How Nature-Based Solutions Can Contribute to Enhance Circularity in Cities

Depósi o de In es igación de la Uni e sidad de Se illa h ps://idus.us.es/ This is an Accep ed Manusc ip o an a icle published by Sp inge Na u e in Enhancing En i onmen al Educa ion Th ough Na u e-Based Solu ions Feb ua y 2022, a ailable a : h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/978-3-030-91843-9_19 © 2022 Sp inge Na u e Swi ze land AG 1 / 26 How Na u e-Based Solu ions can Con ibu e o Enhance Ci cula i y in Ci ies Rocío Pineda-Ma os1, Ma ia Bea ice And eucci2, Na aša A anaso a3, Gös a F.M. Baganz4,5, C is ina S.C. Calhei os6, Joana A.C. Cas ella 7,8, Maja B. Ɖolić9, Da ja Is enić3,10, An onia Ma ía Lo enzo López11, Ana Ri a L. Ribei o12 and Guen e Lange g abe 13,* 1 R. Pineda-Ma os – U ban G eening and Biosys ems Enginee ing Resea ch G oup (Na U IB), Depa amen o de Ingenie ía Ae oespacial y Mecánica de Fluidos - Á ea de Ingenie ía Ag o o es al, Escuela Técnica Supe io de Ingenie ía Ag onómica (ETSIA), Uni e sidad de Se illa, C a. de U e a km. 1, 41013, Se ille, Spain; [email protected] 2 M.B. And eucci – Depa men o Planning, Design, Technology o A chi ec u e, Facul y o A chi ec u e, Sapienza Uni e si y o Rome, I aly; mbea ice.and eucci@uni oma1.i 3 N. A anaso a, D. Is enič – Uni e si y o Ljubljana, Facul y o Ci il and Geode ic Enginee ing, Jamo a 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slo enia; na asa.a anaso a@ gg.uni-lj.si, da ja.is enic@ gg.uni-lj.si 4 G.F.M. Baganz – Leibniz-Ins i u e o F eshwa e Ecology and Inland Fishe ies (IGB), Müggelseedamm 301, 12587 Be lin, Ge many; g.bagan[email p o ec ed] 5 Facul y o A chi ec u e, RWTH Aachen Uni e si y, Schinkels . 1, 52062 Aachen, Ge many 6 C.S.C. Calhei os – In e disciplina y Cen e o Ma ine and En i onmen al Resea ch (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Uni e si y o Po o, No o Edi ício do Te minal de C uzei os do Po o de Leixões, A enida Gene al No on de Ma os, S/N, 4450-208 Ma osinhos, Po ugal; c is ina@calhei os.o g 7 J.A.C. Cas ella – Ca alan Ins i u e o Wa e Resea ch (ICRA), Ca e Emili G ahi 101, 17003 Gi ona, Spain; jcas ella[email p o ec ed] 8 Uni e si y o Gi ona, Plaça de San Domènec 3, 17004 Gi ona, Spain 9 M.B. Ɖolić – Facul y o Technology and Me allu gy, Depa men o En i onmen al Enginee ing, Uni e si y o Belg ade, Ka negije a 4, 11000 Belg ade, Se bia; mi ko [email protected] 10 D. Is enić – Uni e si y o Ljubljana, Facul y o Heal h Sciences, Zd a s ena po 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slo enia; da ja.is enic@z .uni-lj.si 11 A.M. Lo enzo López – BIOAZUL S.L., A enida Manuel Agus ín He edia n 18, 1, 4, 29001 Málaga, Spain; alo [email protected] 12 A.R.L. Ribei o – Labo a o y o Sepa a ion and Reac ion Enginee ing, Labo a o y o Ca alysis and Ma e ials (LSRE-LCM), Faculdade de Engenha ia, Uni e sidade do Po o, Rua D . Robe o F ias, 4200-465 Po o, Po ugal; i alado@ e.up.p 13 G. Lange g abe – Ins i u e o Sani a y Enginee ing, Uni e si y o Na u al Resou ces and Li e Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Aus ia; guen e .lange g[email p o ec ed]c.a *G. Lange g abe (co esponding au ho ) 2 / 26 G aphical abs ac Abs ac En i onmen al educa ion in di e en disciplines pu s an accen on acqui ing specialised knowledge and, while his emains essen ial, os e ing knowledge alone, wi hou links o eal li e, pe sonal expe iences, compe encies, and alues, is insu icien . Na u e-based solu ions (NBS) ha e he po en ial o be used as an educa ional amewo k ha equi es c i ical sys em hinking, a c ucial componen o uly democ a ic ac i e ci izenship, and aises awa eness abou global en i onmen al, social, and economic issues. On he basis o NBS- ela ed en i onmen al educa ion ma e ials, we p esen in his chap e selec ed case s udies ha desc ibe educa ion o h ee main s akeholde g oups. Conce ning pupils and s uden s, hese a e examples o schools and highe educa ion, as well as pilo ins alla ions om I aly, Spain, Slo enia, Po ugal, Tu key, and Ge many. Di e en o ms o acili ies o o ganisa ions a e included o demons a e he possibili ies o NBS- ela ed educa ion o p ac i ione s. The o e s o he gene al public comp ise a mobile exhibi ion/demons a ion uni , a social p ojec and an anima ion ideo. Addi ionally, exis ing online pla o ms o knowledge sha ing a e summa ised. The NBS concep has po en ial o assis he ansi ion om cu en con en ional educa ion pa adigms owa ds o a mo e c i ical sys emic hinking o os e en i onmen al ci izenship as a base o en i onmen al, social-economic, poli ical, economic, and cul u al changes on local, na ional, and global scales. 3 / 26 1 INTRODUCTION While humani y ecognized clima e change as i s majo exis en ial challenge and p epa es o ba le i , he need o mobilise he en i e socie y o he ask is acu e. Thus, ad ances in en i onmen al echnologies need o be coupled wi h a apid and gene alised change in alues and a i udes. Howe e , he e a e s ill impo an hu dles o o e come o achie e his goal. One o he mos impo an is he cu en agmen a ion o knowledge p oduc ion and disciplina y aining sys em. En i onmen al educa ion s ill emains highly specialised and p edominan ly ocused on na u al sciences, wi h socio-poli ical and empowe men aspec s only ma ginally included i a all. Mo eo e , en i onmen al educa ion in di e en disciplines ocusses on acqui ing specialised knowledge and, while his emains essen ial, os e ing knowledge alone, wi hou links o eal li e, pe sonal expe iences, compe encies, and alues, is insu icien [1]. The COST Ac ion CA17133 Ci cula Ci y in es iga es how na u e-based solu ions (NBS) can be used o c ea e ci cula economies in ci ies o o e come exis ing challenges such as esou ce deple ion, clima e change adap a ion and deg ada ion o ecosys ems [2]. I is widely ecognised, ha NBS ha e po en ial