El harén transdiscursivo del complejo Disney

(OKDUpQWUDQVGLVFXUVLYRGHOFRPSOHMR'LVQH  -HV~V0DQXHO&RUULHQWH&RUGHUR ,(6 ³%ODV,QIDQWH´±(O9LVRGHO$OFRU6HYLOOD  ³3HQVDPLHQWR´HVXQDYR]TXHSDUHFHDQGDUVLHPSUHQHFHVLWDGDGHDGMHWLYRV6L GXUDQWH DOJXQRV DxRV HVSHFLDOPHQWH GHVGH OD GLYXOJDFLyQ GHO D PDQLGR W WXOR GH 9DWWLPRHODGMHWLYRIXH³GpELO´HQODDFWXDOLGDGHVSRVLEOHHQFRQWUDUKDVWDHQHOPHQRU DUWLFXOHMRGHRSLQLyQHODG DFHQWH³~QLFR´3RUORPHQRVHVWDYH]KD DFXHUGRHQWUH ORV PHGLRVHQFRQVLGHUDUSH RUDWLYRHOWpUPLQR(VRV ORVLQWHOHFWXDOHVGHDWDQWRHO IROLR R HO PLQXWR GH ³DOFDFKRID´ R GH EXVWR SDUODQWH SDUHFHQ KDEHU ROYLGDGR TXL]i MDPiV FRQRFLHURQ D XQ WDO %DMW Q TXH WUDEDMDED FRQ WpUPLQRV FRPR ³SROLIyQLFR´ ³PRQROyJLFR´ ³GLDOyJLFR´ R ³LQWHUWH[WXDO´ SRU QR KDEODU GH TXH WRGDY D  KD  TXLHQ WUDEDMDFRQGHVDUUROORVGHHVRV RWURVFRQFHSWRVGDGRTXHSHUWHQHFHQDVHFWDVFRPROD GH ORV VHPLyWLFRVWpUPLQRTXHDPiVGHXQRGHORVSUHVHQWHVQRVKDQHVFXSLGRDODFDUD FRPRVLIXHUDXQLQVXOWR3RUVDOXGPHQWDOWLHPSRKDTXHGHFLG ³VDOLUGHODUPDULR´  SXHGR GDU IH GH TXH GHVGH HQWRQFHV PLV UHODFLRQHV ODERUDOHV KDQ PHMRUDGR D KDQ GHVHVSHUDGRGHOOHYDUPHDOEXHQFDPLQRGRFHQWH (VWD YXOJDUL]DFLyQ GH YRFHV GHVFDIHLQDGDV HV SUREDEOHPHQWH LQKHUHQWH D OD QDWXUDOH]DHI PHUDGHOPHQFLRQDGRGLVFXUVRHLQFOXVRSRGU DSHQVDUVHTXHLQRFXDVLQR IXHUD SRU HO SHTXHxR GHWDOOH GH TXH OD PHUFDGRWHFQLD SRO WLFD FRQYLHUWH FRUULHQWHV GH SXUD RSLQLyQ YDFXD HQ OH   DXQ HQ OH  VREUH PDWHULD WDQ GHOLFDGD FRPR HV OD HGXFDFLyQ $V  WHQHPRV TXH SDUD JDUDQWL]DU OD IRUPDFLyQ DFDGpPLFD GH PHQWHV FRPXQLFDWLYDPHQWHVDQDVQRKD PiVTXHGHFUHWDUTXHHODOXPQRGHEHVDEHUPDQHMDU GLYHUVDV IXHQWHVGHLQIRUPDFLyQVLQPiVJDUDQW DGHGLVFHUQLPLHQWRTXHXQDDOXVLyQDO FRQRFLPLHQWRFU WLFRTXHDSDUHFHVXSHUSXHVWRFRPREXUGDPHQWHVXSHUSXHVWRDSDUHFHHO FRQRFLPLHQWR GH ORV GLIHUHQWHV GLVFXUVRV HQ OD QRUPDWLYD OHJDO VREUH HQVHxDQ]D  /D SULPHUDFRQVHFXHQFLDGHHVWRHVTXHHOFRQRFLPLHQWRREWHQLGRHVSUHFLVDPHQWHDFU WLFR SXHVWR TXH HO FRPSRQHQWH WHyULFR GH DQiOLVLV GH ORV GLVFXUVRV QR VyOR IXH REYLDGR FDQRQL]DQGR DV  PRGHORV LQFOXVR UHWUyJUDGR HQ VX IRQGR VLQR TXH WRGR LQWHQWR GH GLVFXVLyQFLHQW ILFDVREUHHOWHPDKDVLGRFRQVFLHQWHPHQWHSURVFULWR 3RU RWUD SDUWH GLYHUVDV ³DODUPDV´ GH RUGHQ VRFLROyJLFR KDQ SURYRFDGR XQD DYDODQFKDGHGRFXPHQWDFLyQRILFLDO SDUDRILFLDOFHQWUDGDHQVXSHUSRQHUDUWLILFLDOPHQWH OD FXHVWLyQ GH ORV YDORUHV WUDWDGRV HQ IRUPD GH FyGLJRV FHUUDGRV GH UDQFLD PRUDOLQD GLVFXUVLYDDXQTXHDGRUQDGDGHWHUPLQRORJ DQRYHGRVD$ODOHFWXUDGHGLYHUVDVIXHQWHV GH LQIRUPDFLyQWRGDVYDOLG VLPDV OHJ WLPDVSRUOH HOSURIHVRUKDGHDxDGLUSRUREUD JUDFLD GH ODV