The constructive techniques of the moorish roofing frameworks: The case of the Mirador of the Reales Alcázares of the Catholic Monarchs in Seville

The cons uc i e echniques o he moo ish oo ing amewo ks: The case o he Mi ado o he Reales Alcáza es o he Ca holic Mona chs in Se ille In ecen imes he oo ing amewo ks which co e he Mi ado (obse a ion pa illion o co e ed a ea) a op he Reales Alcáza es (Royal Palace) in Se ille ha e been es o ed. Thanks o his es o a ion i has been possible o examine i s -hand and close-up his magni icen example o Moo ish a chi ec u e, cons uc ed du ing he eign o he Ca holic Mona chs (Fe dinand and Isabella), which anspo us om oday o a e y special epoch, and which speak o us o six long cen u ies ha ha e le hei ma k on each o he basic elemen s. The Mi ado o he Ca holic Mona chs is loca ed on he op o he high Palace o Don Ped o abo e wha is oday he Hall o King Ca los V. I s cons uc ion caused a pa ial des uc ion o he uppe oom o he p ince, which oday is called Don Ped o' s Bedchambe , cu ing o he a ched en yway o ha oom, due o he di e ence in heigh be ween he wo. I is open on he one side looking o e he ga den and on he o he o he high galle y o he Pa io de Las Doncellas, o Maidens' Pa io, and i is loca ed be ween he a o emen ioned Bedchambe o Don Ped o and he Family Dining Room. Acco ding o Ana Ma ía Fidalgo, we had no knowledge o i un il he yea 1977, when he a chi ec Ra ael Manzano Ma os disco e ed i du ing he es o a ion p ocess being pe o med on he Palace o Don Ped o. This same au ho (Ana Ma ía Fidalgo) asse s ha du ing hese ecen es o a ions, he ceilings we e e u ned o hei o iginal s a e, since hey had unde gone mul iple emodeling p ojec s up un il hen. Cecilia Cañas Palop Ne e heless, his is no en i ely he case, since in mo e ecen in es iga ion and s udies ca ied ou by Inmaculada Ramí ez López as he Res o e o he oo ing amewo k, pain ings and insc ip ions ha e been disco e ed ha had been unknown o o da e, and ha could e y well belong o he o iginal oo ing amewo k. The i s es o a ion o which we ha e in o ma ion is he one ca ied ou by Juan Fe nández and Juan de Simancas, since in a epo gi en by he Mas e s o he econs uc ion, he e is an indica ion ha in he new oom abo e he ga den, all he de e io a ed wood o he oo ing had o be epai ed, being subs i u ed by new wood and hen being e- oo ed.] Pos e io es o a ions o he oo ing amewo k ha e been nume ous bu no much in o ma ion exis s abou hem. Howe e , hey a e isible in he mul i ude o elemen s ha ha e been added h oughou he cen u ies, wi h be e o wo se esul s. A BRIEF PRESENTATION OF THE FRAMEWORK I s o m is a squa e amewo k made up o ou aguas and h ee oo slopes. Due o he cons uc i e solu ion o he pa es, we a e analysing a amewo k o pa and nudillo which uses limas mohama es2 in he in e sec ion o he di e en oo slopes. All hese ha e been made using he apeinazado echnique, and he inal deco a ion was esol ed wi h a ie-o -eigh and mocá abe squa es. The ou aldones we e P oceedings o he Fi s In e na ional Cong ess on Cons uc ion His o y, Mad id, 20 h-24 h Janua y 2003, ed. S. Hue a, Mad id: I. Juan de He e a, SEdHC, ETSAM, A. E. Ben enu o, COAM, F. D agados, 2003. 514 deco a ed al e na ing ows o eigh -poin ed s a s and li le ieso ELEMENTS AND METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION In o de o desc ibe he me hod o cons uc ion o he oo ing/ceiling, he s udy was based upon an exhaus i e, de ailed analysis o each and e e y basic elemen and he ela ion be ween each elemen and he o he s. In he i s place, we p esen and place each o he elemen s o he oo ing amewo k, beginning wi h hose elemen s ha ha e o gua an ee i s placemen abo e he walls on which i es s. This pe haps is he leas known a ea, because o being hidden om sigh , and ye i is al so he mos impo an ac o in gua an eeing he gene al s abili y o he s uc u e. We will see la e on how he g ea es pa o he p oblems ha he amewo k