o assis he ansi ion om cu en con en ional educa ion pa adigms owa ds o a mo e c i ical sys emic hinking in o de o os e en i onmen al, social- economic, poli ical, economic, and cul u al changes, and o add ess ans e sally u ban challenges such as ai quali y, sus ainable wa e managemen , pa icipa o y planning and go e nance [3]). Despi e i is clea and accep ed by expe communi y ha NBS can enhance ci cula i y in ci ies, he pa hway o hei implemen a ion is s ill long and acing di e en ba ie s [2]. One o hem is app op ia e awa eness ising and educa ion on NBS which should be p o ided hough ully, inclusi ely and in well o ganised manne . As NBS implemen a ion equi es ex emely in e disciplina y app oach, he la e should be used also in educa ion on NBS. Cu en lack o in e disciplina i y in majo i y o o mal educa ion sys ems limi s he communica ions be ween di e en expe s. The e is a need o educa e new gene a ion o expe s, and enhance he abili y o p o essionals o be able o communica e wi h di e en expe and lay communi ies. Fo ma ion o in e disciplina y educa ional g oups combining a ious ypes o knowledge o sciences like o example social, en i onmen al and biology sciences, enables o ma ion o new ypes o in e disciplina y pedagogies which combine s uden s and pedagogues om a ious a eas in an e o o c ea e new, u u e expe s capable o esponding o complex challenges posed by clima e change and lack o implemen a ion o sus ainable de elopmen in p ac ice (on e ain). In his chap e , (1) we b ie ly e iew a ailable en i onmen al educa ion ma e ials ela ed o NBS, (2) we p esen selec ed case s udies ha desc ibe educa ional ac i i ies o h ee main s akeholde g oups, i.e., pupils and s uden s, p o essionals such as p ac i ione s and ci y adminis a o s, and he gene al public (Fig. 1), and (3) we summa ise in o ma ion on exis ing online pla o ms o knowledge sha ing in he ield. 4 / 26 Fig. 1 Examples o ac i i ies ela ed o en i onmen al educa ion h ough applica ions o NBS concep . (A) P oduc i e Ga den and Eco-island @ FEZ-Be lin, Ge many; (B) School ga den, ‘Colegio Sag ada Familia’, Spain; (C) NBS o in o mal en i onmen al educa ion, G ea e Po o, Po ugal (sou ce: LIPOR, 2021); (D) G een - Blue: Sus ainable U ban D ainage P ojec , Spain (sou ce: GCMP Paisajes Resilien es h ps://paisajes esilien es.wo dp ess.com/2019/05/25/ e de-azul_p oyec o-de-d enaje-u bano- sos enible-dus-en-ceip-luis-bunuel-g een-bluish_suds-p ojec -in-school-luis-bunuel/); (E) NBS o building sys em eco e y, I aly (sou ce: Sapienza Mas e in A chi ec u e s uden s, 2021); (F) G een Roo s Li e acy, Po ugal; (G) Demo g een wall o g eywa e ea men , Slo enia; (H) Demo g een wall o imp o ing indoo ai quali y, ETSIA-US, Spain; (I) LE:NOTRE Landscape Fo um, EU (sou ce: LE:NOTRE S uden Compe i ion, 2021); (J) Cou ses o ANCV-Po uguese Na ional Associa ion o G een Roo s, Po ugal; (K) U ban g eening cou se, COIAA, Spain; (L) Demo cen e o g een echnologies, Slo enia (Sou ce: A hem L d., 2020); (M) MUGLI – a Mobile Exhibi ion Space, Aus ia (Sou ce: h ps://g uens a g au.a /mugli/); (N) Anima ion Video, COST Ac ion Ci cula Ci y; (O) San Na cis ‘Edible Neighbou hood’, Spain 2 ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION MATERIALS RELATED TO NBS Ins i u ional and non-ins i u ional educa ion is a c ucial elemen in c ea ing a posi i e impac on en i onmen al beha iou . The success ul implemen a ion o he Eu opean G een Deal mus 5 / 26 also be ca ied ou h ough educa ional sys em e o ms o ensu e ha all a e equipped o mee he challenges o he u u e, including in hose ela ed o labou ma ke . The e o e, ‘ ailo ed educa ional cu icula’ [4] mus con ain key compe encies and skills needed o suppo a g een economy. Socially and en i onmen ally esponsible beha iou s may be u he ein o ced by impe manen educa ion (such as h ough wo kplace e aining). Educa ion o he u u e is a social challenge a ached o he impo ance o public o ganiza ions dealing wi h he en i onmen and clima e change. Table 1 summa izes EU and in e na ional o ganiza ions dedica ed o p omo ing en i onmen al educa ional ac i i ies. The e is a widesp ead scien i ic opinion ha mi iga ing pollu ion o e all may be be e ca ied ou h ough inc eased public knowledge o en i onmen al issues. The end esul is o ein o ce beha iou s ha p omo e en i onmen al p e en ion and p o ec ion. Social mo emen s in gene al and he en i onmen al mo emen in pa icula a e based on he p emise ha public educa ion helps gi ing ise o suppo ing en i onmen al p o ec ion and educing he e ec s o clima e change. Among many o he de ini ions, he Eu opean Commission ecognizes NBS as hose suppo ed by na u e and ecosys ems [5]. As opposed o ad anced echnological solu ions, NBS a e cos -e ec i e, simul aneously p o ide en i onmen al, social and economic bene i s, as well as help building esilience o clima e change. NBS public accep ance coupled by en i onmen al educa ion (awa eness suppo ed by knowledge) is a key o u u e NBS implemen a ion. Table 2 p o ides a pa ial lis o EU and in e na ional NBS p ojec s along wi h hei educa ional ac i i ies and ini ia i es. 6 / 26 Table 1 Eu opean Union and in e na ional o ganiza ions dedica ed o p omo ing en i onmen al educa ion ac i i ies O ganiza ion Desc ip ion Educa ional ac i i ies Link The Uni ed Na ions Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) The ECOSOC suppo s non-p o i public, olun ee o ganiza ions h ough consul a ion and access o Uni ed Na ions economic and social council. Helps add essing social and economic SD challenges and imp o ing human igh s (whe e en i onmen al p o ec ionism a human igh ) as well as o suppo ‘ad hoc’ decision p ocesses. h ps://www.un.o g/ecosoc/en The Academic Council on he UN Sys em Ins i u ional Membe (ACUNS) ACUNS is a global p o essional associa ion o educa ional and esea ch ins