Spanish validation of the Body Image States Scale (BISS): evaluation of sensitivity to exposure to photographs on Instagram

Cu en Psychology h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s12144-024-07245-1 mos o he assessmen scales alida ed in Spanish ha e ocused on body image as a s able ai , such as he Body Shape Ques ionnai e (BSQ) (Coope e al., 1987), he shape and weigh conce n subscales o he Ea ing Diso de Exam- ina ion Ques ionnai e (EDE-Q) (Fai bu n & Beglin, 1994) o he body dissa is ac ion subscale o he Ea ing Diso de In en o y (EDI) (Ga ne e al., 1983). Some ques ionnai es assess body image om a con ex ual app oach (e.g., Si ua- ional In en o y o Body Image Dyspho ia, [SIBID]) (Cash, 2002), al hough he Body Image S a es Scale (BISS; Cash e al., 2002), which is he i s b ie measu e o body image as a s a e (Thompson & Schae e , 2019), was no published un il 2002. The BISS comp ises six i ems ha measu e aspec s o body expe ience a he ime o assessmen and has dem- ons a ed high in e nal consis ency and high co ela ions wi h measu es assessing nega i e a i udes owa d physical appea ance (conce ns abou body weigh , size, and shape), ea ing symp oma ology (Alle a e al., 2014), and body dissa is ac ion (Cash e al., 2002; Meba ak-Chams e al., 2019). The scale has been used equen ly in p e ious s ud- ies, demons a ing i s use ulness in analyzing a ia ions in body image s a es in e e yday li e (Casale e al., 2024; E u & G ay, 2010; Melnyk e al., 2004; Rudige e al., 2007). In oduc ion Body image is a complex and mul idimensional cons uc composed o body- ela ed beha io s, he pe cep ion o one’s own body cha ac e is ics, such as he es ima ion o body size and body a (Mölbe e al., 2018), as well as hough s, a i udes, and emo ions abou one’s body (Cash & Smolak, 2012; Tuschen-Ca ie e al., 2015). Some au ho s ha e conside ed ha body image is a s able ai indepen- den o empo al a ia ions and si ua ional con ex s (Cash, 1990, 2002; Tiggemann, 2001). Meanwhile, o he au ho s de end ha i a ies depending on he con ex and ime (Laba ge e al., 1998; La in & Cash, 2001). In spi e o his, C is ina Senín-Calde ón [email p o ec ed] 1 Depa men o Psychology, Uni e si y o Cádiz, Cadiz, Spain 2 Depa men o pe sonali y, e alua ion and psychological ea men s, Uni e si y o Valencia, Valencia, Spain 3 Depa men o pe sonali y, e alua ion and psychological ea men s, Uni e si y o Se ille, Se ille, Spain 4 A da. República Á abe Saha aui S/N. Pue o Real, Cadiz, Spain Abs ac The aim o he p esen s udy was o alida e he Spanish e sion o he Body Image S a e Scale (BISS) in a sample o Spanish males and emales and o examine i s psychome ic p ope ies. We e alua ed he BISS as a measu e o body image s a e using an expe imen al ask o assess con ex sensi i i y a e exposu e o a ac i e Ins ag am pho og aphs. The sample consis ed o 533 pa icipan s (M = 22.40, SD = 3.52). The unidimensional s uc u e o he BISS as ound by he au ho s o he o iginal scale was co obo a ed. The BISS showed sa is ac o y in e nal consis ency and ull scala in a iance ac oss sex. Nega i e ela ionships we e ound wi h a measu e o dysmo phic conce ns (Dysmo phic Conce n Ques ionnai e, [DCQ]) and body mass index (BMI). Mean di e ence analyses showed ha pa icipan s in he expe imen al g oup e alua ed hei physical appea ance as being wo se a e exposu e o pho og aphs o young men conside ed a ac- i e. The Spanish alida ion o he BISS seems adequa e o assessing s a e body image in he gene al popula ion, opening a wide ield o clinical and esea ch applica ions. Keywo ds Body image s a e · BISS · Body dissa is ac ion · Dysmo phic conce n · Ins ag am Accep ed: 23 Decembe 2024 © The Au ho (s) 2025 Spanish alida ion o he Body Image S a es Scale (BISS): e alua ion o sensi i i y o exposu e o pho og aphs on Ins ag am I eneSie a1· Ma íaRonce o2· Juan F.Rod íguez-Tes al3· C is inaSenín-Calde ón1,4 1 3 Cu en Psychology The BISS has been ansla ed in o Ge man (Vocks e al., 2007), I alian (Ca a o e al., 2010), Du ch (Alle a e al., 2014), and F ench (Ba di e al., 2021). The “Spanish Body Image S a e Scale” (S-BISS), is a Spanish-language e sion alida ed in Colombia by he eam o Meba