GLUHFWULFHV XQ PHFDQLVPR GH FHQVXUD GH WH[WRV TXH SRU VXSXHVWR UHYHODUiQVXYHUGDGHUDQDWXUDOH]DHQFXDQWRHODOXPQRSHUWUHFKDGRGHYDORUHVORVOHD 2FLRVRHVGHFLUTXHHOVH[LVPRHVXQDGHODVVLHWHSODJDVDKDFHUH[WLQJXLUDXQTXHHO ~QLFR DQW GRWRTXHRIUH]FDHOVLVWHPDOHJDOHGXFDWLYRVHDHOGHODFHQVXUD6LQR¢TXp GLIHUHQFLDGHIRQGRKD HQWUHSUHVFULELUHOXVRGH³HQVDODGDQDFLRQDO´SRU³HQVDODGLOOD UXVD´ SURKLELU GHQWUR GHODXODH[SUHVLRQHVGHQLJUDWRULDVEDVDGDVHQHOJpQHURTXHHO DOXPQRYDDUHSHWLUHQFXDQWRFUXFHODSXHUWDGHODHVFXHOD"'HKHFKRKDEU DTXHSDVDU ODUJDVQRFKHVSHQVDQGRGHFODURHQFODURSDUDGLVFHUQLUVLVHKDGHSUHPLDUDXQDOXPQR SRU XVDU IUDVHVKHFKDVRUHIUDQHVGHVXHQWRUQRLQPHGLDWRRELHQFDVWLJDUORSRUTXHWDOHV HOHPHQWRV VHDQ SRO WLFDPHQWH LQFRUUHFWRV (VWR QR HV UHWyULFD HV VyOR XQD IRUPD GH FRQWDU VLQ DFULWXG OD H[SHULHQFLD GH FRQWHPSODU SURPRFLRQHV HQWHUDV GH DOXPQDV GH FHQWURV UXUDOHV HQ ORV TXH DOFDQ]DGR GHWHUPLQDGR QLYHO GH HGDG HPSLH]DQ D VHU DQHVWHVLDGDVHQVXVLQWHUHVHVDFDGpPLFRSURIHVLRQDOHVDV FRPRGHODSHUVHFXFLyQGH YDORUHVFRPRODVHQVLELOLGDGHLQWXLFLyQHQORVSURFHVRVFRJQLWLYRVPDVFXOLQRV(VDIXH OD UD]yQ SRU OD TXH DEDQGRQp SRVWXUDV PiV IRUPDOLVWDV  Y D SUDJPiWLFD FRPHQFp D LQWURGXFLU HQ PL IRUPDFLyQ ~WLOHV KHUUDPLHQWDV GH JLQRFU WLFD $ HVR VH VXPy RWUR SUREOHPD HO GH OD SURSLD LGHQWLGDG /D E~VTXHGD GH OD LGHQWLGDG IHPHQLQD  GH ORV PHFDQLVPRV UHSUHVRUHV TXH OD SXHGDQ FRQILQDU  RWUR WDQWR KDEU D TXH GHFLU GH ODV LGHQWLGDGHVHLPDJLQDULRVKRPRVH[XDOHV GHDK HQDGHODQWHHVORTXHPHSHUPLWHLU HQ EXVFD GH OD LGHQWLGDG GH HVD PLQRU D OODPDGD ³YDUyQ KHWHURVH[XDO FDWyOLFR PRQyJDPRILHO OHYHPHQWHDFRPSOHMDGLOOR´ /D FXHVWLyQ SRU WDQWRHVPXFKRPiVVHULDODOHJLVODFLyQHGXFDWLYDD XQDGH UHQRYDFLyQHQODHSLVWHPRORJ DGHORTXHVHHQVHxDVRVWLHQHXQFRQFHSWRGHUHIHUHQWH WDQ U JLGRTXHUD DHQORSODWyQLFRHQVXVHQWLGRPiVSH RUDWLYRPXHUWDODSDODEUD PXHUWD ODFRVD(VDULJLGH]DSRFDO SWLFDTXHSURYRFDPRGHUQRVHVFU~SXORVGHPRQMDGH ODV DQWLJXDV TXHVHWUDGXFHHQODSRVLELOLGDGGHVDQFLRQDUDXQSURIHVRUSRUVDOLUVH GHOEXHQFDPLQRWLHQHVXFDUDLQWHJUDGDVLORVFRPSRQHQWHVVRQEXHQRVHOSURGXFWRHV EXHQR 3RU WDQWR OR TXH D FRQWLQXDFLyQ WUDWDUp GH RIUHFHU HV QR XQD FRQGHQD QL XQD GHPRQL]DFLyQGH'LVQH VLQRXQHMHPSORGHTXHVLPSOHPHQWHFRQXQDVHVFDVDVSHUR FRKHUHQWHV LGHDV HV HQRUPHPHQWH IiFLO VHSDUDU JUDQR  SDMD &RPR HMHPSOR XVDUp HO WUDWDPLHQWR LQWHQVLYR TXH KDQ VXIULGR DOJXQRV HOHPHQWRV IHPHQLQRV HQ OD SHO FXOD GH GLEXMRV DQLPDGRV +pUFXOHV KDVWD HO SXQWR GH UHLGHRORJL]DU HO PLWR HQ XQD GLUHFFLyQ UHSURJUDPDGD'HKHFKRORTXHH[SRQGUpHVSDUWHGHODEDVHGHXQWUDEDMRLQLFLDOFRQ DOXPQRVGH6HFXQGDULDTXHHVSHURSHUILODUHQEUHYH'HMRGHODGRSXHVHOLQWHUHVDQWH