i u ions, indi idual schola s and p ac i ione s ac i e in he wo k and s udy o mul ila e al ela ions, global go e nance and in e na ional coope a ion. P omo es eaching on en i onmen al opics, as well as dialogue and mu ual unde s anding ac oss and be ween academics, p ac i ione s, ci il socie y and s uden s. Helps publishing posi ion and opinion pape s. h ps://acuns.o g/ The Eu opean En i onmen al Bu eau (EEB) The EEB is Eu ope’s la ges ne wo k o en i onmen al ci izen o ganisa ions. The EEB b ings oge he a ound 140 ci il socie y o ganisa ions om mo e han 30 Eu opean coun ies. The EEB suppo s sus ainable de elopmen , en i onmen al jus ice & pa icipa o y democ acy. Ca ies ou a wide ange o ac i i ies in en i onmen al p e en ion and p o ec ion, among which include suppo ing young people in hei conce ns abou clima e change (h ps://eeb.o g/lib a y/pan-eu opean-su ey-clima e- o- p io i y- o -you h/) as well as suppo ing NGOs and hei ini ia i es in sus ainable consump ion (h ps://eeb.o g/lib a y/eu-s a egy- o -sus ainable- ex iles-ngo- posi ion/). h ps://eeb.o g/ En i onmen al Ambassado s Sus ainable De elopmen (EASD) EASD is one o he newes EEB membe s. They a e a non-p o i p o essional associa ion wo king in science and esea ch. They wo k h ough consul ancy, expe ise, inno a ion, educa ion, he p omo ion o cul u al alues and knowledge-based ad ocacy. Popula izing and p omo ing scien i ic wo k, o enhance communica ion be ween s akeholde s ( ep esen a i es o local sel -go e nmen , educa ional ins i u ions, associa ions, en ep eneu s, indi iduals), as well as inc easing public in e es in sus ainable de elopmen , en i onmen al p o ec ion and educa ion. h ps://eeb.o g/easd- en i onmen al-ambassado s- o - sus ainable-de elopmen / The Eu opean Ci izen Science Associa ion (ECSA) The ECSA is a non-p o i associa ion se up o encou age he g ow h o he Ci izen Science mo emen in Eu ope in o de o enhance he pa icipa ion o he gene al public in he scien i ic p ocesses. Ini ia ing and suppo ing ci izen-science esea ch and p ojec s, as well as unde s anding and using i s bene i s in decision making. h ps://ecsa.ci izen-science.ne / Women Engage o a Common Fu u e (WECF) A non-p o i ne wo k dedica ed o a gende jus ice and a heal hy plane o all,WECF co e s app oxima ely 50 coun ies, wo king wi h 150 pa ne (women’s and ci il socie y) o ganisa ions in ne wo ks. The p omo ion o : i) holis ic en i onmen al solu ions ( e lec ing indi iduals’ li es); ii) gende equali y and women’s human igh s as in e connec ed o clima e jus ice; iii) sus ainable ene gy & chemicals, educ ion o oxic was e, sa e wa e & sani a ion o all. h ps://www.wec .o g/ Inno a ion Hi e Inno a ion Hi e is a p i a e non-p o i o ganiza ion loca ed in G eece, specialized in esea ch and inno a ion. De eloping educa ional ma e ials, aining ac i i ies and p ac ice-d i en cou ses ha ocus chie ly on sys emic p oblems h ps://inno a ionhi e.eu/abou - us-inno/ 7 / 26 and a e ailo ed o educa o s, schools ac oss educa ional le els, you h and adul s. The Founda ion o En i onmen al Educa ion Engaging and empowe ing indi iduals h ough educa ion in collabo a ion wi h i s membe s and pa ne s wo ldwide. Empowe ing s uden s o be leade s o sus ainabili y and posi i e change h ough enhancing global educa ion p og ams (Blue lag, G een key, Young Repo e s, Lea ning abou he Fo es and Eco-schools). h ps://www. ee.global/ The In e na ional Associa ion o Uni e si ies ‘Ho izons’(IAU) The IAU is he leading global associa ion o highe educa ion ins i u ions and uni e si y associa ions. I has o e 600 Membe Ins i u ions and 30 o ganiza ions. T ans o ming highe educa ion o he u u e. I publishes a wice annual magazine ou lining IAU ac i i ies. h ps://www.ecoschools.global/ e sou ce-ma e ial Eco-schools Eco-Schools has de eloped om a Eu opean educa ional p og amme o a global model o en i onmen al educa ion and sus ainabili y. P omo ing he educa ion o s uden s pa icipa ing in he p og amme (wo kshops, eco-schools) whose ac ions help de eloping alues, a i udes and beha iou owa ds he en i onmen . h ps://www.ecoschools.global/ou -his o y LE:NOTRE Ins i u e The LE:NOTRE Ins i u e has been es ablished unde he auspices o ECLAS, he Eu opean Council o Landscape A chi ec u e Schools, as an umb ella o ganisa ion o in e disciplina y collabo a ion be ween educa ion, esea ch and inno a i e p ac ice in he landscape ield. The goal o he LE:NOTRE Ins i u e is o de elop and s eng hen he links be ween landscape educa ion, esea ch and inno a i e p ac ice, in he public, p i a e and no o p o i sec o s. Wha makes he LE:NOTRE Landscape Fo um di e en om o he Eu opean landscape e en s is he ocus on dialogue, deba e and discou se. I p o ides a unique oppo uni y o in e ac c ea i ely wi h colleagues om a ange o landscape disciplines in in o mal wo kshop and ield isi se ings. The aim is o c ea e s imula ing en i onmen o p omo e he gene a ion o bo h new eaching ideas and p ojec s, o esea ch and o collabo a ion be ween heo y and p ac ice. h ps:// o um.ln- ins i u e.o g/leno e-ins i u e-2/ Table 2 NBS p ojec s and hei p omo ional ac i i ies (educa ion ma e ials and ini ia i es) P ojec i le and web si e Funding (Du a ion o Funding) P ojec ’s goal P omo ional ac i i ies (educa ion ma e ials/ini ia i es) Ta ge g oup Link Implemen ing na u e based solu ions o c ea ing a esou ce ul ci cula ci y www.ci cula -ci y.eu Ho izon 2020 p og am, Cos Ac ion CA17133 (2018-2021). To c ea e g eene u ban en i onmen s, enhance esou ce eco e y and implemen holis ic social-economic solu ions o he de elopmen o ci cula ci ies. #Мyci cula ci y pho o con es (To p omo e unc ional and aes he ic alues o NBSs in u ban ci cula i y). Laype sons, esea che s & p o essionals. h ps://ci cula -ci y.eu/?p=680 8 / 26 Making Ci ies Resilien 2030: My Ci y is Ge ing Ready h