ak-Chams e al. (2019). Al hough he esul s acc ued subs an ial e idence o cons uc alidi y in he Colombian popula ion (Meba ak- Chams e al., 2019), i needs o be e ised and adap ed o he cul u al and linguis ic cha ac e is ics o he popula ion o Spain o add ess he possible e ec o cul u al di e ences (Muñiz e al., 2013; Swami & Ba on, 2019), such as s an- da ds o beau y and a i udes owa d he body and linguis ic exp essions. Valida ion o he BISS in a Spanish popula ion would be e y use ul bo h o e alua ing ea men p og ess in clinical p ac ice and analyzing sho - e m changes in sel - e alua ion o physical appea ance in esea ch. Such a scale would expand knowledge o appea ance dissa is ac ion in o he Spanish-speaking popula ions. Dissa is ac ion wi h physical appea ance is a isk ac o o he de elopmen o ea ing diso de s (S ice e al., 2011) and body dysmo phic diso de (Con e ino e al., 2022), making i a p io i y public heal h p oblem (Bo nioli e al., 2019). A ecen me a-analysis conduc ed by López-Gil e al. (2023) shows ha he o e all p opo ion o child en and adolescen s wi h ea ing diso de s in Spain is 30.41%, and i is es ima ed o be associa ed wi h a mo ali y a e highe han ha o any o he men al diso de (Wo ld Heal h O ga- niza ion, 2024). I is he e o e impo an o ha e ools o e alua e hei onse and e olu ion. F om he pe spec i e o he ipa i e in luence model o body image and ea ing dis u bance (Thompson e al., 1999), he key elemen s a e in e naliza ion o he beau y ideal, social compa ison, and in e pe sonal and media p essu e. People ecei e p essu e om social agen s, such as pee s, amily, and media, o adop cul u ally accep ed body image ideals. These p essu es lead o he in e naliza ion o hese ideals, which a e di icul o achie e, gene a ing dissa is- ac ion wi h one’s own body image (Rodge s e al., 2020). Many s udies ha e shown a posi i e ela ionship be ween ime spen on social ne wo ks and one’s dissa is ac ion wi h and conce ns abou physical appea ance (Fa douly & Va anian, 2015; G i i hs e al., 2018; Holland & Tigge- mann, 2016), in bo h males and emales (V ies e al., 2016), h ough phenomena such as compa ison o physical appea - ance and sel -objec i ica ion (Fa douly & Va anian, 2015; Tiggemann & Sla e , 2017). Sel -objec i ica ion, a e m p oposed by F ed ickson and Robe s (1997) in hei objec i ica ion heo y, e e s o how in e nalizing he ex e nal gaze o he body as an objec is ela ed o inc eased body dissa is ac ion (Fel man & Szy- manski, 2018). Social ne wo ks play a key ole, as pe - cei ed e alua ions o physical appea ance ein o ce he idea ha only physical appea ance ma e s (Cace es-Lembcke & O oya, 2021). S udies indica e lowe le els o sel -objec i- ica ion in males compa ed o emales (Mo adi & Huang, 2008), as social p essu es ela ed o hinness in luence his p ocess di e en ially depending on sex (F ede ick e al., 2022). Howe e , nume ous s udies show his sense o objec- i ica ion in males, pa icula ly du ing adolescence, due o exposu e on social ne wo ks and media (Holland & Tigge- mann, 2016; Ka say e al., 2018), which ein o ces he need o achie e a muscula and s ong physique (López-Cuau le e al., 2016; O i , 2019). In emales, i is associa ed wi h he desi e o be hin and a sexual conno a ion, when hey a e seen o conside ed as sexual objec s (Ka say e al., 2018), which is also in luenced by social ne wo ks, magazines, media, TV se ies, and music ideos (Peek, 2019; Rodge s e al., 2019). In compa isons o a ious social media pla o ms, Ins- ag am has been ound o a ec body image he mos nega- i ely, as much o i s ac i i y is based on e alua ing one’s own and o he s’ physical appea ance (Senín-Calde ón e al., 2020). Mo e han hal o he wo ld’s popula ion (54%) cu - en ly ha e an Ins ag am accoun , o whom a ound wo bil- lion a e mon hly ac i e p o iles (Omnico e Agency, 2024) and a e aged 18–24 (S a is a, 2023). Thei main use is o pos and sha e pho os and ideos (Da aRepo al, 2024), and Ins ag am’s success and impac is measu ed by he num- be o “likes” and posi i e commen s ecei ed. This ype o ac i i y has been shown o be speci ically ela ed o nega- i e body image (Fa douly & Holland, 2018; Fa douly & Va