has, ha e hei o igin in he suppo i e elemen s. THE HIDDEN STRUCTURE. THE FOUNDATION OF THE FRAMEWORK A e y impo an ac wo h b inging o ligh in ega ds o he ounda ions o his oo ing amewo k, and also a ew o he oo ings analysed (such as he An ecapilla o he Bedchambe o Don Ped o), is he lack o basic elemen s o gua an ee i s s abiJi y in he place upon which i es s. Rs ibo Jongi lldinal ] Unión 2 I). de i an <:'8 1 Comedo de amilia & ibo ans e sall Uniiml J:LC- i;; ibo longi lldínal a Figu e 1 Loca ion o he es ibos and he i an es in he amewo k C. Cañas The Mi ado amewo k does no ha e elemen s such as nudillos o sole a. The es ibos, which a e basic elemen s o s uc u al s abili y, es di ec ly a op he walls o he oom, wi hou he minimum p esence o some o he elemen in he o m o a laye o cemen be ween he es ibos and he wall, o somehow ensu e he plane le el o he ecei ing elemen!. We will di e en ia e be ween he ans e sal and longi udinal es ibos, since he e ha e been subs an ial di e ences de ec ed be ween hem in hei geome ic, suppo i e and conse a ional cha ac e is ics. The o me a e sho e and o g ea e edge han hei pe pendicula coun e pa s, and hey a e pa ially embedded in o he wall, which makes i impossible o know he geome ic cha ac e is ic o i s o al hickness; whe eas he longi udinal es ibos si di ec ly a op he c owning o he wall. The longi udinal es ibos a e o med by wo o he s, uni ed in a leng hening o app oxima ely he poin o junc ion o he b aces ( i an es). The leng h o he oom (14 me es) is oo long o suppo one sole elemen in he c owning o he wall. I we consul he «O denanzas de Se illa» we see how long he di e en beams o wood had o be as a gene al ule, and hese oscilla e be ween he 25 ee o he iga de aca o (7,5 m.) and he 12 ee o he medio pon on (3,60 m.). So he Ionges beam o he Mi ado 's amewo k (9,13 m.) is qui e a bi longe han he igas de aca o speci ied in he «O denanzas»; and he es , 4,9 and 5,2 me es, a e loca ed be ween he media iga (4,2-4,5 m.) and he e ciada (5,32-5,70 m.) speci ied in he same e x!. Es iho longi udill(! 1 2 Do mi o io de Don Ped o T:niónH ['nÍón 4 17nión 3 P. 'nión 6 Es ibo longi udinal 4 The cons uc i e echniques al' he moo ish oa ing amewa ks In he co ne s, he es ibos belonging o di e en oo slopes o malise hei union hal way up he wood, ha ing a small no ch which enables bo h pieces o no ge displaced by he e ec o he ac ion o he es o he s uc u es; ne e heless he di e ence o he sec ion o he es ibos makes i no possible o he longi udinal elemen s o ha e a cu hal way up he sec ion. The junc ion o he es ibos in hei p olonga ion does no wo k as such. The elemen s which come oge he on hem wo k independen ly. Ano he impo an elemen in his sec ion which ca ne in o being basically o s uc u al necessi y, is he i an e (b ace). The size o he oom makes hese elemen s absolu ely necessa y. When he ela ion be ween he heigh and he wid h o he oom is educed, he e is a dange o collapse in he c owning o he walls, since he ho izon al p essu e upon he es ibos is e y p onounced. The i an e collabo a es in he abso p ion o pa o he p essu e and he e o e gi es equilib ium o he s uc u e. A o al o wo pai s o i an es ha e been p o ided in he leng h o he s uc u e upon which he es ibos sil. The pe ime al wall o he oom, upon which he amewo k si s, is c owned by he es ibo, as we ha e al eady desc ibed, which es s di ec ly upon i ; I~ Figu e 2 Embedding al' he i an e in a he wall and he unian wi h he longi udinal es ibo 515 he e o e since he e is nei he sole a no canes, he i an es ha e o be embedded in o he walls. The embedding measu es abou 22 cm. I we s op o obse e he junc ion wi h he es ibo, we see ha a 7 cm all cajeado has been pe o med in he i an e, lea ing a 2 cm all espiga (see igu e 2) o be placed in o he es ibo. We do no know exac ly how much o his union is embedded in o he wall; howe e cons uc i e logic and he load ha he i an es ha e o abso b lead us o