ps://www.unisd .o g/campaign/ esilien ci ies/ad oca es UN O ice o Disas e Risk Reduc ion (UNDRR) (2020-2030). To es ablish a unique c oss- s akeholde ini ia i e ha imp o es local (ci y) esilience h ough ad ocacy, sha ing knowledge and expe iences. Mayo s and child en leading he igh agains clima e change in he Philippines. Child en. h ps://www.unisd .o g/campaign/ esi lien ci ies/news- e en s/a icle/17160/mayo s-and- child en-lead- igh -agains -clima e- change-in- he-philippines New and eme ging challenges and oppo uni ies in was ewa e ea men h p://www.ne eus- cos .eu/ Ho izon 2020 p og am, Cos Ac ion ES1403 (2014-2018). A child en’s book: ‘The Sec e Handbook o he Blue ci cle’. Child en. h ps://www.iwapublishing.com/news /sec e -handbook-blue-ci cle-qa-blog- d -despo- a a-kassinos Na u e-based Solu ions Pilo eache s - Explo ing Na u e-Based Solu ions in You Class oom h ps://www.eu opean schoolne academy.eu/ cou ses/cou se- 1:Scien ix+NBS+20 21/abou #behind Eu opean School ne Academy, Eu opean Commission (www.eun.o g (Janua y – Sep embe 2020). 15 eache s ha e joined he NBS p ojec o help de eloping lea ning scena ios o in eg a e NBSs in o he class oom. Online cou se on NBS (15 scena ios). While open o all, he main a ge g oups a e p ima y and seconda y school eache s om Eu ope and o he egions. h ps://www.eu opeanschoolne acade my.eu/cou ses/cou se- 1:Scien ix+NBS+2021/abou # opics G ow G een h p://g owg eenp oje c .eu/ Ho izon 2020 (2017-2022). To c ea e clima e and wa e esilien , heal hy and li able ci ies by in es ing in NBS. The Ci izen engagemen o NBS: Fac Shee . The gene al public. h p://g owg eenp ojec .eu/wp- con en /uploads/2021/03/G owG een- ac shee -2021- 02-1-2.pd UNaLab h ps://unalab.eu/en Ho izon 2020 (2017-2022). To de elop sma e , mo e inclusi e, mo e esilien and inc easingly sus ainable ci ies h ough he implemen a ion o NBS. ‘U ban Lab Playg ound: he Co- c ea ion Game’ An in e ac i e game h ough which playe s will co-c ea e a s o y line o igh agains a clima e- ela ed challenges a ec ing ou ci ies oday. The gene al public, bu a ge ing u ban dwelle s. h ps://unalab.eu/en/e en s/u ban- li ing-lab-playg ound-co-c ea ion- game 15 / 26 sepa a ion and euse is no only p o iding an al e na i e wa e sou ce bu is also a measu e ha can ha e nume ous addi ional bene i s. A he Facul y o Ci il and Geode ic Enginee ing a he Uni e si y o Ljubljana, a pilo GW (Fig. 1G) is se ing no only o esea ch and educa ion pu poses bu also con ibu es o he ou look o he en ance hall and is used o p omo ional ac i i ies o he Facul y. The GW was se up in 2019 and is ea ing syn he ic g eywa e in ho izon al low h ough pe meable subs a e illed in ou ec angula cascading beds. Addi ionally, a hea exchange was se up in collabo a ion wi h he Facul y o Mechanical Enginee ing o s udy hea ans e om g eywa e o sani a y wa e . The wall is plan ed wi h indoo plan s han can ole a e pe manen looding. The GW has been used o mas e hesis [18] and p ac ical wo k o engaged s uden s in subjec s whe e he concep o closing he wa e cycles is lec u ed. The subjec s Was ewa e ea men and En i onmen al echnologies a e a ailable o mo e han a decade; howe e , he speci ic con en on closing he loops is lec u ed since he las 3-5 yea s. Despi e he appealing s udy p og amme and he ele ance o he opic, he numbe o s uden s is ela i ely low. The Facul y hus ca ies ou ac i e p omo ion h ough di e en media, including ideo and li e p esen a ions, whe e especial ocus is gi en o hand on aining and pilo plan s such as he GW. 3.1.8 Pilo o Phy o emedia ion o Ai and Wa e h ough Ve ical G eening Sys ems in he School o Ag icul u al Enginee ing a he Uni e si y o Se ille, Spain NBS demons a ion si es a he School o Ag icul u al Enginee ing (ETSIA) o he Uni e si y o Se ille (US), Spain, consis o he applica ion o e ical g eening sys ems (VGS) – i.e., wall- based g een acades [11] –, o imp o e ai quali y inside buildings and wa e quali y in o namen al ponds in he o m o bio il e s, and he euse o was ewa e (g ey s eam) and ainwa e [12]. Two demons a ion wall-based g een acades we e ins alled in- (Fig. 1H) and ou -side he main en ance o he ETSIA’s building, being composed o abou wen y di e en plan species (e.g. Ajuga ep ans 'A opu pu ea', Begonia ex, Ca ex lacca 'Blue Zinge ', Ca ex oshimensis 'E e gold', Chlo ophy um comosum) o maximize he emo al o elemen al pollu an s in e ms o phy o emedia ion. The ou side e ical g eening – wi h 6 m2 o landscape a ea – is in eg a ed wi hin an aquaponic sys em – i.e., pond o 20.4 m2 and abou 5,500 li e s o capaci y wi h o namen al ish and aqua ic plan s –, which con ibu es o p o ide an addi ional bene i on he wa e pu i ica ion p ocesses, and o e s ec ea ion oppo uni ies a ailable a he u ban Uni e si y en i onmen [19]. The po en ial o e ec i e NBS o imp o e he en i onmen al quali y, ia alle ia ing indoo ai con amina ion condi ion, is o high in e es o social inno a ion, bo h on a public and scien i ic le el [20]. In his sense, Uni e si y’s s uden s in NBS moni o ing, lea n and become awa e abou he u ban pollu ion e ec s – which a e di ec ly in ol ed wi h he heal h and well-being o he ci izens –, ul illing one o he undamen al objec i es o he Academia, such as being a he se ice o socie y. 3.1.9 The LE:NOTRE Landscape Fo um, Eu ope The LE:NOTRE Landscape Fo um is a discou se-o ien ed and in e disciplina y e en o ou days du a ion. The Fo um ocuses on local landscapes and he sus ainabili y challenges hey 16 / 26 a e acing. In acco dance wi h he Eu opean Landscape Con en ion his includes ou s anding as well as e e y day o deg aded landscapes in u ban, pe i-u ban, and u al en i onmen s. The LE:NOTRE Landscape Fo um is a place o in e disciplina y and mul is akeholde exchange on NBS, whe e Eu opean s uden s and acul ies mee wi h ci y adminis a o s, planne