anian, 2016; Fel man & Szymanski, 2018; Sla e e al., 2017; Wick & Keel, 2020). This is due no only o expo- su e o pho og aphs o models o celeb i ies ha mee he s anda ds o he beau y ideal (B own & Tiggemann, 2016), bu also exposu e o idealized images o pee s (Fa douly & Holland, 2018). All o he abo e men ioned sugges s he need o clini- cally use ul ools o unde s and and iden i y he impac ha he socio-cul u al con ex has on he sel -e alua ion o physical appea ance in he gene al Spanish popula ion. The e o e, he p esen s udy aimed o alida e he Spanish e sion o he BISS o he ollowing speci ic objec i es: (1) analyze he ac o ial s uc u e in a Spanish sample, (2) examine measu emen in a iance ac oss sex, (3) de e mine e idence o eliabili y and alidi y in ela ion o ano he scale, and (4) assess body image s a us h ough a ask o exposu e o a ac i e Ins ag am pho og aphs, as well as o de e mine di e ences ac oss sex. 1 3 Cu en Psychology Me hod Pa icipan s The sample consis ed o 533 pa icipan s om wes - e n Andalusia (Spain) aged 18 o 35 yea s (M = 22.40, SD = 3.52). O he o al sample, 55.7% we e emale. The mean social class index (SCI) (Hollingshead, 1975), which is a social esea ch measu e used o classi y and analyze he socioeconomic posi ion o indi iduals in a sample, includ- ing income le el, educa ion le el, and ype o occupa ion, was 40.09 (SD = 17.32) (middle class). Body Mass Index (BMI) anged om 15.43 o 48.44 (M = 23.45, SD = 4.27). P ocedu es The s udy was app o ed by he Bioe hics Commi ee o he Jun a de Andalucía (Andalusia Regional Go e nmen ). Pa - icipan s we e ec ui ed by snowball sampling om a g oup o unde g adua e psychology s uden s who we e compen- sa ed wi h academic c edi in one o hei subjec s. They we e p o ided wi h an in o ma ion shee desc ibing he s udy and an in o med consen o m ha had o be illed ou o pa icipa e. Pa icipan s who signed he consen o m ecei ed an alphanume ic iden i ica ion code and we e in i ed o mee as a g oup in a uni e si y class oom, whe e hey we e p o ided wi h a web link o he assessmen es s on compu e s a ailable in he class oom. One hund ed pa - icipan s a ended. Those who did no (n = 432) we e sen he link by e-mail along wi h an ins uc ion documen o comple ing he es s. The e we e no di e ences in sociode- mog aphic o clinical a iables be ween pa icipan s who comple ed he es s a home and hose who comple ed hem in he class oom (see Supplemen a y Ma e ial). P io o he comple ion o he es s, he en i e sample was di ided a andom in o wo g oups (con ol and expe imen- al g oup). The andom di ision o he sample was ca ied ou wi h he so wa e SPSS .29. All pa icipan s answe ed ques ions on sociodemog aphic in o ma ion and he Dys- mo phic Conce n Ques ionnai e (DCQ; Oos huizen e al., 1998). The con ol g oup iewed 15 neu al pho og aphs (landscapes, objec s, buildings, e c.) aken om Ins ag am while he expe imen al g oup iewed 15 pho og aphs o a ac i e people o he same sex. A e each pho o, hey had o a e how a ac i e hey ound he pho o (0 = no a all a ac i e o 5 = e y a ac i e). Then, he pa icipan s comple ed he BISS (See Supplemen a y Ma e ial o pho- og aphs and u he in o ma ion on he p ocedu e). Measu es Basic sociodemog aphic in o ma ion (designed by he au ho s). I consis s o ques ions on pa icipan sex, age, weigh , heigh , p o ession and educa ion. The Body Image S a es Scale (BISS; Cash e al., 2002) com- p ises six i ems, assessing he ollowing six dimensions o body image expe ience: (1) dissa is ac ion-sa is ac ion wi h o e all physical appea ance; (2) dissa is ac ion-sa is ac ion wi h body size and shape; (3) dissa is ac ion-sa is ac ion wi h weigh ; (4) eelings o a ac i eness-una ac i eness; (5) cu en eelings abou one’s appea ance ela i e o how one usually eels; and, inally, (6) e alua ion o one’s appea ance ela i e o how he a e age pe son looks. I has a 9-poin Like - ype esponse o ma wi h hal o he i ems in he nega i e-posi i e di ec ion and he o he hal in he posi i e-nega i e di ec ion. Highe sco es on he BISS indi- ca e mo e a o able body image s a es. The au ho s o he ques ionnai e iden i ied a single ac o . A o al sco e can be ob ained by adding up he i