hink ha i mus be as isualised in he ep esen a ion. A his ime i is necessa y o pause and make he obse a ion ha his is one o he poin s which has b ough up mo e ques ions and doub s in ega ds o he analysis o he o igins o he i an es, since mos o he da a analysed lead one o hink ha he ones we see now do no pe ain o he o iginal amewo k bu o he e o ma ions ca ied ou in 1908 in which he need o eplace ou wooden i an es, eplacing he o iginal s, was no ed. «To ein o ce he wooden b acing, pu in o place ou new wooden b aces ins ead 01' he de ec i e anes and o zanca hei al a das». ( om he «Budge Boak») The i an es in a amewo k o a ce ain size o impo ance, ha e always been ideal elemen s o ca ying ou di e se deco a i e c a ings, mainly because o hei posi ion, up on in he isual plane o he spec a o . And, wha is mo e, he e has always been a deco a i e hypo hesis abou he use o double i an es, since hey made a good suppo o he ies o lacewo k (lace ía) which co e ed he amewo k. I does no seem 10gical ha in a amewo k o his kind, he inishing would be so ough and undelica e. All o his da a, oge he wi h hose de i ed om he embedding in o he wall and he junc ions wi h he es o he elemen s, b ing one o conside ha we a e seeing elemen s ha da e back o he beginning o he 20'h Cen u y, new i an es wi hou any deco a ion (unlike he de e io a ed o iginals which possibly had a ied c osso e lacing e ec , acco ding o he s anda ds o he epoch). This doub ga he s o ce when we analyse he pic o ial deco a ion which co e s he sides o he i an es, since acco ding o he c i e ia o he mode n es o a ion expe s, hese belong o pe iods p io o he e o ma ion o 1908; o be exac , hey a e simila o o he s loca ed in he ieze o he amewo k which 516 da e back 10 he 16 h cen u y. Le us lea e ou «doub » open hen o he pos e io de elopmen 01' he esea ch being done in his ield. Finally, we will desc ibe he pa 01' he amewo k se ing ha is no hidden, which has he assigned job p ecisely o lea e «unseen»behind hem, each 01' he p e iously men ioned s uc u al elemen s, and o se e as a pic o ial suppo and isual ansi ion be ween he wall and he amewo k 01' he oo ing/ceiling. THE VISIBLE ELEMENTS The supe icial elemen s 01' he a ocabe 01' he Mi ado 's amewo k a e o med by a double alice , in which he i s plank is nailed in o a mold o ocadu a, which is also nailed on o a ype 01' wooden b acke which becomes he pe ime al zuncho a he sides 01' he oom. This i s plank, o lowe alice , is inished a he op wi h ano he one which se es as he mold o ocadu a o he second one, igh in he bo om coa 01' he b aceo Behind his second alice is hidden he junc ion be ween he i an e and he es ibos wi h he wall, as well as he bo om pa 01' he pa es whe e hey mee he es ibo. The o me es ibo me ely hides he c owning 01' he pc ime al wall. Ti an e Figu e 3 Sec ion o he a ocabe C. Cañas Figu e 4 Union a he come o he bo om pa s o he planks (alice es) THE INCLINED ROOF SLOPES Be o e beginning an analysis 01' each 01' he cons i u ing elemen s o he oo slopes, i is necessa y o make men ion o he se -squa e o he amewo k used ( he inclina ion o he al a das). Measu ing di ec ly upon he al a das we ob ain Pa Alice supe io Re ue zos de lIUlde a ' ocadu n Alice in e io TO<'Mum Can The cons uc i e echniques o he moo ish oo ing amewo ks 517 igu es ha ange om 35,8 o 42.67 deg ees. This ac con i ms ha he de o ma ion o he s uc u e ís signi ican , since he heo e ical se -squa e o he amewo k is a 37,6 deg ees. S uc u al composi ion In he i s place, as de ini o y elemen s o he inclined oo slopes, we mus analyse he pa es o al a das and he péndolas o mangue as which necessa ily appea in he amewo ks ha ha e limas. The e a e a o al o six pa es in he ans e sal oo slopes and o y- ou in he longi udínal ones, plus a o al o i e mangue as which accede o each o he limas ha pe ain o he aldones. All o he pa es a e <<ii e» since hey o m pa o he lacewo k o he amewo k. Since his is a