SUREOHPD GHO YDFLDPLHQWR GHO KpURH PDVFXOLQR OD WULYLDOL]DFLyQ GH OD WUDVFHQGHQFLD PLWROyJLFD RWUD EXHQD SDUWH GH SURFHVRV GH WUDQVGLVFXUVLYL]DFLyQ DOLHQDQWH  HO IRUPLGDEOH HQWUDPDGR HFRQyPLFR TXH VXVWHQWD WDQWR WDOHV SURGXFFLRQHV FRPR ORV EHQHILFLRVHFRQyPLFRVTXHUHSRUWDODPDQLSXODFLyQLGHROyJLFD /D SULPHUD GLILFXOWDG TXH VH SRGU D SRQHU D XQD WDUHD GRFHQWH GH HVWH WLSR DSOLFDGDDOQLYHOHGXFDWLYRSURSXHVWRHVHOHOHYDGRJUDGRGHDEVWUDFFLyQTXHLPSOLFD UHIRUPDU HO FRQFHSWR GH UHIHUHQWH 'H KHFKR TXLHQ OHV KDEOD KD VLGR S~EOLFDPHQWH GHVSUHFLDGRFRQHVWDH[FXVDHQGLYHUVDVFDWHTXHVLV/2*6(VREUH/HQJXD /LWHUDWXUD SRU SRQHQWHVTXHQRVDE DQTXpHUDODSUDJPiWLFD TXHKDQSXEOLFDGRHOPDQXDOGH GLGiFWLFD GH OD DVLJQDWXUD GHO &$3 GH HVWD 8QLYHUVLGDG TXH QRV DORMD DV  FRPR HO SURIHVRU HQFDUJDGR SRUODPLVPDGHFRRUGLQDUODSUXHEDGH&RPHQWDULRGH7H[WRSDUDHO DFFHVR D OD 8QLYHUVLGDG FXHVWLyQ D~Q PiV GRORURVD FXDQGR XQR VLJXH VLQWLHQGR HVWD FDVDFRPRVX8QLYHUVLGDG (QUHDOLGDGODGHODVGLILFXOWDGHVGHORVQXHYRVSDUDGLJPDVWHyULFRVHVXQDIDOVD FXHVWLyQSXHVWRTXHHOTXHWLHQHTXHFDPELDUVXVSUHVXSXHVWRVREVROHWRVHVXQSURIHVRU DOTXHKDEU DTXHGDUOHPiVIDFLOLGDGHVSDUDHVWDUDOG DGHVXDVLJQDWXUD XQHQMDPEUH EXURFUiWLFRTXHQRGHEHU DGLFWDPLQDUVREUHORTXHGHVFRQRFH -DPiV VH PH RFXUULU D KDEODU D XQ DOXPQDGR GH FDWRUFH DxRV GH YDFLDPLHQWR UHIHUHQFLDO R GH UHLGHRORJL]DFLyQ ±DXQTXH WDPSRFR GH OD GLIHUHQFLD HQWUH VHPDV  DUFKLVHPDV 6HQFLOODPHQWH SRUTXH ODV LGHDV FRPR QRV HQVHxy 'HVFDUWHV VRQ RSHUDWLYDV HQ HO HVWDGR GH LQWXLFLyQ (V WUHPHQGDPHQWH IiFLO SUHJXQWDU SRU TXp /D VLUHQLWD GH $QGHUVHQWHUPLQDGHIRUPDGLIHUHQWHDODYHUVLyQ'LVQH  SRUTXpWLHQHQ TXH DFDEDUELHQODVSHO FXODVSHURQRORVFXHQWRVWUDGLFLRQDOHV/XHJROOHJDHOPRPHQWR GH KDEODU GH OD SULPHUD FRPR DOHJRU D FRQGHQDWRULD GHO PDWULPRQLR GHVLJXDO  GH OD VHJXQGD FRPR DQHVWHVLDGRUD GH XQD FXHVWLyQ UHDO KD  GLIHUHQFLDV GH FODVH VRFLDO FXOWXUDO VH[XDO TXH HVWiQ RSHUDQGR FRPR EDUUHUDV HIHFWLYDV HQ QXHVWUR HQWRUQR 'H KHFKR FXDQGR VH HV SURIHVRU IXHUD GH ]RQDV XUEDQDV HV PX  IiFLO PRVWUDU HMHPSORV FUXGDPHQWH H[SO FLWRV DXQTXH VX FRQGHQD UHWyULFD HV LQ~WLO /D EDVH GH HVRV DXWRPDWLVPRV GLVFULPLQDQWHV  HQ HVSHFLDO HQ OR FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH D OD GLVWLQFLyQ SRU VH[RV QR HVWiWDQWRHQODSUiFWLFDSXQWXDO PXFKRPHQRVHQVXVYHUEDOL]DFLRQHVFRPR HQORVUHODWRV PHWDUUHODWRVTXHODOHJLWLPDQ (PSHFHPRVXQDYH]VXUJLGDODVRPEUDGHODVRVSHFKDDUHYLVDUHOUHODWRP WLFR FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH D +pUFXOHV FRQ D XGD GH FXDOTXLHU GLFFLRQDULR