ems. The au ho s ound an in e nal consis ency o α = 0.77 o emales and α = 0.72 o males, es - e es eliabili y (a 2–3 weeks) o = .69 o emales and = .68 o males (p < .001), and high co ela- ions wi h scales assessing nega i e a i udes owa d one’s body shape and weigh , conce ns abou physical appea - ance, as well as al e a ions in body size pe cep ion, such as he BSQ (Coope e al., 1987) and he EDE-Q (Fai bu n & Beglin, 1994). Al hough a Spanish e sion o he ques ionnai e al eady exis ed (Meba ak-Chams e al., 2019), i was decided o ca y ou a new ansla ion in o Spanish o ensu e he cul- u al ele ance and accu acy o he ins umen in he spe- ci ic con ex o he Spanish popula ion. Pe mission was eques ed om he main au ho o he BISS o ansla e and alida e he scale in he Spanish popula ion. A e he au ho ’s app o al, he guidelines p oposed by Swami and Ba on (2019) we e ollowed o es ansla ion and adap- ion. Two bilingual expe ansla o s, one a na i e Span- ish speake and he o he a na i e English speake , amilia wi h bo h cul u es, independen ly ansla ed he scale in o Spanish. They hen discussed he disc epancies and a i ed a a consensus e sion. Two o he independen esea ch- e s ansla ed his e sion om Spanish back in o English and checked i s co espondence wi h he o iginal e sion. The ansla ion o he scale was assessed by a commi ee o expe ansla o s and he inal e sion was gene a ed and adminis e ed o a pilo sample o 34 psychology s u- den s who we e asked abou i em comp ehension, emo ional impac , and accep abili y. A e analyzing he pa icipan s’ assessmen and commen s, he bilingual ansla o s made some seman ic adjus men s, and his e sion was e iewed 1 3 Cu en Psychology in sex, con ex , and in e ac ion e ec s we e analyzed by one- ac o analysis o a iance wi h a 2 × 2 gene al linea model (GLM ANOVA). S a is ical analyses we e pe o med wi h FACTOR .12.01.02, SPSS .29 and Lis el . 8.7. Resul s Desc ip i e analysis o he BISS i ems The esul s o he desc ip i e analyses o he BISS i ems a e shown in Table 1. The da a did no ollow a uni a ia e no - mal dis ibu ion (Kolmogo o -Smi no p < .05). Howe e , skewness and ku osis did no exceed he ecommended limi s ± 2 (Geo ge & Malle y, 2006). Explo a o y ac o analysis The EFA was pe o med in G oup 1 (n = 273) wi h he RDWLS es ima ion me hod, using he polycho ic co e- la ions ma ix. The esul s we e adequa e o he Kaise - Meye -Olkin, KMO = 0.79 [95% CI = 0.74, 0.86], and Ba le ’s sphe ici y es , χ 2(15) = 709.8, p < .001. MSA alues anged om 0.759 o 0.842. Bo h pa allel analysis (PA) based on minimum ank ac o analysis and a iance explained by eigen alues ecommended a unidimensional s uc u e, explaining 56% o he a iance. Communali ies anged om 0.32 o 0.80 and he ac o loadings anged om 0.44 (I em 2) o 0.83 (I em 1) Table 2. Con i ma o y ac o analysis CFA wi h RDWLS was pe o med wi h G oup 2 (n = 260). The EFA sugges ed a one- ac o model The esul s o he goodness-o - i s a is ics we e adequa e. Howe e , he RMSEA exceeded he ecommended limi and he SRMR was sligh ly abo e he gene al pa ame e s. These esul s a e by wo o he au ho s o he pape wi h English language skills, who ga e hei inal app o al. The Dysmo phic Conce n Ques ionnai e (DCQ; Oos hui- zen e al., 1998) assesses dysmo phic conce n as a symp om wi hou seeking o es ablish a diagnosis o body dysmo - phic diso de . The Spanish e sion by Senín-Calde ón e al. (2017) was used. The scale comp ises se en i ems wi h a Like - ype esponse o ma anging om 0 (no a all) o 3 (much mo e han mos people). The DCQ is a unidimen- sional measu e. The au ho s ound an in e nal consis ency ange o α = 0.80 o α = 0.88, and a es - e es eliabili y (one-mon h in e al) o = .87. In he Spanish popula ion, he in e nal consis ency was α = 0.85 and he es - e es eli- abili y a one-mon h in e al was = .87 (Senín-Calde ón e al., 2017). Wi h he sample in his s udy, C onbach’s α was = 0.85. S a is ical analysis Desc ip i e analyses o he BISS ques ionnai e i ems we e pe o med. The o al sample was di ided a andom in o wo g oups o c oss- alida ion. Be o e pe o ming he co e- sponding analyses, he wo g oups we e checked o equi - alence o sociodemog aphic a iables (i.e., sex, age, BMI, and SCI) and global BISS measu emen s (see Table 2 in he Supplemen a y Ma e ial). An explo a o y ac o analysis (EFA) was pe o med o G oup 1 o e idence o cons uc alidi y. Wi h he s uc u e ound, a con i ma o y ac o analysis (CFA) was done wi h G oup 2, using he Robus Diagonally Weigh ed Leas Squa es (RDWLS) es ima ion me hod wi h he asymp o ic co a iance ma ix. The goodness-o - i es s calcula ed we e: he Sa o a- Ben le Chi-squa e (2), compa a i e i index (CFI), and non-no malized i index (NNFI), which mus ha e sco es abo e 0.90. Addi ionally, he oo mean squa e e o o app oxima ion (RMSEA) wi h a 90% con idence in e al; and he s anda dized oo mean squa e esidual (SRMR), which mus ha e a esul unde 0.08 o be conside ed accep - able (Hu & Ben le , 1999). In e nal consis ency was e alu- a ed using C onbach’s α, McDonald’s Ω and he in aclass co ela ion index was calcula ed. E idence based on ela- ions wi h o he a iables was assessed using Spea man’s co ela ions o he DCQ o al sco e and BMI. Finally, measu emen in a iance ac oss sex was analyzed in a mul ig oup CFA. Model i was assessed by ΔCFI and ΔRMSEA. In a iance was conside ed o be p esen i ΔCFI we e ≤ 0.01 and ΔRMSEA ≤ 0.015 (Chen, 2007). Di e ences Table 1 Desc ip i e s a is ics o Body Image S a es Scale (BISS) i ems I ems M (SD) Asymme y Ku osis 1 5.4 (2.0) −0.24 −1.00 2 5.2 (2.1) −0.07 −1.10 3 5.1 (2.3) −0.02 −1.21 4 5.2 (2.0) −0.31 −0.78 5 5.1 (1.6) −0.02 0.58 6 4.9 (1.7) −0.18 −0.14 To al BISS 5.1 (1.4) −0.19 −0.08 No e. BISS Body Image S a es Scale, M mean, SD s anda d de ia ion Table 2 BISS Goodness-o - i indices SB χ 2 d CFI RMSEA [90% CI] NNFI SRMR G oup 2 (n = 260) 40.35 9 0.97 0.12 [0.08, 0.15] 0.95 0.14 No e. SB χ 2: Sa o a-Ben le Chi Squa e, CFI Compa a i e Fix Index, RMSEA Roo Mean Squa e E o o App oxima ion, NNFI Non-No med Fix Index, SRMR S anda dized Roo Mean Squa e Residual 1 3 Cu en Psychology h esholds, he model emained s able, indica ing ha he sco es o he wo g oups we e compa able. These esul s suppo BISS measu emen in a iance ac oss sex. E alua ion o di e ences ac oss sex on he BISS and i s sensi i i y o con ex Fo sex compa isons by expe imen al s. con ol con ex , a 2 (sex) x 2 ( ype o con ex : con ol s. expe imen al) one- ac o analysis o a iance (ANOVA) was pe o med. Table 4 shows he means and s anda d de ia ions o he BISS sco es o males and emales by con ex . The esul s showed ha he pa icipan s in he expe imen al g oup e al- ua ed hei physical appea ance wo se a e iewing pho- og aphs o young people conside ed a ac i e. Males and emales a ed hei physical appea ance in a simila manne . A summa y o he analyses, including he in e ac ion, can be ound in Table 4. Discussion The main objec i es o his s udy we e o alida e he BISS in a Spanish popula ion and analyze he e idence o eli- abili y and alidi y based on ela ions wi h o he a iables, including he assessmen o i s sensi i i y o con ex a e expe imen al exposu e o pho og aphs om Ins ag am. The i s speci ic objec i e ocused on analyzing he ac- o s uc u e o he BISS in a Spanish sample. CFA esul s showed ha goodness-o - i indica o s o he BISS ’s unidi- mensional s uc u e we e adequa e. This s uc u e is in line wi h he one ound by he au ho s o he BISS (Cash e al., 2002) and he Colombian alida ion (Meba ak-Chams e al., common o models wi h small deg ees o eedom (Kenny e al., 2015). Fully s anda dized ac o loadings anged om 0.57 o 0.91, wi h he lowes ac o loading on I em 2 and he highes on I em 1. E idence o eliabili y and e idence based on ela ions wi h o he a iables E idence o eliabili y was ound o he BISS i ems, wi h McDonald’s Ω = 0.82 and C onbach’s α = 0.81. The in a- class co ela ion index was 0.81, 95% CI [0.78 o 0.83]. The Spea man’s co ela ion coe icien was calcula ed o ana- lyze e idence based on ela ions wi h o he a iables. To al BISS co ela ions DCQand BMI we e nega i e ( = − .40 and = − .23, espec i ely), indica ing ha pa icipan s who we e mo e sa is ied wi h hei physical appea ance had lowe sco es on dysmo phic conce ns and lowe BMI. Measu emen in a iance ac oss sex Sex in a iance analyses we e ca ied ou on he unidimen- sional model sugges