s, a chi ec s, landscape a chi ec s, NGOs (non-go e nmen al o ganisa ions) as well as o he s akeholde s. The i s Landscape Fo um was held in An alya, Tu key, in 2011. The e en has con inued on a yea ly basis since hen, mo ing ac oss a ious Eu opean loca ions. In 2015, he S uden Compe i ion was in oduced o make he Landscape Fo um mo e inclusi e and ele an o he in e na ional communi y. Since hen, he ou comes o he S uden Compe i ion ha e g ea ly enhanced he quali y and inno a ion po en ial o he Fo um as a whole. The 2021 In e na ional S uden Compe i ion, as pa o he 10 h Landscape Fo um o he LE:NOTRE Ins i u e, was launched in Oc obe 2020, and was o ganised by he Facul y o A chi ec u e and Design a he Academy o Fine A s in Gdańsk, in coope a ion wi h Gdańsk U ban De elopmen Associa ion. The esul s o he S uden Compe i ion we e announced h ough a i ual kick-o e en in Ap il his yea 2021 (h ps:// o um.ln-ins i u e.o g/leno e- in e na ional-s uden -compe i ion-2021/), wi h he ac i e pa icipa ion o he s uden s, acul ies, he Ci y o Gdańsk adminis a o s, p ac i ione s and a ious s akeholde s, as well as IFLA Eu ope (Eu opean Associa ion o Landscape A chi ec s) (Fig. 1I and Fig. 3). 17 / 26 Fig. 3 Examples o winning en y in LE:NOTRE Landscape Fo um s uden compe i ion, ela ed o en i onmen al educa ion h ough applica ion o NBS concep (In e na ional Mas e in Landscape A chi ec u e s uden s om Weihens ephan-T iesdo Uni e si y o Applied Sciences and Nü ingen-Geislingen Uni e si y, Ge many) 18 / 26 3.2 P o essionals 3.2.1 Cou ses o ANCV-Po uguese Na ional Associa ion o G een Roo s, Po ugal The NGOs o associa i e mo emen s ha a e engaged wi h g een in as uc u e (GI) and NBS can ac a di e en le els owa ds i s p omo ion and dissemina ion. They o en play he ole o se collabo a ion be ween s akeholde s and o he in e es ed pa ies. Besides ha , hey a e c ucial o enhance ci cula i y in ci ies wi h NBS, p o iding awa eness and echnical knowledge h ough cou ses and sho hands-on app oach e en s [21]. As an example, is p esen ed he case s udy o he Po uguese Na ional Associa ion o GR (ANCV, Associação Nacional de Cobe u as Ve des) (h ps://www.g een oo s.p ). This NGO, in en s o p omo e NBS in ci ies, especially GR and GW le e aging hei impo ance and con ibu ions o p omo e he c ea ion o heal hy, sus ainable, biodi e se and esilien u ban e i o ies. Technical and ad anced cou ses ha e been deli e ed in collabo a ion wi h p o essional o de s (O dem dos A qui e os and O dem do Engenhei os da egião No e), and in e municipal communi ies as ep esen a i e o se e al coun ies. Collabo a ion is also been se wi h schools, a he basic and seconda y le el, and also a he highe educa ion le el (e.g., Uni e si ies, Poly echnics), o deli e sho cou ses o alks on he subjec (Fig. 1J). A s a egy o dissemina ion and en i onmen al educa ion is needed o show he popula ion, and he di e en g oups o p o essionals ela ed o he heme, he di e se and signi ican bene i s ha hey o e . A key poin is he li e acy conce ning he GR ha should be escala ed om he p e-school o highe educa ional le els, whe eas echnical knowledge should be assu ed o widesp ead o he echnology. The ole o he GR associa ions is e y impo an o se a oice connec ing companies, policy-make s, academics, schools and ci izens. 3.2.2 The O icial College o Ag icul u al Enginee s o Andalusia, Spain The O icial College o Ag icul u al Enginee s o Andalusia (Colegio O icial de Ingenie os Ag ónomos de Andalucía, COIAA) – ounded in 1953 –, is a Public Law Co po a ion which ep esen s he Ag icul u al Enginee ing in Andalusia (Sou he n Spain), p o iding social gua an ee and se ices o he p o ession. T aining cou ses is one o he COIAA se ices aimed a upda ing o imp o ing ce i ied compe ences, knowledge and skills – app op ia e o cu en echnologies and egula ions – among i s p o essionals and p ac i ione s (see Fig. 1K o de ails). The planning and managemen o aining ac ions is en us ed o he Andalusian Founda ion o Ag icul u al Enginee s (Fundación Andaluza de Ingenie os Ag ónomos). Se e al ca ego ies a e dis inguished in i s wide aining o e , among hem: ood quali y and sa e y, and en i onmen and enewable ene gies; being in he la e whe e he cou se on VGS and GR is ca ego ized. Those in e es ed in he u ban g eening cou se belong o he a eas o knowledge in he ield o NBS (landscaping and GI); and in ended o de elop hei ca ee as enginee s, en i onmen al consul an s and echnicians. The aining cou se p og am and lea ning ac i i ies, wi h he ollowing main educa ional con en s, a e classi ied as: • U ban g eening: u ban sus ainabili y and bene i s o u ban GI. • Buil u ban en i onmen : g een buildings (VGS and GR). • P ojec design and implemen a ion: echnical aspec s and planning. • I iga ion and d ainage sys ems: use o ainwa e and g eywa e . • Main enance: plan p o ec ion, ligh ing, ad anced con ol sys ems and equipmen . • Technical isi s (i.e., VGS and GR implemen ed in he ci y o Se ille). 