GH PLWRORJ D PHGLDQDPHQWHFRPSOHWR   DXQHVRVDELHQGRTXHODVPLWRORJ DVQRVRQSUHFLVDPHQWH PRGpOLFDV SHUR OR TXH LPSRUWD HV DSUHQGHU D GHVDWDU ORV SULPHURV OD]RV TXH OXHJR RFDVLyQKDEUiGHVHJXLUFRQHOUHVWRGHODPDGHMD'HKHFKRFRQILHVRXQFRQRFLPLHQWR GHODPLWRORJ DJUHFRUURPDQDQRPiVDOOiGHORTXHGHEHVDEHUXQSURIHVRUGHOiUHDGH +XPDQLGDGHV /D SULPHUD VRUSUHVD TXH SRGUHPRV HQFRQWUDU HV TXH OD SHO FXOD QR GHMD DWUiV SUiFWLFDPHQWH QLQJ~Q HOHPHQWR GHOPLWR1R DORVGRFHWUDEDMRVVLQRLQFOXVREXHQD SDUWH GH ORV SDUHUJD DSDUHFHQ GH XQD X RWUD PDQHUD UHIOHMDGRV HQ HO WH[WR I OPLFR OOHJDQGRDGHWDOOHVFRPRDSURYHFKDUHOJULWRGH'H DQLUDXQDGHODVHVSRVDVGHOKpURH FXDQGR 1HVR WUDWD GH YLRODUOD &LHUWDPHQWH ORV HOHPHQWRV GH FRQVWUXFFLyQ GHO UHODWR P WLFR KDQ VLGR FXLGDGRVDPHQWH GHVPRQWDGRV SDUD DSURYHFKDU OD IXHU]D LQKHUHQWH D HOHPHQWRV TXH KDQ UHVLVWLGR HO SDVR GHO WLHPSR  SRGHU DV  XVDUORV FRPR PDWHULDO GH FRQVWUXFFLyQ $V  HVH JULWR SDVD D VHU OD SULPHUD VLWXDFLyQ GH FRPEDWH UHDO GH XQ +pUFXOHV GLEXMDGR FRPR ³KpURHFDEDOOHUR DQGDQWH´ TXH WUDWD GH UHDOL]DU VX SULPHUD ³KD]DxDHQWUHQDPLHQWRGHFRPEDWHUHDO´UHVFDWDUDXQDGRQFHOOD (OPiVFODURGHORVHMHPSORVGHHVWHSURFHVRGHYDFLDGRHVSUREDEOHPHQWHHO WUDWDPLHQWRTXHUHFLEH+HUD6LODILJXUDGH+HUDHQODPLWRJUDI DQRHVSUHFLVDPHQWHXQ DODUGHGHIHPLQLVPR   HVSDUWHHVHQFLDOHQHOGHVDUUROORGHOPLWRSXHVHQHOIRQGRHVOD HVSLQDGRUVDOTXHHQOD]DODVGHVJUDFLDV KD]DxDVGHOSURGXFWRGHO~OWLPRGHYDQHRGH =HXV TXH LQFOXVR KD GH FDPELDU VX QRPEUH GH $OFLGHV DO GH +HUDFOHV HQ HO WH[WR FLQHPDWRJUiILFR OD SHUVHFXFLyQ SDVD D PDQRV GH +DGHV TXH DGTXLHUH XQ FDUiFWHU GLDEyOLFR PiV SURSLR GH OD FXOWXUD MXGHRFULVWLDQD +HUD HV HO SHUVRQDMH PHQRV FRQVLVWHQWHLQFOXVRHQVXWUD]RGHGLEXMRFRQXQURVWURWDQRYDODGRTXHODH[FOX HGHO UHVWR GH GLRVDV H LQFOXVR GH GLRVHV (QYXHOWD HQ XQ YHOR S~USXUD D QR HQYLGLDU XQD EXUNDDIJDQDSDVDDVHUQRVyORODPDGUHOHJ WLPDGHOKpURHVLQRTXHHQORVGLiORJRVQR KDFHVLQRGDUODUpSOLFDDXQ=HXVSDWULDUFDODOTXHVyORLQWHUUXPSHSDUDTXHHOQLxRQR VHKDJDGDxRRSDUDGHVSHUWDUD=HXVSDUDTXHDFXGDDWUDWDUGHLPSHGLUHOVHFXHVWURGH VX KLMR SRU +DGHV TXH OR FRQYHUWLUi HQ XQ PRUWDO D WUDYpV GH XQ ELEHUyQ UpSOLFD LQYHUWLGDGHOPLWRGHODIRUPDFLyQGHOD9 D/iFWHD/DQHJDFLyQGHODOHFKHSXHVHO  $V XQFOiVLFRFRPRHOGH*5,0$/3'LFFLRQDULRGHPLWRORJ DJULHJD 5RPDQD%DUFHORQD 3DLGyVRELHQ58,='((/9,5$$0LWRORJ DFOiVLFD0DGULG*UHGRV  &IU(OFOiVLFRGH320(52<6%'LRVDVUDPHUDV HVFODYDV0XMHUHVHQODDQWLJHGDG FOiVLFD0DGULG$NDO DWDTXH GH ODV VHUSLHQWHV  RWUDV PHQXGHQFLDV GH OD LQIDQFLD GH +pUFXOHV QR VRQ DV  SURGXFWRGHODYHQJDWLYDGLRVD+HUDKDVLGRSXHVGHVDFWLYDGDSDUDFRQYHUWLUVHHQXQD