ed by he EFA. The model was i s es i- ma ed sepa a ely o each g oup (males and emales). Model i was easonable, al hough he RMSEA was sligh ly highe han ecommended. The con igu al in a iance model i he da a well, sugges ing ha he unidimensional s uc u e was equi alen in bo h g oups. As seen in Table 3, when equali y es ic ions we e imposed on he ac o loadings o es o me ic in a iance, he model showed no mis i (ΔCFI < 0.01 and ΔRMSEA < 0.15), sugges ing ha he magni ude o he ac o loadings o he wo g oups we e s a is ically equi a- len . A he nex le el o in a iance (scala ), when equali y cons ain s we e imposed on he ac o loadings and i em Table 3 BISS measu emen in a iance ac oss sex Model SBχ2d CFI NNFI ΔCFI RMSEA [90% CI] ΔRMSEA Males 32.30* 9 0.95 0.92 0.10 [0.67, 0.15] Females 44.90* 9 0.97 0.96 0.11 [0.08, 0.15] Con igu al in a iance 77.19* 18 0.97 0.95 0.11 [0.09, 0.14] Me ic in a iance 83.22* 23 0.97 0.96 0.00 0.10 [0.07, 0.12] 0.01 Scala in a iance 85.26* 29 0.97 0.97 0.00 0.09 [0.07, 0.11] 0.01 No e. BISS Body Image S a es Scale, SBχ2, Sa o a-Ben le chi squa e, d deg ees o eedom, CFI Compa a i e Fix Index, NNFI Non-No med Fix Index, RMSEA Roo Mean Squa e E o o App oxima ion, CI Con idence In e al Table 4 Means, s anda d de ia ions, and mean di e ence in in luence o sex and con ex Va iables Female M(SD) Male M(SD) F(1,531) pPa ial e a squa ed Ω2 Expe imen al 4.9 (1.4) 5.1 (1.3) 4.71 0.003 Con ol 5.2 (1.4) 5.5 (1.3) Sex 3.64 0.057 0.007 0.005 Con ex 10.45 0.001 0.019 0.017 Sex*con ex < 0.001 0.984 0.000 0.002 Sample size. Female expe imen al g oup (n = 153); Female con ol g oup (n = 144); Male expe imen al g oup (n = 118); Male con ol g oup (n = 117) 1 3 Cu en Psychology physical appea ance wo se a e iewing Ins ag am pho- og aphs o young men a ed as a ac i e. Acco ding o he ipa i e in luence model by Thompson e al. (1999), his esul sugges s ha ecu en consump ion o social ne wo k con en , whe e he impo ance o physical beau y is salien , could be ela ed o g ea e body dissa is ac ion, possibly due o he in ensi ica ion o social compa ison p ocesses and enhanced in e naliza ion o he beau y ideal. O he s udies ha e al eady poin ed ou he associa ion o social ne wo king wi h body image dis o ion (Alsaidan e al., 2020) and de elopmen o ea ing p oblems (G i i hs e al., 2018), such as inc eased binge ea ing and bulimic symp- oms mo e b oadly (Smi h e al., 2013). O he s udies spe- ci ically analyzing he e ec o Ins ag am exposu e on body image ha e no shown conclusi e da a. On he one hand, Kleemans e al. (2018) ound ha exposu e o edi ed Ins a- g am pho os impai ed pa icipan body image pe cep ion, esul ing in g ea e dissa is ac ion wi h hei body size and shape, weigh , eelings o una ac i eness, nega i e eel- ings owa ds hei body, and compa isons o hei appea - ance o ha o an a e age pe son. Howe e , Muñoz-Pa alo and Gómez-Bujedo (2023) concluded ha such exposu e did no ha e a nega i e e ec on body image pe cep ion. This dispa i y o esul s could be due o he selec ion o he s imuli in ou expe imen al design, as well as o he sociodemog aphic di e ences o he sample. I should be no ed ha ou sample was mo e di e se in e ms o age, sex, and s udy a iables han ha o p e ious s udies, and hese di e ences may c ea e complex e ec s ha a e no e iden in mo e homogeneous samples. The esul s o his s udy did no show di e ences be ween males and emales by e alua ion con ex . These esul s di e om o he s udies which did e lec g ea e suscep ibili y o emales o body image dyspho ic s a es (Cash e al., 2002). In he Colombian alida ion (Meba ak-Chams e al., 2019), pa icipan s we e no exposed o any si ua ional con ex . They ound ha he mean sco e o males was highe han he mean sco e o emales on he BISS. In he esea ch by Cash e al. (2002), emales we e mo e dissa is ied han males wi h hei physi- cal appea ance. Howe e , Cash e al. (2002) did no expose pa icipan s o pho og aphs, bu he la e we e asked o imagine ha hey we e in a speci ic si ua ion (posi i e o nega i e) and hen o answe he BISS ques ionnai e. The wo nega i e si ua ions we e a day a he beach in a ba hing sui and being alone in a oom eading a same-sex ashion and i