19 / 26 3.2.3 Demons a ion Cen e on G een Technologies in Ajdo ščina, Slo enia The demons a ion cen e o g een echnologies (Fig. 1L) is loca ed a he p emises o he cen al was ewa e ea men plan (WWTP) in he small own o Ajdo ščina. In he amewo k o na ional esea ch p ojec s by he Uni e si y o Ljubljana a ious pilo sys ems o NBS ha e been se up a i s only o esea ch pu poses. Two s age cons uc ed we land (VF-HF), high- a e algae pond, e apo anspi a i e willow sys em and lysime e ield a e demons a ing obus and sus ainable ea men o municipal was ewa e , p oduc ion o sa e and aluable side p oduc s (woody and algae biomass) and euse o eclaimed wa e o ege able e iga ion in lysime e ield. The ini ial goal o he si e ha co e s 1000 m2 was o esea ch, de elop, op imize, and demons a e NBS echnologies, hei p oduc s and impac on ag icul u e [22,23]. A e ini ial esea ch ac i i ies o o e come echnological ba ie s, he si e was p omo ed o educa ional ac i i ies. Fi s , ield excu sions and mas e hesis o s uden s o di e en p e- and pos -g adua ion en i onmen al s udies we e ca ied ou , ollowed by in e na ional summe s schools. La e , he ope a o o he WWTP ecognised he alue o he cen e o demons a e he possibili ies o NBS o decen alized was ewa e ea men in small u al communi ies. Visi s o decision make s and end use s om di e en municipali ies ha e been o ganised o p esen ea men we land and banish doub s on i s pe o mance. Recen ly, he cen e was p esen ed o a me s which inc eased in e es in use o eclaimed wa e . Cu en ly he cen e is s ill closed o public, so only p e-announced isi s a e possible wi h an expe guide om he Uni e si y o Ljubljana o wa e u ili y company. The plan is o u n he si e om esea ch ocused cen e in o an open demons a ion and educa ional cen e whe e di e en a ge g oups can lea n abou sus ainable app oaches in was ewa e managemen and p inciples o closing he nu ien and wa e cycles. The cen e will be e u bished in o an a ac i e si e o isi o s wi h sui able in as uc u e o ou doo lea ning cou ses (in o ma ion boa ds, banks, ou doo class oom). The si e would also be eely accessible and connec ed o local cycling ou e ac oss he alley as one o he spo s o in e es . 3.3 Gene al Public 3.3.1 MUGLI – a Mobile Exhibi ion Space, Aus ia MUGLI (Fig. 1M) – he ac onym s ands o Mobile U ban G een Li ing Inno a i e – is he mobile exhibi ion space o G üns a g au, which is he Aus ian compe ence cen e and cen al coo dina ion uni o he u u e o u ban g een en i onmen , and inno a ions and ideas o g een ci ies. The ne wo k comp ises abou 380 pa ne s om he ield. Since 2018, MUGLI ou s h ough Aus ia (e.g., Vienna, Linz, Feldki ch, Klagen u ) speci ically o ac i i ies ela ed o knowledge, pa icipa ion managemen and economic and social coope a ion ega ding GI and NBS on buildings. MUGLI allows a i s -hand expe ience o g eening buildings and p o ides in o ma ion and knowledge o a b oad ange o people. I is also a modula expe imen al space o exis ing and new echnologies o he ne wo k pa ne s. MUGLI shows di e en sys ems o he g eening o oo s and bo h ex e nal and in e nal VGS. Visi o s a e in o med by means o a guided exhibi ion. Th ough his in e ac i e ou you will ind ou which di e en ege a ion sys ems a e possible, how di e en echnologies wo k and which echnology is behind hem. In addi ion, moni o ing da a on he a eas a e used o gene a e measu emen da a o he indi idual sys ems. Th ough he pe iscope you can explo e he GR wi h he wild bee ho el and he pho o ol aic sys em. How na u e can be combined wi h a chi ec u e shows MUGLI wi h he exhibi ion o bene icial de ices such as nes ing aids o swi s and wild bees. MUGLI aims o aise awa eness and highligh he ole o GI in ci ies o imp o e he quali y o u ban li ing [24]. 20 / 26 3.3.2 Anima ion Video, COST Ac ion Ci cula Ci y To p omo e i s ideas, he COST Ac ion Ci cula Ci y (h ps://ci cula -ci y.eu/) de eloped an anima ion ideo (Fig. 1N) wi h English speake oice. Wi h he ideo, a posi i e scena io o he u u e using NBS in ci ies is shown. I is explained, how ci ies by using NBS can become g een, beau i ul, CO2 neu al and esilien . In he ideo, solu ions on all le els a e shown: • G een building ma e ials, including bio composi es wi h plan -based agg ega es; • G een building sys ems, employed o he g eening o buildings by inco po a ing ege a ion in hei en elope; and • G een building si es, emphasizing he alue o ege a ed open spaces and wa e - sensi i e u ban design. On he building le el, he ideo showcases he use o plan s and NBS building ma e ials, he impo an ole o NBS in wa e pu i ica ion and e en ion as well as how buildings can be ans o med as p oducing cell o he ci y. In public spaces such as pa ks and oads, NBS a e u ilised o s o m wa e managemen and o p e en ion o u ban hea islands. The ideo is a ailable a he COST Ac ion’s YouTube® channel (h ps://www.you ube.com/channel/UCo nNso64Ck1limnd Tw). Besides he English speake , he unc ion o implemen sub i les has been used o gua an ee ha gene al public can mo e easily unde s and he message o he ideo. Thus, he English sub i les ha e been ansla ed by membe s o he COST Ac ion Ci cula Ci y in o 34 languages. These include all na ional languages o he 39 COST coun ies, some egional languages in he COST coun ies (e.g., Ca alan (Spain)) as well as o he languages (e.g., A abic, Chinese). 3.3.3 The social p ojec ‘Edible San Na cis Neighbou hood’, Spain The social p ojec ‘Edible San Na cis Neighbou hood’ s a ed a he end o 2019. The p ojec seeks o co-c ea e and implemen NBS, such as a communi y ga dens, ainwa e ha es ing and GW, o closing he wa e and nu ien s cycles and enhancing social engagemen and awa eness ega ding a g een and jus ansi ion (Fig. 1O). Inside he communi y ga den i sel , an inno a i e design concep o GW will be buil , which pu s oge he CE p inciples and NBS o ea men and euse o g eywa e o u ban ag icul u e a u ban scale: he ‘WETWALL’ [25]. The co-c ea ion p ocess employs a pa icipa o y planning me hodology, including om he onse municipali y ep esen a i es and local s akeholde s. The long- e m expec a ions a e o ans o m his neighbou hood in o an example o be ollowed in e ms o pa icipa i e c ea ion and implemen a ion o ci cula NBS. Mo eo e , in a nea u u e, he p ojec is expec ed o include expe imen al sessions wi h seconda y, g adua e and pos g adua e s uden s o he Uni e si y o Gi ona in o de o ans e echnical knowledge on design and implemen a ions o GW and communi y ga dens, aise awa eness conce ning i s ele ance o clima e change mi iga ion and collec eedback ega ding cons ain s and enable s o he up ake o such NBS. 4 ONLINE PLATFORMS FOR KNOWLEDGE SHARING The cu en demand o ci ic