The architect Roberto Rivero and daylighting research

PLEA 2003 - The 20 h Con e ence on Passi e and Low Ene gy A chi ec u e, San iago – CHILE, 9 - 12 No embe 2003 The A chi ec Robe o Ri e o and Dayligh ing Resea ch Jose M. Cabeza and Jose M. Almodo a Escuela Tecnica Supe io de A qui ec u a. Uni e sidad de Se illa A da. Reina Me cedes 2, 41012, Se illa. Spain Tel.: 34-95 455 6556 / Fax: 34-95 455 6972 Email: c owley@a akis.es [email p o ec ed] ABSTRACT: By he end o he 1950’s decade, a chi ec Robe o Osca Ri e o, who had been s udying in England, e u ned o his na i e U uguay and p oduced a e olu iona y app oach o dayligh ing echniques: he was able o ela e ligh ing in ensi ies wi h posi ions o poin s loca ed unde nea h ec angula windows, plo ing he esul in a simple able. He could do so wi h he help o pains aking g aphs ha he d ew manually. To in oduce he alue o he ansmi ance in his me hods he had o de ine an exp ession widely quo ed by scien is s a ound he wo ld, he Ri e o T ansmi ance Fo mula, which shows he ele ance o di ec ionali y in a ac o usually aken as scala in mos calcula ions. This p ocedu e also pe mi ed he s udy o skies like he CIE o e cas sky, which we e s ongly dependen on he angle o al i ude and hence he pe o mance o uni o m and o e cas skies could be compa ed. Wi h so many o una e ad ances he was on he e ge o inding a mo e gene al solu ion o adia i e exchange p oblems, which in iguingly enough, he was no able o p oduce e en ually. Robe o Ri e o has passed away ecen ly, and his o iginal ex s ha e almos disappea ed as he e was no e-edi ion o his ma e ial. Since he manusc ip s we e con eyed in Spanish, we ha e el he necessi y o explain his disco e ies o an English-speaking audience. In o de o do his, we will use a con empo a y poin o iew, and we will discuss how a he could ha e eached and wha he achie ed in he dayligh ing ield. Con e ence Topic: Me hods and ools o design assis ance Keywo ds: Dayligh ing. Ri e o. Sky calcula ion. Con igu a ion ac o s. 1. BACKGROUND OF THE RESEARCH F om he beginning o he 20 h cen u y, he science o ligh ing was slowly bu su ely es ablished. The indings o J. H. Lambe and especially hose con ained in his ea ise on Pho ome y o 1758, we e edisco e ed, dis o ed and inally applied. This p ocess was mainly encou aged by he p omo e s o he new p oduc s ha became a ailable in he ield o a i icial de ices and luminai es. Then, among he many in e es ing e o s ha ook place, we could quo e hose o Pleijel, D. Spence , P. H. Moon, Hopkinson and H. H. Higbie. Howe e , hey did no seem o know each o he ’s wo k, especially in wha ega ds o he excellen pape s by Higbie and Randall. Ri e o was amilia wi h wha we could desc ibe as he No dic school o dayligh ing, which included English, Scandina ian and occasionally F ench s udies, bu no Ge many o he Uni ed S a es, whe e a di e en app oach migh ha e p e ailed as we will show. Thus, Ri e o was conce ned wi h he p oblems posed by he uni o m sky, which had been a main issue in Pleijel’s wo k, and also wi h he new and mo e complex app oach p esen ed by cloudy skies as seen in he heo ies o Spence -Moon, la e adop ed by he CIE (In e na ional Commission o Ligh ing). We would say now ha he CIE o e cas sky, wi h i s unequal luminance dis ibu ion is he a che ypal case o non-di use emi e s. In his ca ego y o sky, he luminous dis ibu ion on he hemisphe e is go e ned by he ollowing physical conside a ions. LLL ≠ = )(),( θ ϕ θ ( ) 3 21 *)( θ θsen LL + = PLEA 2003 - The 20 h Con e ence on Passi e and Low Ene gy A chi ec u e, San iago – CHILE, 9 - 12 No embe 2003 2. THE CONTRIBUTION OF RIVERO To in eg a e he quan i y o illuminance ecei ed om a sky o uni o m luminance, Ri e o p o ed ha his was equal in alue o