ness magazine. These di e ences be ween he esul s ound in ou s udy wi h espec o ha o Cash e al. (2002) and Meba ak-Chams e al. (2019), could he e o e be due o di e ences in expe imen al design, cul u al di e ences, and in e naliza ion o he cu en beau y ideal o bo h males and emales. Cul u al no ms and pe cep ions o beau y and body image a y be ween he wo cul u al con ex s 2019). In he alida ions in he emaining languages (Ge - man, I alian, Du ch, and F ench), he ac o s uc u e was no analyzed. The second speci ic objec i e o his s udy was o analyze whe he he sco es o he BISS ques ionnai e a e in a ian ac oss sex. The in a iance analysis indica ed ha he BISS is an ins umen ha can be used o males o emales indi - e en ly wi hou in luencing esponse o he scale. These esul s di e om hose o he Colombian alida ion (Meb- a ak-Chams e al., 2019) whe e he in a iance assump ion was no me . The nex objec i e was o analyze he psychome ic p op- e ies o he BISS. The in e nal consis ency o he Spanish e sion o he BISS was adequa e. In ac , i was e en highe han in he o iginal e sion o he BISS, which had a C on- bach’s α o .62 o 0.77 in he neu al condi ion (Cash e al., 2002). Howe e , he Colombian alida ion ob ained supe- io e idence o eliabili y (α = 0.92; McDonald’s ω = 0.93). A nega i e associa ion be ween he BISS and BMI was obse ed, as also shown in o he s udies (Meba ak-Chams e al., 2019; Weinbe ge e al., 2016). Pa icipan s wi h a highe BMI indica ed g ea e dissa is ac ion wi h hei physical appea ance a he ime o assessmen . Howe e , his co ela ion was lowe han in he o iginal publica ion o he BISS (Cash e al., 2002) o in he Colombian e - sion (Meba ak-Chams e al., 2019). This could be explained by sociocul u al di e ences since body sa is ac ion is in lu- enced by p essu e exe ed by he media, in e naliza ion o he beau y ideal, as well as cul u al pa ame e s o wha is a ac i e and he mos app op ia e body shape (Ga a io & F isén, 2019). Fu he mo e, sel - epo ed BMI can be biased by andom e o s due o social desi abili y bias (Go be e al., 2007) and sel - epo bias (Dekke s e al., 2008). Conse- quen ly, hese biases o en lead o accu acy e o s, such as an unde es ima ion o BMI alues, especially when BMI is highe (S ommel & Schoenbo n, 2009), o o he p o ision o inaccu a e da a. Mo eo e , e idence based on ela ions wi h o he a i- ables was ound wi h an ins umen measu ing dysmo phic conce ns. The da a showed ha body-s a e dissa is ac ion as assessed by he BISS was associa ed wi h body- ai dis- sa is ac ion as assessed by he DCQ scale. These esul s a e simila o hose ound in he Colombian alida ion (Meb- a ak-Chams e al., 2019), whe e a posi i e associa ion was ound be ween body dissa is ac ion (BISS) and body image- ela ed psychopa hology (BSQ). The las objec i e was o assess whe he an expe imen al con ex , in which ei he pho og aphs o a ac i e people o a neu al con en we e iewed, could in luence sel -app aisal o physical appea ance. We also wan ed o ind ou whe he men and women we e equally a ec ed by he expe imen- al con ex . The da a showed ha pa icipan s a ed hei 1 3 Cu en Psychology obesi y and a g oup wi hou ea ing p oblems should also be explo ed. Clinical and esea ch implica ions In Spain, he e a e se e al ins umen s a ailable o ai body image assessmen ; howe e , he e is no sel - epo measu e alida ed in a Spanish sample ha assesses con ex - dependen body image. This is ele an , no only o p o ide new ins umen s o he assessmen o body image, bu also because o i s e sa ili y o esea ch on his opic, making i a signi ican con ibu ion. This s udy had a la ge sam- ple a o ing gene aliza ion o esul s. The BISS will help Spanish-speaking heal h p o essionals and esea che s o quickly assess sho - e m changes in he sel -e alua ion o one’s physical appea ance, allowing o mo e pe sonalized in e en ions and he explo a ion o con ex ual ac o s in lu- encing body image. Mo eo e , i s alida ion enables c oss- cul u al compa isons and longi udinal s udies, enhancing bo h clinical p ac ice and scien i ic unde s anding o body image dynamics in di e en con ex s. Conclusion The BISS is a b ie measu e wi h su icien empi ical