socie y, public, p i a e and esea ch o ganisa ions o mo e sus ainable and esilien ci ies along wi h limi ed knowledge sha ing on NBS echnical and 21 / 26 p ac ical ad ancemen s has led o he ise o online pla o ms o acili a e he knowledge exchange o a p ope mains eaming o NBS in ci ies. The e o e, in he pas 5 yea s, a g ea a ie y o online pla o ms including di e se o ma do knowledge sha ing such as ca alogues, da abases, in e ac i e o ums, and ne wo king spaces and ha e been de eloped unde he scope o Eu opean esea ch and inno a ion p og ammes o suppo knowledge exchange on ope a ion and main enance o NBS. Some examples o a ailable online pla o ms o knowledge sha ing can be seen in Table 3. Table 3 Examples o online Pla o ms o Knowledge Sha ing U ban Na u e A las / NATURVATION (H2020): The U ban Na u e A las is a collec ion o mo e han 1000 inspi ing NBS om Eu opean ci ies and beyond. I o e s he op ion o b owsing NBS pe loca ion, ype o NBS (e.g., ex e nal building g een, allo men s and communi y ga dens), ocus (e.g., c ea ion o new g een a eas, p o ec ion o na u al ecosys ems), ini ia ing o ganiza ion (NGOs, p i a e ounda ion) and key-challenges add essed (based on Eklipse amewo k [3] and Sus ainable De elopmen Goals (SDGs); e.g. cul u al he i age, wa e managemen ). NBS ca alogue explo e / NATURE4CITIES (H2020): The NBS ca alogue explo e showcase mo e han 50 ypologies o NBS classi ied as s a egies (u ban planning, p o ec ion and conse a ion), ac ions (moni o ing, was e managemen , u ban g een spaces managemen ) and physical p ojec s (buildings, wa e , on he g ound). The NBS a e linked o po en ial u ban challenges o be ad essed (adap ed om Eklipse amewo k [3]. Addi ionally, he ool o e s in o ma ion such as a b ie desc ip ion, po en ial co-bene i s o be deli e ed, implemen a ion scale and gi es he possibili y o downloading a comp ehensi e ac shee . Connec ing Na u e En e p ise Pla o m / (H2020): The Connec ing Na u e En e p ise pla o m is an online ma ke place ha aims o connec a wide ange o NBS en e p ises and o ganiza ions (e.g. indi iduals, en e p ises, ci y councils, p i a e de elope s, esea che s, policy make s) in o de o acili a e he knowledge sha ing on design, managemen and moni o ing o NBS as well as he di usion o p oduc s/se ices o he planning, deli e y and/o s ewa dship o NBS, ei he o economic o non-economic pu poses. The e o e, he pla o m connec s supplie s o na u e wi h buye s o na u e, na u e-based en e p ises wi h inancing, inno a o s wi h hose seeking inspi a ion, policy-make s wi h p ac i ione s. 22 / 26 In e ac i e ca alogue / EdiCi Ne (H2020): The in e ac i e ca alogue aims o consolida e in o ma ion abou wo ldwide edible NBS (eNBS) while p omo ing knowledge sha ing, ne wo king, and lea ning among people in ol ed o willing o ge in ol ed wi h hese ini ia i es. I deli e s a comphensi e collec ion o mo e han 300 eNBS, in which use can ge inspi a ion and in e ac wi h. I allows use o explo e eNBS pe ype o p oduc s and ac i i ies o e ed, ini ial budge equi ed, ype o ad e isemen and unding. Adi ionally, use can access he p o ile o eNBS o ge mo e de ailed in o ma ion such as a b ie desc ip ion, p oduc s, ac i i ies and isual g aphs o ECS pe o mance in e ms o u ban challenges and ecosys em se ices p o ided. As an added alue, unlike o he ca alogs, he in e ac i e ca alogue acili a es he c ea ion o ne wo ks. The ool o e s a se o in e ac i e unc ions ha make i a ue social ne wo k o use s. Use s can lea e commen s and ques ions o ollow p o iles o ecei e upda es on e en s and news. Tools o co-c ea ion / UNALAB (H2020): I is a comp ehensi e ca alogue showcasing di e se ools o suppo p occeses o co-c ea ion o NBS. The ools a e o ganized acco ding o he pu poses o he co-c ea ion p ocess and o es s a a ie y o me hods, games, empla es, wo kshops o inden i ica ion o sui able NBS in line wi h end-use needs and goals, gene a e inno a i e solu ions h ough unleashing c ea i i y and disco e ing aluable insigh s, designing ac ion plans o achie e long- e m aims, es ing and alida ion o implemen ed solu ions and e alua e public eac ion o a solu ion. OPPLA: Oppla is an open pla o m which wo ks as he EU Reposi o y o NBS. I aims o p omo e he consolida ion and c ea ion o knowledge on NBS o be e manage he en i onmen . I is designed o suppo knowledge sha ing ac oss a wide ange o end- use s (e.g. scien is is, policy make s; public, p i a e and olun a y sec o s; as well as indi iduals). The e o e o o e a g ea a ie y o se ices and ools such as Ma ke place and case o s udies, whe e he la es hinking on na u al capi al, ecosys em se ices and NBS is b ough oge he and Ask Oppla is c owd-sou ced enqui y se ice designed o suppo knowledge exchange be ween use s conce ning opics ela ed o NBS. The online pla o ms p esen ed in Table 3 a e only a small piece o wha has been done in e ms o online ools o knowledge sha ing on NBS. Ou o 70 NBS ools e iewed unde he scope o The ACTionNBS p ojec , app oxima ely 50% we e in o ma i e and p o ide 23 / 26 guidance h ough knowledge sha ing mechanisms (ca alogues, da abases, handbooks e c) [26]. Conside ing he no el y and wo ldwide ele ance o he NBS opic, such ise numbe o online pla o ms and ools a e unde s andable. Hence, nowadays is no a ques ion o de eloping/enhancing knowledge sha ing pla o m bu o p omo e he in eg a ion and communica ion be ween such pla o ms o acili a e public access a oid seg ega ion o end- use s and hus a ou s long- e m and sui able knowledge sha ing ac oss NBS communi y. Mo eo e , exis ing ools p o ide limi ed guidance conce ning esou ces needed and hei managemen in he sense o esou ces eco e y. The e o e, i NBS a e o be implemen ed as a solu ion o omen a sus ainable esou ces managemen in ci ies hen he ools equi e s ic ly c oss-disciplina y app oach and hus hey mus in eg a e da a ela ed o he pe o mance o NBS in e ms o wa e , ood, ene gy, and was e managemen . 