrid or Pamplona respectively central and northern areas. In cases of Madrid and Pamplona results have some similarity, whereas in Seville CO2 emission values are significantly lower, falling almost 60% of the amounts of emission of Madrid or Pamplona. 3.2 Type 100 multi-family housing building We repeat the same calculations in the previous section, but for a building of 100 apartment blocks. We will initially estimate that all homes use an electric boiler for hot water and heat pump for air conditioning, and we will study the location of Book of Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress on Sustainable Construction and Eco-Efficient Solutions 589 the building in three Spanish cities with different climates: Seville, Madrid and Pamplona, located in the south, center and north of the peninsula, respectively. As in the study of the previous building, the following tables reflect CO2 emissions per year, depending on the climatic zone, the surface constructed housing and surfaces and transmittances of the walls and windows, and will reflect the difference in the amount of CO2 emissions, depending on the type of enclosure used, and a hypothetical estimated cost that would entail the works of improved thermal insulation of the building envelope. Table. 5 Multi-family dwellings in Seville Whereas in the same building different types of enclosure, we can see in Table 5, indicated in red numbers as more representative data, different amounts of CO2 emissions generated by the building. In this case, the production values of CO2 are at a fork goes to 99,000.00 134,640.90 Kg during the period of one year, and the estimated cost would mean the improvement works of the building envelope in the worst case would reach 272,170 euros. Table. 6 Multi-family dwellings in Madrid In Table 6, the production values of CO2 are at a fork ranging from 258,390.00 to 181,170.00 Kg during the period of one year, and the estimated cost would mean the improvement works of the building envelope in the worst case would remain at 272,170 euros. Tabla. 7 Multi-family dwellings in Pamplona ! ! Book of Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress on Sustainable Construction and Eco-Efficient Solutions 590 ! In Table 7, the production values of CO2 are at a fork ranging from 232,650.00 to 162,360.00 Kg during the period of one year, and the estimated cost that would entail the improvement works of the envelope building in the worst case would remain at 272,170 euros. The results show that the annual amounts of CO2 emitted by the building in Seville -zona south of peninsula-, in all cases, are lower than those issued by the building located in Madrid or Pamplona, zones center and north respectively. In cases of Madrid and Pamplona results have some similarity, whereas in Seville values emi-pressure CO2 are significantly lower, falling almost 60% of the quanties emission Madrid or Pamplona. 4 Study of emissions from small appliances. The results of annual CO2 emissions generated by various appliances of daily use are measured. To do this, use reference emissions published the document recognized by the Ministry of Industry, Energy and Tourism and Ministry of Development, entitled Factors CO2 emissions and Coefficients step primary energy from different sources of final energy consumed in the sector buildings in Spain.