amewo k o mohama lima, each o he aldones has wo limas a i s la e allimi , wi h wo om each o he con iguous aldones coming oge he a he co ne s. Le us ecall one o he undamen al ules o he p ocedu e o making his ype o s uc u es upon whích pos e io ly ied lacewo k and s a s wilJ be c a ed; he ule denomina ed by López de A enas he <<Law o calle y cue da «(aisle and co d).3 In he case o he Mi ado , he planning o he ies is p ecise, ne e heless he hickness o bo h pa es and nudilJos is o 7,5 cm, whe eas he wid h o he aisles a y: in he es e os o he aisles hey measu e om 16 o 16,5 cm, and in he es o he amewo k hey measu e om 14,75 o 17,5 cm ( he majo i y being be ween 16 o 16,5 cm). This s a ís ic e eals o us ha he di e ences measu ed a e due o he mo emen expe ienced by he amewo k. I is p oduced mo e in ensely by he longi udinal aldones, no so in he es e os, ob iously he de o ma ion inc eases in he ex en ha he leng h also inc eases. We can a i m ha he eal sepa a ion is close o 16 cen ime es. We a e speaking, hen, o ma gins o e o o a ound 0,25 and 0,5 cm, which in wood a e no ha signi ican , and e en les s so gi en he p ocedu es used in ha epoch. This di e ence can be due o se e al di e en ac o s : on he one hand, he mo emen s ha he s uc u e has had o suppo in gene al ha e been impo an , whe eby he spaces be ween he al a das could ha e g own (as we wilJ la e see, many o he pieces ha e become unjoin ed) and also, he passage o ime can cause mino losses o pa s o he wood. All his oge he wi h he assump ion o possible smaJ] e o s in he p ocedu es o i s cons uc ion make us main ain he alidi y o he a o emen ioned ule, o a ce ain ex en a leas . In any case, we can ind no explana ion ha jus i ies making he aísle Figu e 5 Loca ion and cu o he pa es and he mangue as 518 (calle) 0,5 o 1,0 cm wide , measu emen s ha a e insigni ican . A e ha ing made his impo an cla i ica ion, we now will discuss how he di e en junc ions be ween he a o emen ioned elemen s a e o malised. The junc ions in he es ibos o he pa es and mangue as a e o malised om he pa illas o he ba billas, wi h he pe pendicula cu done on he ho izon al plane. Usually in o de o ix he elemen secu ely on o he es ibo his ype o union was ein o ced by nails, howe e in his case, no ein o cemen has been has been de ec ed wha soe e . The pa illa measu es 3,5 cm and he ba billa 10 cm. The cu o he ba billa is done a app oxima ely 1/3 o he heigh o he pa , con o ming o wha was he s anda d o ca pen y. The limas ha e he same kind o union, howe e hei s a e o conse a ion does no pe mi us o p ecise hei geome ical cha ac e is ics. I is also usual o ind in his kind o s uc u e ha he pa es culmina e in he hile a which closes o culmina es he amewo k a he opo The o iginal oo ing o he Mi ado did no ha e an hile a and he pa es we e uni ed by means o ensemble o ga gan a and quije a. This ype o ensemble diminishes he esis en sec ion o he pa es a his poin , he e o e i is usually ein o ced by means o some me allic elemen . Bu he junc ions analysed lack any ype o C. Cañas ein o cemen , he eby hey a e in a e y weakened condi ion. On he o he hand, he mangue as each he limas a a cu pe ec ly pa allel o he con ac su ace,and a e joined by nails o he main s uc u e. The limas a e joined o he pa es by he same means. The es o he s uc u al elemen s pe aining o he aldones a e he peinazos and he a ocabas,410ca ed in espec o he pa es and limas as seen in igu e 6. We will di e en ia e be ween he o hogonal peinazos and he inclined ones. The o me a e he ones ha a e loca ed pe pindicula o he pa es. The junc ion wi h he pa es is p oduced almos ce ainly by means o «a omo y agudo» wi h an espiga o wooden nail. Al hough his me hod has no been o icially con i med, in some o he pa es he boxed space o med o he inse ion o he espiga om i s co esponding peinazo has been obse ed. The inclined peinazos a e ixed bo h o he pa es and o each o he by nails. The junc ion o