5 CONCLUSIONS Educa ional ac i i ies h ough NBS – o which selec ed examples ha e been desc ibed in his chap e – aim o inc ease en i onmen al ci izenship by iden i ying speci ic a ge g oups and eaching ou o hem (1) he co e idea o NBS and (2) he bene i s o closed loops using NBS. As di e en as he a ge g oups a e, as di e en is he app oach o hem and he eaching con en o be impa ed. In o mal highe educa ion, exis ing ac i i ies co e ex-ca hed a lec u es, semina s and excu sions, o pilo NBS o s uden s o di e en g adua e and pos -g adua e p og ammes. This can be upg aded by he inclusion o in i ed lec u es om p ac i ione s and o he disciplines, ound ables wi h businesses and a me s, wo kshops, hands-on exe cises a demo si es, and pilo plan s. The aim is o uni y, consolida e and upg ade he con en ega ding closing he wa e and nu ien cycles, by en iching he exis ing p og ammes, o p oposing new elec i e cou ses. The o ma o eaching may be imp o ed by: • Di e si ying he exis ing cou ses wi h in i ed lec u es and ound ables in ol ing lec u es om o he acul ies and p ac i ione s. • Including mo e p ac ical wo k and hands-on ainings a NBS pilo plan s, and elsewhe e. • P oposing a special se o elec i e cou ses on his opic a di e en acul ies. • Enhancing he in e disciplina i y aspec s hough in eg a ion, i.e., combining a se o on- e ain exchange o knowledge, and expe iences om a di e se ield o sciences ha deal wi h wa e managemen (social, en i onmen al, spa ial, biology, heal h, ood p oduc ion e c.). • Summe schools on closed cycles managemen . Addi ionally, educa ion on NBS and ci cula i y in ci ies needs o each ou o o mal educa ion by de eloping new cu icula and educa ional ac i i ies. Depending on he desi ed ou come, con en and me hods mus be adap ed o a ge g oups wi h e y di e en equi emen s, such as child en, alumni g oups o li elong lea ning, membe s o di e en chambe s (e.g. chambe s o Enginee s, Ag icul u e and Fo es y, and A chi ec s), a me associa ions and u ban a me s, oca ional ainings a seconda y schools, employees a he municipali ies, SMEs, and o he s akeholde s ha a e iden i ied in a ci y, as well as he gene al public. I is impo an ha s uden s o building p o essions – landscape a chi ec s, a chi ec s and enginee s – exchange expe ience and co-lea n how he in eg a ion o NBS in o a chi ec u al and u ban design can help c ea e mo e sus ainable and ci cula u ban se ings, o he bene i o people and he en i onmen . 24 / 26 Acknowledgemen s The wo k was ca ied ou wi hin he COST Ac ion CA17133 Ci cula Ci y (‘Implemen ing na u e-based solu ions o c ea ing a esou ce ul ci cula ci y’, h ps://www.ci cula -ci y.eu, du a ion 22 Oc 2018 - 21 Oc 2022). COST Ac ions a e unded wi hin he EU Ho izon P og ammes. The au ho s a e g a e ul o he suppo . The au ho s acknowledge all o ganisa ions ha we e unding he educa ional ac i i ies desc ibed. De ailed in o ma ion on unding o a speci ic ac i i ies can be ound in he espec i e e e ences. Addi ionally, we hank Ms. Kulla om FEZ-Be lin and Ms. Baganz om IGB Be lin o hei insigh s. The au ho s acknowledge P o . Luis Pé ez-U es a azu and P o . An onio F anco- Salas o p o ide pe mission o publish he ETSIA images a he Uni e si y o Se ille, and he images om he cou se a COIAA, espec i ely. School ga den images om he ‘P og ama Aldea’ a e published by kind pe mission o M . José M. Calleja Mele o and M . Fe nando Ruiz Que o om he ‘Colegio Sag ada Familia, Las F ancesas’. Re e ences [1] Hadjichambis AC, Reis P, Pa aske a-Hadjichambi D, Cince a J, Boe e-de Pauw J, Ge icke N, Knippels MC (eds) (2020) Concep ualizing En i onmen al Ci izenship o 21s Cen u y Educa ion. En i onmen al Discou ses in Science Educa ion 4, Sp inge Open. h ps://www.sp inge .com/de/book/9783030202484 [2] Lange g abe G, Puche B, Simpe le L, Kisse J, Ka sou E, Buehle D, Ga cia Ma eo MC, A anaso a N (2020) Implemen ing na u e-based solu ions o c ea ing a esou ce ul ci cula ci y. Blue-G een Sys ems 2(1):173–185. h ps://doi.o g/10.2166/bgs.2020.933 [3] Raymond CM, F an zeskaki N, Kabisch N, Be y P, B eil M, Ni a MR, Genele i D, Cal apie a C (2017) A amewo k o assessing and implemen ing he co-bene i s o na u e-based solu ions in u ban a eas. En i on Sci Policy 77:15–24. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.en sci.2017.07.008 [4] Weissb od DG, Winkle MKH, Wells GF (2020) Responsible science, enginee ing and educa ion o wa e esou ce eco e y and ci cula i y. En i on Sci: Wa e Res Technol 6:1952– 1966. h ps://doi.o g/10.1039/D0EW00402B [5] Eu opean Commission (2021) The solu ion is in na u e. Fu u e B ie 24. B ie p oduced o he Eu opean Commission DG En i onmen . B is ol: Science Communica ion Uni , UWE B is ol. h ps://ec.eu opa.eu/en i onmen /in eg a ion/ esea ch/newsale /pd /issue-24-2021-02- he- solu ion-is-in-na u e.pd . Accessed 16 Jul 2021. [6] Co nu B (2005) The “ ou pilla s” and e-educa ion o all. In: an Wee TJ (ed) Educa ion and he Knowledge Socie y. IFIP In e na ional Fede a ion o In o ma ion P ocessing, ol 161. Sp inge , Bos on, MA. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/0-387-23120-X_20 [7] González-Gaudiano EJ, Mei a-Ca ea PA, Gu ié ez-Bas ida JM (2020) G een Schools in Mexico and Spain: T ends and C i ical Pe spec i e. In: Gough A, Lee JCK, Tsang EPK (eds) G een Schools Globally. In e na ional Explo a ions in Ou doo and En i onmen al Educa ion. Sp inge , Cham. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/978-3-030-46820-0_15 [8] Sch öde L-MU, Wals AEJ, an Koppen CSA (2020) Analysing he s a e o s uden pa icipa ion in wo Eco-Schools using Enges öm’s Second Gene a ion Ac i i y Sys ems Model. En i on Educ Res 26(8):1088–1111. h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/13504622.2020.1779186