geome ical p ojec ions o e a sphe e, wha is oday mo e known as he p ojec ed solid angle p inciple ( igu e 3). He de eloped an ex ao dina y sphe ical igonome y o ind accu a e exp essions o ho izon al and e ical ligh ac o s, he was able o achie e his by means o applica ion o he p ojec ed solid angle p inciple, a solu ion which a oided hea y in eg al calculus, pa adoxically, such calculus had been p o ided by Higbie a a much ea lie da e and was appa en ly known in Ge many, a leas by hose wo king wi h he a chi ec Hannes Meye , as we can see in igu es 1 and 2. Figu e 1: Unbuil p ojec o a School in Basel (Swi ze land) by he a chi ec Hannes Meye , showing dayligh ing g aphs in he igh -bo om co ne , o be compa ed wi h he g aphs in igu e 2. Figu e 2: The g aphs p oduced by Higbie, o calcula e he ligh coming om il ed skyligh s, de eloped only wo yea s be o e Meye ’s p ojec . (1926) As expec ed, his solu ion coincided wi h he so- called su ace- o-poin con igu a ion ac o , which can be compu ed now in a much mo e gene al way han wi h he o me a emp s. Ri e o was no awa e o his inding, he hough ha he was able o in eg a e a po ion o he sky ligh , which in ac yields he same alue bu wi h a di e en meaning. Figu e 3: The p ojec ed solid angle p inciple Higbie in u n, belie ed ha he had ound only he exchange o di use ene gy om ec angula windows o de ined poin s, and admi ed openly ha his me hod could no be used wi h eal skies o anspa en windows, while in ac his is a pe ec ly possible hing o do. Bo h esea che s had come o he same solu ion h ough di e se pa hs and wi hou ealising o i ! PLEA 2003 - The 20 h Con e ence on Passi e and Low Ene gy A chi ec u e, San iago – CHILE, 9 - 12 No embe 2003 Figu e 4: Display o he con igu a ion ac o s as in eg a ed by Higbie. A e ha , Ri e o conside ed ha he could educe leng hy compu a ional wo k on ei he o mulas o p ojec ions, which, a he ime we e deemed e y di icul o ca y ou o a chi ec s and designe s, by ep esen ing he ligh emi e as a ec angula g id o m (spaced e e y 5 deg ees in sphe ical coo dina es) and hen adding he p ojec ions o he so-di ided agmen s o he sky ha we e seen om he calcula ion poin and h ough he window, in a kind o app oach ha eminds us o ini e-elemen me hod. In ac , a ew “ligh ing p o ac o s” p oduced in he ollowing yea s a he B i ish Resea ch S a ion, wo ked in a simila manne . Once he speci ic dimensions o a window a e known, hey a e a e aged by dis ances o he s udy poin , o de e mine hei angles. Then hose angula quan i ies we e e e ed o clus e s o ac ions om he sky- aul , p e iously plo ed in ables. As he ables bo e a homological ela ionship wi h he windows unde s udy -a consequence o he a o emen ioned, hey allowed o g aphical as well as nume ical use. Figu e 5: Example o ou pu om Ri e o’s Tables Wi h a single nomog am he had esol ed he main p oblems o he ligh ing science o he ime, he ool was able o calcula e he e ec o windows wi hou need o o mulas, ee om cu ed o complex p ojec ions, bu s ill app op ia e o d awing and isual access. And wi h ano he impo an ea u e, he ables, acco ding o Ri e o’s iew we e o ally independen om clima ic da a, i.e. hey only displayed ac ions o ex e nal illuminance ega dless o i s alue. Mo eo e , in he same s uc u e, he wo ked o include he e ec o he newly ound CIE o e cas sky. In o de o do his, he inc eased -in p opo ion o he zeni h, he alues o he clus e s p e iously ob ained o he uni o m sky. This is a nume ical way o sol ing an o he wise complex in eg al. None heless, i he windows we e glazed he p oblem o ansmi ance appea ed o be a se ious one, and he e is whe e his wo ld-wide quo ed o mula comes in. He had o de ise an exp ession o he ansmi ance ha could be ela ed o he angle θ in ol ed in he