he a ocabas and limas is also done his way. Non-s uc u al Elemen s In Figu e 7 each and e e y elemen pe aining o he inclined oo slopes is shown, bo h s uc u al and non-s uc u al, which has he job o con o ming de ini ely he deco a i e layou o he amcwo k. Figu e 6 Si ua ion and cu o he peinazos and a ocabas The cons uc i e echniques o he moo ish oo ing amewo ks 519 Figu e 7 In hc uppe pa he esis en s uc u e and i s espec i e unions a e indica ed, as well as he aujeles and he bases whe e he suppo s, wedges, and su ace boa ds all appea . In he lowe pa ! o he igu e, he inclined oo slope is shown wi h all o i s elemen s in posi ion, including he « ablazón de elleno» The auje]es o m pa o he deco a i e layou o he lacewo k ies o he amewo k, wi hou belonging o he s uc u a] plo . They a e panels o ],5 cm hickness which comple e he layou , usually nailed o a ablazón supe icial, which appea a each o he aisles con iguous o he eigh -poin ed s a s. We mus men ion he union o hese pane]s in o he s uc u e as a special cha ac e is ic. The panel has he same hickness as he ebaje (diminishing) done on he pa es and he peinazos, coinciding wi h ou p o usiones ca ied ou upon he panel, so ha hey coincide and i oge he pe ec ly. In he pa es he p o usions a e apezoidal in shape, he eby inc easing he suppo i e base. The e a e also h ee dis inc ypes o wedges ha a e nai]ed o he s uc u a] elemen s o ul ill basically a deco a i e mission. A i s g oup o ms pa o he layou o he eigh -poin ed s a s o he amewo k. Those o a second g oup se e as a base o suppo some o he aujeles, and a hi d g oup o wedges a e placed in he uppe pa o he oo slopes, nailed o he peinazos, making he isual bypass om he inclined oo slopes and he almiza e, in such a way ha he eigh -poin ed s a s loca ed in hese poin s, and he o he deco a i e elemen s ha a e necessa ily b oken, all ha e hei aces pa allel. Ins ead o making he ang]e by doing a di ec cu in o he co esponding peinazos. his ype o wedge is jus added on. The e is ano he ype o panel ha di ec ly o ms pa o he deco a i e igu es o he amewo k called he ablazón de elleno ( ille panel). The e a e a eas on he aldones ha equi e he loca ion o hese panels. which hide behind hem pa o he s uc u e, which o he wise would be seen. These panel s a e an impo an pa o he deco a ion o he amewo k since hey a e si ua ed in he p]ane ha is nea es in sigh (on he same p]ane as he main pieces), and some imes occupy a g ea pa o he su ace se ing as a base o pe ec ed pic o ial deco a ion. And las ly, we ha e he ablazón del asdós. ] is pa o he ian] co e ing o he amewo k and i s p esence is aken ad an age o o gi e a pic o ial backg ound o he amewo k. The panel s a e nailed o he esis en s uc u e o he amewo k, pa es and limas. and co e p ac ically he en i e ex e io su ace o i . THE PLANS OF THE NUDILLOS. THE ALMIZATE S uc u al composi ion In he i s place, we shall loca e he de ini i e elemen s o hese plan s, which a e he nudillos. We mus ma k a dis inc ion be ween wo di e en ypes: he long nudillos, which a e de loped along he almiza e ( ypes A,B,D and F), and he sho nudillos, which a e in e up ed by di e en peinazos, which a e necessa y o he con igu a ion o c ossing and ieing o he lacing ( ypcs e and G). AII o hese a e si ua ed below he e cia y. 520 C. Cañas . B(; E FB e[) eE Figu e 8 Types o nudillos o he Mi ado The nudillos a e joined o he pa es by «a ga gan a y quijada», ollowing he s anda ds and mIes o ca pen y. «Echando cabeza de a madu a» in he al a da we make he co esponding cu in he ga gan a. The co nezuelos o he nudillos a e o app oxima ely one- ou h he hickness o his elemen . The ype o junc ion be ween he longi udinal nudillos and peinazos is unknown, al hough we would da e o say ha he mos p obable esolu ion is he one ha adi ionally has been used o uni e peinazos and nudillos; ha is, he joining «a omo y agudo» wi h he wooden nail, o espiga. Nex we will analyse he peinazos, which