UHFDWDGD SUXGHQWHDPDGHFDVDTXHDVLHQWHHGXFDGDPHQWHDWRGRFXDQWRRFXUUHDVX DOUHGHGRU 'H KHFKR LQFOXVR OD SURSLD PDWHUQLGDG LPSXHVWD SRU HO JXLyQ DSDUHFH GHVFDIHLQDGD SXHV VRODPHQWH H[SHULPHQWD VHQWLPLHQWRV  HQ QLQJ~Q PRPHQWR DFW~D FXLGDQGRDFWLYDPHQWHDOEHEpRVHSURQXQFLDDIDYRURHQFRQWUDGHODVGHFLVLRQHVGHVX PDULGRRKLMR8Q3HJDVRGHLPSRUWDFLyQDFW~DGHQLxHUD GHILQLWLYDPHQWHUHGXFHODV SURSRUFLRQHVGHODGLRVDDODVGHXQDHVSRVDGHQLYHOHFRQyPLFRHOHYDGRTXHFXPSOHODV H[LJHQFLDVGHOSURWRFROR /DPDGUHPLWROyJLFD$OFPHQDVXIUHXQSDUHFLGRSURFHVR6XVH[XDOLGDGKDVLGR GHVWUXLGD SRU XQ SURFHGLPLHQWR FOiVLFR GH OD LFRQRJUDI D FULVWLDQD $O LJXDO TXH OD YLUJLQLGDGGH0DU DUHTXHU DODLPDJHQGHXQHVSRVRGHHGDGPiVTXHPDGXUDFDSD]GH UHSULPLUVXVLPSXOVRVODHQJDxDGDSRU=HXVIRUPDMXQWRFRQVXPDULGRXQDVLPSiWLFD SDUHMDGHDQFLDQLWRVQRVHROYLGHHOPLWRGH)LOHPyQ %DXFLVTXHKDQURJDGRDORV GLRVHVXQKLMR WURSLH]DQFRQHOQLxRDEDQGRQDGRSRUXQDWRUSH]DGHORVD XGDQWHVGH +DGHV )UHQWH D OD UHODWLYD SDVLYLGDG GH $QILWULyQ HQ HO UHODWR P WLFR ±D OD IXHU]D DKRUFDQHOSHUVRQDMHIHPHQLQRHVHOTXHSDVDDXQVHJXQGRSODQRGHFRQVHQWLPLHQWR  VXPLVLyQ DO PDULGR TXH DXQTXH GpELO  FRQIUDWHUQL]DQWH FRQ VX KLMR OOHYD HO SURWDJRQLVPR GH OD HVFDVD DFFLyQ GH HVWRV SDGUHV SRVWL]RV GDGD OD OHJLWLPLGDG LQWUDPDWULPRQLDOTXHVHKDRWRUJDGRDOSURWDJRQLVWDHQHOILOPH (O FDVR GH ODV 0RLUDV HV HVSHFLDOPHQWH LQWHUHVDQWH 3RU XQ ODGR HQ OD FRQVWUXFFLyQJUiILFDGHORVSHUVRQDMHVSRGHPRVDSUHFLDUTXHHOHTXLSRTXHGHVDUUROOyHO SHUVRQDMHFROHFWLYRKDDFXGLGRDDWULEXWRVSURSLRVGHODV)XULDVDV ORVFDEHOORVFRPR VHUSLHQWHVRODGLVSRVLFLyQVHUYLOGH+DGHVTXHFRLQFLGHFRQHOWHPRUUHYHUHQFLDOTXH VHOHVWHQ DLQFOXVRHQHOQRPEUHDOWHUQDWLYRODV(XPpQLGHV3RURWUDSDUWHVHFHQWUD VXWDUHDHQORVGRVDVSHFWRVPiVGLYXOJDGRVFRQRFLPLHQWRGHOGHVWLQR GXUDFLyQGHOD YLGDGHORVPRUWDOHV 3HUR HVWD FRPELQDFLyQ H[SORVLYD GH HQWHV IHPHQLQRV HV GHVDFWLYDGD GH LQPHGLDWR(QSULPHUOXJDUHOLQWHUWH[WRJUiILFRFRQGLWLRVLQHTXDQRQSDUDFRQVHUYDU HOSXHVWRGHGLEXMDQWHHQ'LVQH GHODEUXMDGH%ODQFDQLHYHVELHQTXHGHSXUDGDVODV UHGRQGHFHVHQFDUDVDQJXORVDVVHJ~QHOJXVWRGHORVWLHPSRVTXHFRUUHQGDXQWRTXHGH IDPLOLDULGDGFRQORVGLEXMRVGH³ODFDVD´ VXJLHUHXQSRVLEOHILQDOIHOL]3RURWUDSDUWH HO WUDWDPLHQWR GH OD WDUHD GH KLODU HQUROODU  FRUWDU OD YLGD GH ORV VHUHV KXPDQRV HV GHVDFWLYDGRSRUPHGLRGHXQKXPRU VWLFR³FRQWDGRUGHPXHUWRV´DOHVWLORGHDOJXQRV HVWDEOHFLPLHQWRV GH VHUYLFLRV UiSLGRV HVWDGRXQLGHQVHV $GHPiVODSUHJXQWDGH+DGHV VREUHHOIXWXURGHVXLQYHQWDGDFRQMXUDUHFLEHXQDUHVSXHVWDGREOHPHQWHGHELOLWDGDSDUD OD LQIDOLELOLGDG VXSXHVWD D ODV FXVWRGLDGRUDV GHO GHVWLQR (Q OD IRUPD FRQ UHVSXHVWDV HVWLOR ³DGLYLQD´  ³EROD GH FULVWDO´ QR ROYLGHPRV HO HVWDWXV PDUJLQDGRUGHOFRQFHSWR WUDGLFLRQDO GH EUXMD  HQ HO FRQWHQLGR )UHQWH DO FXPSOLPLHQWR PLWROyJLFR GH ORV RUiFXORV FRPR H[SUHVLyQ GH OD IDWDOLGDG ODV 3DUFDV LQWURGXFLUiQ D +pUFXOHV FRPR SRWHQFLDO GLVWRUVLRQDGRU GHO GHVWLQR H LQFOXVR IDOODQ DO FRUWDU HO KLOR GH VX YLGD SRU GLYLQL]DUVHHOPLVPRHQODUHHVWUXFWXUDFLyQGHOJXLyQ /DSULPHUDJUDQKD]DxDGHQXHVWURKpURHSURFHGHGHODIXVLyQGHGRVHSLVRGLRV ODPXHUWHGHOD+LGUD HOVDOYDPHQWRGH+HV RQHGHVHUGHYRUDGDSRUHOFHWiFHR3RU VXSXHVWR OD YLROHQFLD HQ 'LVQH  GHEH HVWDU SUHYLDPHQWH MXVWLILFDGD  OHJLWLPDGD  RIUHFHU D XQD GRQFHOOD FRPR Y FWLPD QR HV XQ EXHQ HMHPSOR $WDFDU D RWUR VHU VLQ PRWLYR WDPSRFR $V  SXHV SDUHFH PiV FRQYHQLHQWH QR VyOR TXH +DGHV SUHSDUH XQD WUDPSDVLQRTXHODY FWLPDPiVLQRFHQWHHQYH]GHXQDGRQFHOODVHDQDSDUHQWHPHQWH GRVQLxRVQRQLxDVDFFLGHQWDGRV$VLPLVPROD+LGUDDxDGHDVXUHSHUWRULRHOWUDJDUVH D +pUFXOHV TXH FRUUHVSRQGH DO HSLVRGLR GH +HV RQH DXQTXH FRQ XQD GLIHUHQFLD PLHQWUDV TXH HQ HO PLWR HV XQD HVWUDWDJHPD GHO KpURH DTX  HV XQ HUURU GHO LQH[SHUWR DSUHQGL] OR TXH OH VLUYH DO JXLRQLVWD SDUD FUHDU XQ IDOVR ILQDO TXH HQODFH GRV GH ORV HSLVRGLRV GH DFFLyQ PiV WUHSLGDQWH GHO ILOPH SRU RWUD SDUWH FRQ LQWHUHVDQWHV DQWHFHGHQWHV FRQVHFXHQWHVLQWHUWH[WXDOHVHQHOVHQRGHODIDFWRU D(QFXDOTXLHUDGH ORVGRVFDVRVHOSURWDJRQLVWDYHQFHUiDOPRQVWUXRDWDFiQGRORGHVGHGHQWUR (VWD YLFWRULD SURGXFLUi HQ HO GLVFXUVR I OPLFR XQD SDXVD HQ OD TXH OD YR] QDUUDWLYD HQ RII GH ODV PXVDV TXH MXQWR FRQ XQD FDQFLyQ UHODWDUi JUDQ SDUWH GH ODV KD]DxDVGH+pUFXOHVDULWPRGHYLGHRFOLSGHIRUPDTXHVHFRQWUDLJDHOWLHPSRKDVWDTXH OOHJDDOHVWDWXVGHOHVWUHOODWR<HVWRFRQGXFHDXQDSRSXODULGDGPHGLGDHQDGROHVFHQWHV KLVWpULFDV  HQ p[LWR FRPHUFLDO 3RGU D SDUHFHU OR VHJXQGR XQD SDURGLD DO HVWLOR GH OD UHDOL]DGDSRU0HO%URRNVHQ/DORFDKLVWRULDGHODVJDOD[LDVGHQRVHUSRUTXHDTX HV FRQVXVWDFLDODOWUDEDMRKHURLFRGHOSHUVRQDMHFRPROHUHFXHUGDVXHQWUHQDGRULQWHUWH[WR 5RFN DOUHYLVDUVXDJHQGDGHWUDEDMRVODSDUWHGHKD]DxDVTXHIDOWDEDVLQROYLGDUQL XQD (Q FXDQWR D OD SRSXODULGDG PLWROyJLFD GH +pUFXOHV HQWUH ODV PXMHUHV FLHUWDPHQWH ORV +HUiFOLGDV VRQ ULFR WHVWLPRQLR GH HOOR HQ HO PLWR 3HUR HVWD SURPLVFXLGDGLQFOXVRVHPHQWDOL]DFLyQGHOSHUVRQDMHP WLFRHVXQDRSFLyQGREOHPHQWH SHOLJURVDSDUDODSHO FXOD(QSULPHUOXJDUGHEHVHUREYLDGDSRUUD]RQHVGHS~EOLFR±HVH FXULRVRFRPSOHMRGHQLxRVDFRPSDxDGRVGHDGXOWRVTXHREOLJDDPDQWHQHUXQGLVFXUVR PXOWLQLYHOFRQJXLxRVVHPLLUyQLFRVTXHQRDIHFWDQDODUHFHSFLyQPiVHOHPHQWDO3RU RWUR ODGR OD PLVLyQ TXH VH OH KD HQFRPHQGDGR HQ HO JXLyQ ±KDFHUVH XQ KpURH QR SHUPLWHGLVWUDFFLRQHVHUyWLFDV