edious calcula ions al eady o ganized. A single scala quan i y was no adequa e as hey we e many igo ous s udies on he alue o ansmi ance and he whole p ocedu e ha had been ollowed, insis ed on he di e en ial quali y o sund y egions o he sky. A e compa ing some o he a ailable o mulas he came up wi h he ollowing equa ion. )cos*(cos*3 0θθθ θsenTT += Which p oduces a g aphical esul as abo e. Figu e 6: Ca esian plo o Ri e o’s ansmi ance equa ion. I is ema kable ha in such a simple bu e icien way he could ake in o accoun all he impo an a iables unde he same abula s uc u e. PLEA 2003 - The 20 h Con e ence on Passi e and Low Ene gy A chi ec u e, San iago – CHILE, 9 - 12 No embe 2003 3. CONCLUSIONS Rega ding o he aspec s o bo h Higbie’s and Ri e o’s wo k, we could add ha hey g asped he concep o ec o analysis in ligh ing, bu no in a s aigh way. Higbie, o ins ance, s udied he con igu a ion ac o o inclined su aces, whose nume ical alue could ha e been ob ained in ano he way, making use o he al eady in eg a ed alues o e ical and ho izon al ac o s. In he case o Ri e o, o make commen s on a g aphical example, he desc ibes he e ec o a o a ed ec angula window on a e ical plane. Bo h esea che s discussed o some ex en he p oblems o skyligh s, he ypical saw oo h sec ion in Higbie’s case was e en ea ed in a a he de ailed manne . Ri e o composed a signi ican pa o his ables o “ho izon al windows”. Howe e , none o hem a gued on he pa icula i ies o sunligh ing o di ec ligh . We could conclude by saying ha hei main lack i we could speak so, is ha hey did no da e o con on eali y, hey we e no con iden abou he eal a ailabili y o me eo ological da a o in he e o o p edic dayligh ing hey pu sued sa e assump ions, pe haps now we will ne e be su e. Only we would ha e liked o pay homage o Ri e o and he people who i s discussed hese p oblems in Ame ica. Thei app oach was p obably he bes possible and we can only wonde wha cou se would ha e aken en i onmen al design i all he a o emen ioned cons ain s would ha e been sol ed o en isaged by hem. Like o he U uguayan-bo n a chi ec s as Eladio Dies e o Gilbe o Ga o-Sob al, Ri e o is an ou s anding ep esen a i e o Sou h-Ame ican genius in he espec o A chi ec u al and En i onmen al Science . Figu e 7: The A lan ida Chu ch, nea Mon e ideo. Eladio Dies e. (1960). Dies e was ex emely sensi i e wi h he ma e ials employed in his s uc u al design, ha can be desc ibed as ecologically-o ien ed. Figu e 8: The Public School “Ma iscal Suc e” in Qui o (Ecuado ) designed by he U uguayan G. Ga o Sob al o ake in o accoun en ila ion, ligh ing and seismic e ec s, almos he same p eocupa ions o Hannes Meye ‘s school p ojec some 30 yea s be o e. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The au ho s would like o app ecia e he kindness and help o P o esso Lucia Masca o who p o ided us many yea s ago, wi h a copy o Ri e o o iginal ex , p ese ed a Rio G ande do Sul Uni e si y in B azil, whe e i ecei ed ample a en ion o some ime. REFERENCES [1] Ri e o, Robe o. Tablas pa a el calculo del Fac o de Iluminacion Na u al pa a en anas con id ios y sin id ios. Mon e ideo. Facul ad de A qui ec u a. 1958. [2] Higbie H, and Randall W. A me hod o p edic ing he ligh emi ed om windows. T ansac ions om he Elec ical Enginee ing Socie y. Ann A bo . Michigan. 1926. [3] Cabeza Lainez, Jose M. Edi icios in eligen es e sus sis emas pasi os: la e ige acion pasi a en A qui ec u a. Ph. D. Thesis. 1994. Uni e si y o Se ille. Spain. [4] Almodo a Melendo, Jose M. Desa ollo de me odos de simulacion: Aplicacion al analisis ambien al del pa imonio. Colegio de A qui ec os Se illa. FIDAS. 2003. PLEA 2003 - The 20 h Con e ence on Passi e and Low Ene gy A chi ec u e, San iago – CHILE, 9 - 12 No embe 2003