usually a e loca ed and joined pe pendicula o he nudillos, nF E EeBB(' E E F u he eby con ibu ing in an impo an way o he s abili y o he almiza e. he peinazos and he nudillos oge he ansmi he p essu e o he al a das. The e a e wo undamen al g oups o peinazos in he almiza e. On he one hand, hose ha a e si ua ed in an o hogonal way o he nudillos ( ypes a, b, c, d, e, and g), and hose ha a e placed in an oblique way, which con ibu e o gi ing a g ea e s abili y o he en i e se , while a he same ime se e as a base o he layou o he design o he lacewo k ies ( ypes i, j, and k). In igu e 9 all he peinazos ha make up he almiza e a e de e mined. We ha e men ioned basically wo g oups o peinazos, and o hese we only know o su e abou AB D FGD eEE e Figu e 9 Types o peinazos ha o m pa o he al miza e oEe]) eE l<~ F G F E D The cons uc i e echniques o he moo ish oo ing amewo ks 521 he unions o he ypes «i» and <~» o he nudillos. These ma e ialise by means o cla azón o he esis en s uc u e. The es o he unions a e done h ough di e en ypes o junc ions, o which none has been accu a ely con i med. The ypes «a, b, e» and « » a e almos ce ain o be he junc ion o «a omo y agudo con espiga», whe eas he ypes «d» and «h» would ha e his ype o union a one end, while he opposi e would ha e a «caja y espiga», wi h a boxed a ea made in he panel o he nudillo. The junc ions be ween he ype «k» peinazos and he mas e s (which will be ei he peinazos o nudillos, depending on he posi ion ha hey occupy in he almiza e), ha e no been disco e ed, nei he do we da e o sugges a possible o m o his union. The oblique placemen o he wooden pieces and he g ea numbe o elemen s ha all come oge he in he same a ea make any supposi ion abou he junc ion ain. In any case, we can a i m ha o he union o he main elemen s ha make up his pai o peinazos, a boxed a ea would ha e been hollowed ou in he panel o he peinazo o nudillo and in i would ha e been inse ed some kind o wooden peg (espiga), ha will ha e o emain unspeci ied since i is hidden inside he boxed a ea. This peg could adop any o many o ms wi hin he boxed a ea, so we will lea e his ma e open o he u he de elopmen s o his in es iga ion. Finally emains o be discussed he solu ion adop ed in he union be ween he peinazos. Excep o he union o one o he componen s o he pai o peinazos o ype «k» ha es s on he esis en mas e s o open he mocá abe cube, by means o chiseling he peinazo, he es make hei unions by means o cla azón. In igu e 10 all he s uc u al elemen s o he almiza e a e shown and he espec i e unions be ween hem. Excep o he junc ions ha a e nailed and hose o he en i e elemen wi h he pa es, he es a e all heo e ical, due o he impossibili y o con i ming hese ac s, sa e disassembling he s uc u e. The junc ions be ween he peinazos ha o m he cen al oc ogon and he mas e s a e he only ones ha ha e no been de ined. Non-s uc u al elemen s I is logical ha in he almiza e he same elemen s ha made Up he inclined oo slopes a e epea ed, so we Figu e 10 The s uc u al composi ion o he almiza e and he ela ion be ween each o i s elemen s o he o he s will no go in o his pa mo e p o oundly han we need o. Again h ee ypes o wedges appea , and he di e en ypes o ablazones, o asdós, o elleno, and supe icial. In his case we will indica e he exac si ua ion o each o he aujeles ha make up pa o he almiza e in ela ion o he gene al s uc u e. The same p ocedu e is used o make he aujeles as o make he ie is he nudillos and peinazos, wi h he di e ence ha in his case he li le panels a e cu o 1,5 cm hickness and in he o me , diminishmen o he same measu emen has been made whe e pa o hese pieces ha e o i in. To make he di e en cu s, a se ies o se -squa es is needed, used as he only plo ing ins umen by he ca pen e s «de lo blanco». These se -squa es a e de ined by he wheel o ies o c osso e lacing ha hey a e going o plo as he design o deco a ion o he amewo k. In his case, he wheels a e o eigh ,