GHKHFKROD~QLFDTXHVHGDHVWiDSXQWRGHFDXVDUOD GHVWUXFFLyQ GHILQLWLYD GHO SHUVRQDMH (Q HVWH FDVR LQWHUYLHQH GH QXHYR FRPR PiV DGHODQWHYHUHPRVHOLQWHUWH[WRGHOHSLVRGLRGH6DQVyQHQHO/LEURGHORV-XHFHVFDSV DOFRQHOFRQGLFLRQDQWHGHOYRWRGHGHGLFDFLyQQD]LUHDWRD<DYp 3HUR SRU RWUD SDUWH HO VH[R YHQGH HQ ODV SHO FXODV DQLPDGDV DXQTXH VHD VXDYHPHQWH DOXGLGR HQ HO D UHPRWR EDxR GH &HQLFLHQWD (O SUREOHPD HV EXVFDU ORV GHVDFWLYDGRUHV TXH DXWRPDWLFHQ XQD UHFHSFLyQ VXEOLPLQDO GH ODV DOXVLRQHV 'H KHFKR ODV DOXVLRQHV GLUHFWDV DO VH[R FRPR HO ³£IyOODPH´ GH XQD IDQ DGROHVFHQWH FDVL VXEOLPLQDOHQWUHORVJULWRVYDULDGRVSDUHFHQLQWHQFLRQDOPHQWHFRORFDGDVSDUDGHVSHUWDU ODV LUDV GH JUXSRV XOWUDFRQVHUYDGRUHV  FDOLILFDU OD SHO FXOD GH LQPRUDO FRQ OD FRQVLJXLHQWHSXEOLFLGDGJUDWXLWD ¢&yPRGHVDFWLYDUXQVH[RTXHLQWHUHVDSUHVHQWDUYHODGDPHQWH"(QSULPHUOXJDU GHJUDGDQGR OD DWUDFFLyQ I VLFDLQWHUVH[XDOIUHQWHDXQYDUyQDGXOWR PXVFXODGRXQD SDQGLOODGHJUDQXMLHQWDV GHVJDUEDGDVDGROHVFHQWHVFRQODVGHVSURSRUFLRQHVGHODHGDG IUHQWHDKHUPRVDVQLQIDVXQViWLURGHDVSHFWR FRQGXFWDFRPSOHWDPHQWHFRQWUDULRVD ORVGH+pUFXOHVTXHUHFLEHPHUHFLGRPDOWUDWRGHODVPXMHUHVDVDOWDGDV'HKHFKRHQOD VHFXHQFLDILQDOSRUILQUHFLELUiXQEHVRGHODFDVTXLYDQD$IURGLWD 3RURWUDSDUWHODV0XVDVSLHUGHQEXHQDSDUWHGHVXVDWULEXWRVP WLFRV SDVDQD FRQYHUWLUVH HQ XQ FRUR QDUUDGRU FRQ XQ SURQXQFLDGR DLUH JRVSHO &XULRVDPHQWH HVWi FRPSXHVWRGHHVFXOWXUDOHVEHOOH]DVGHpEDQRFRQXQGLVFXUVRSHUPDQHQWHPHQWHFDVWR VDOYROD~OWLPDREHVDWRUSHGHPRYLPLHQWRVHWFTXHHVODTXHHQODPLVPDOyJLFD DQWHULRUJR]DGHPiVOLEHUWDGGDGRVXDVSHFWRSDUDIRUPXODUFRPHQWDULRVHUyWLFDPHQWH PiVGLUHFWRV (QWHUFHUOXJDUODSUHVHQFLDGHODFRPSDxHUDGH+pUFXOHV0pJDUD/RSULPHUR TXH HV QHFHVDULR WHQHU HQ FXHQWD HV TXH SURFHGH GH XQ GLVHxR GH SHUVRQDMH TXH KD UHFRJLGRLQWHOLJHQWHPHQWHODWUDGLFLyQGHODVYDPSLUHVDVGHODKLVWRULDGHOFLQHDV QR KDEU D TXH ROYLGDU OD VHFXHQFLD GH %ROD GH )XHJR HQ HO TXH XQD H[SORVLYD %DUEDUD 6WDQZLFN SRVD VX SLHUQD VREUH *DU  &RRSHU  VX FRUUHVSRQGHQFLD FRQ XQD VLPLODU VHFXHQFLD HQ HO ILOPH TXH HVWDPRV DQDOL]DQGR 6LQ HPEDUJR OD YHUVLyQ 'LVQH IUHQD SDUWHGHODFDUJDHUyWLFDFXDQGRQRVSUHVHQWDDXQDPXMHUTXHUHQXQFLDDORVKRPEUHV  TXH SURQWR VH DSLDGD FDVL IUDWHUQDOPHQWH GHO KpURH KDVWD TXH DFDED HQDPRUiQGRVH FDVWDPHQWHGHpO $OUHGHGRUGHHVWHSHUVRQDMHUHODWLYDPHQWHPHQRUHQHOGHVDUUROORGHOPLWRVH FRQFHQWUDVLQHPEDUJRODDFFLyQGHOILOPHFXDQGRUH~QHODVFDUDFWHU VWLFDVGHOSHUVRQDMH KRPyQLPR ±TXH GHVHQFDGHQD WUDV VX PXHUWH HO FLFOR GH ORV GRFH WUDEDMRV  ODV GH HVSRVDV FRQFXELQDVGHOKpURHHQHVSHFLDOODPHQFLRQDGD'H DQLUDDODTXHKD TXH VDOYDUGH1HVR