sup- po o assess con ex -dependen body image o bo h males and emales. Using he BISS, an inc ease in dissa is ac ion wi h one’s physical appea ance was de ec ed a e expo- su e o pho og aphs o males and emales who mee cu en beau y ideals. This esul highligh s he need o a Span- ish language ins umen wi h psychome ic gua an ees o assessing he impac o exposu e o si ua ions whe e he body is he objec o a en ion. Supplemen a y In o ma ion The online e sion con ains supplemen a y ma e ial a ailable a h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 1 0 0 7 / s 1 2 1 4 4 - 0 2 4 - 0 7 2 4 5 - 1 . Funding Funding o open access publishing: Uni e sidad de Cádiz/ CBUA. Decla a ions Con lic o in e es The au ho s decla e no compe ing in e es s. Open Access This a icle is licensed unde a C ea i e Commons A ibu ion 4.0 In e na ional License, which pe mi s use, sha ing, adap a ion, dis ibu ion and ep oduc ion in any medium o o ma , as long as you gi e app op ia e c edi o he o iginal au ho (s) and he sou ce, p o ide a link o he C ea i e Commons licence, and indica e i changes we e made. The images o o he hi d pa y ma e ial in his a icle a e included in he a icle’s C ea i e Commons licence, unless indica ed o he wise in a c edi line o he ma e ial. I ma e ial is no included in he a icle’s C ea i e Commons licence and you in ended use is no pe mi ed by s a u o y egula ion o exceeds he pe mi ed (Vázquez-Mi az, 2019). Fu he mo e, he ime gap be ween Cash’s o iginal esea ch (2002) and ou s is o e 20 yea s, meaning ha he beau y ideal may ha e changed be ween he s udies (Dimi o & K oumpouzos, 2023). Limi a ions and u u e esea ch This s udy had some limi a ions ha mus be aken in o accoun when d awing conclusions. Gi en he size o he sample, only one g oup o pa icipan s could be e alua ed in he p esence o he esea che s, and he es condi ions o he g oup ha was no could no be con olled. How- e e , a e pe o ming he ele an compa isons o means, no signi ican di e ences we e ound in ei he assessmen es s o sociodemog aphic cha ac e is ics, hus he esul s a e compa able e en hough he assessmen con ex was no con olled. Since he es s we e only adminis e ed a a speci ic ime, he es - e es eliabili y o he ins umen could no be assessed. I would be necessa y o analyze he s abili y o he measu e o e ime. Fu he mo e, we did no assess di e ences be ween body image s a e and ai , no did we compa e di e ences in body image-s a e be ween expe imen al and e e yday li e si ua ions. Fu u e esea ch should add ess whe he he body image-s a e is in luenced by e e yday si ua ions in he same way as has been demons a ed in expe imen al condi ions. Ano he possible limi a ion is ha he pho og aphs selec ed we e based on he e alua o s’ subjec i e pe cep ion o wha hey conside ed he Wes e n Eu opean beau y ideal. Such an ideal is e y gene al and need no coincide wi h pe sonal as es. Fu u e esea ch could selec pho og aphs acco ding o he p e e ences o he es ake using a i icial in elligence. This would o e come he limi a ion ha he selec ion o pho og aphs does no adjus o pe sonal, cul- u al, and con ex ual as es. Ou s udy p o ides in o ma ion on he psychome - ic p ope ies o he BISS ins umen , bu u he s udies a e ecommended o mo e accu a e, op imal body image assessmen . We we e unable o co obo a e he con e gen alidi y o he BISS, since we did no adminis e any al e - na i e measu es o body image-s a e. A measu e assessing posi i e body image should also be adminis e ed in addi ion. This would allow he body image cons uc o be assessed dimensionally. In addi ion, since he in o ma ion was collec ed wi h sel - epo measu es, he da a may ha e been biased, especially weigh and heigh . Fo u u e s udies, we ecommend ha he sel - epo assessmen be complemen ed wi h an implici body image assessmen . Fu he mo e, di e ences and simi- la i ies be ween a clinical g oup wi h ea ing diso de s and 1 3 Cu en Psychology In e na ional Jou nal o Ea ing Diso de s, 55(12), 1765–1776. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 1 0 0 2 / e a . 2 3 8 2 9 Coope , P. J., Taylo , M. J., Coope , Z., & Fai bum, C. G. (1987). 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