TXHSURYRFDDGHPiVVXPXHUWHGHIRUPDLQYROXQWDULD$HOORKD TXH VXPDU TXH HO UHVFDWH ILQDO QR HV RWUR SURFHVRTXHHOGHODOLEHUDFLyQGHODPXHUWHGH $OFHVWLV7RGRVHOORVKDQVLGRSHUVRQDMHVIHPHQLQRVGHOPLWRFRQVXVSURSLRVUDVJRV TXH KDQ VLGR GHVSLH]DGRV  FRPELQDGRV SDUD FRQVWUXLU XQD FRPELQDFLyQ GH DWUDFWLYR IDWDO VHGXFFLyQ DUUHSHQWLPLHQWR HQDPRUDPLHQWR VDOYDFLyQ WUDV HVR V  SDJDU FRQ OD YLGDVXFXOSD ILQDOIHOL]HQODWLHUUDHVWR DFRQWUDGLFLHQGRHOPLWR ¢&yPR HVWUXFWXUDU WRGR HVWR" 6L HQ HO PHQFLRQDGR JXLyQ GH %LOO  :LOGHU HO PRGHORHUDXQLUUHYHUHQWHUHODWRGH%ODQFDQLHYHV ORVVLHWHHQDQLWRVHQHOFDVRTXH QRVRFXSDFODUDPHQWHHVWDPRVDQWHXQDYHUVLyQGHO DPHQFLRQDGRUHODWRGH6DQVyQ  0pJDUDGHVHPSHxDHOSDSHOGH'DOLODVLELHQFRQYHQLHQWHPHQWHDUUHSHQWLGDGHVXIDOWD 'DOLOD HV VHGXFWRUD SHUR PDOYDGD 0pJDUD HQ HO ILOPH H[S D VX SHFDGR PXULHQGR  SRVWHULRUPHQWHHVUHFDWDGDGHODPXHUWHFRQORTXHTXHGDUHSULPLGRHOIDFWRUVHGXFFLyQ KDVWDHOFDVWRPDWULPRQLRILQDO 3RGU DPRVVHJXLUDERUGDQGRRWURVPXFKRVFDVRVGHHVWHSURFHVRGHGHVSLH]DGR  UHFRQVWUXFFLyQ SHUR GH HOORV VHJXLU DPRV REWHQLHQGR FRQFOXVLRQHV SDUHFLGDV QRV HQFRQWUDPRVFRQXQHMHFHQWUDO6DQVyQ'DOLODTXHHVWUXFWXUDORVHOHPHQWRVSURFHGHQWHV GHO PLWR HQOD]DGRV FRQ SURFHGLPLHQWRV SURFHGHQWHV GH OD FRPHGLD URPiQWLFD KROO ZRRGLHQVH GH IRUPD TXH REWHQHPRV SRU XQ ODGR XQD FRPELQDFLyQ QXHYD GH LPSXOVRV EDMR OD DSDULHQFLD GH PXMHUHV LPDJLQDULDV FXDQGR HQ UHDOLGDG WDOHVPXMHUHV KDQVLGRYDFLDGDVGHVXVHQWLGRSULPLJHQLR GHVSURYLVWDVGHODSRVLELOLGDGGHDGTXLULU RWUR 'H OD PLVPD IRUPD SRGHPRV FRQWHPSODU HO HQWUHFUX]DPLHQWRGH GLVFXUVRVGH KRQGR FDODGR HQ QXHVWUD FXOWXUD  D VHD GH IRUPD FRQVFLHQWH R QR TXH QR VyOR VH LQWHUOHJLWLPDQ VLQR TXH OHJLWLPDQ HO SURGXFWR ILQDO FRPR DFHSWDEOH H LQFOXVR DSDUHQWHPHQWH UHFRPHQGDEOH 6LQHPEDUJR HOSURFHVR GH VLPSOHFRPSDUDFLyQ QRV KD UHYHODGR FyPR OD XQLyQ HQWUH SLH]DV HVWi DXWRPDWL]DGD SDUD SURPRYHU XQD OHFWXUD PRQROyJLFD GH FRPHGLD UHODWLYDPHQWH ³EODQFD´ TXH ODQ]D DO HVSHFWDGRU KDFLD XQD LQWHUSUHWDFLyQHVWHUHRWLSDGDGHORIHPHQLQR ¢4XpGLIHUHQFLDKD HQWUHORDTX SODQWHDGR XQDVLPSOHFU WLFDGHIXHQWHVSRU RWUDSDUWHIiFLOPHQWHDFFHVLEOHV"$SHQDVXQDVFRUURVLYDVJRWDVGHWHRU D±TXHFRQORV DGROHVFHQWHV HV DGPLQLVWUDEOH Y D LQWXLFLyQ FRQ HO ILQ GH DX[LOLDUQRV HQ OD WDUHD GH GHVDXWRPDWL]DUORVSURFHVRVUHFHSWLYRVGHVSHUWDUXQDVDQDVXVSLFDFLDDQWHORVSURGXFWRV GHFRQVXPR VREUHWRGRGHYROYHUDOUHFHSWRUHOGHUHFKRGHFRQVWUXLUDSDUWLUGHORV GDWRV GH OD H[SHULHQFLD UHDO ILFWLYD  GLIHULGD VX SURSLR FRQFHSWR UHIHUHQFLDO FRQWH[WXDOL]DGRGHDOJRWDQLPSRUWDQWHSRUVLPLODULGDGRFRQWUDVWHSDUDVXLGHQWLGDG FRPRHVHVHUHIHUHQWHTXHOODPDPRVµPXMHU¶