Videoarbitraje y fútbol. Narrativas en el poder de la tecnología al servicio del espectáculo

Video e e eeing and oo ball. Na a i es ega ding he powe o echnology a he se ice o majo spo e en s Videoa bi aje y ú bol. Na a i as en el pode de la ecnología al se icio del espec áculo doxa.comunicación | nº 42 | Janua y-June o 2026 ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978 How o ci e his a icle: Cobo Du án, S. and Ma ín-Mon ín, J. (2026). Video e e eeing and oo ball. Na a i es ega ding he powe o echnology a he se ice o majo spo e en s. Doxa Comunicación, 42. h ps://doi.o g/10.31921/doxacom.n42a2776 Se gio Cobo Du án. Senio lec u e in he Depa men o Audio- isual Communica ion and Ad e ising a he Uni e si y o Se ille. He has a Bachelo ’s Deg ee in Audio- isual Communica ion and a PhD in Communica ion, which ecei ed a quali ica ion o Summa Cum Laude by unanimous decision. The subjec s he impa s include Audio- isual Sc ip w i ing, he His o y o Spanish Cinema, and he Theo y and His o y o Documen a ies and Ad e ising. He has pa icipa ed on a ious R+D+i p ojec s, and is cu en ly wi h ano he endea ou en i led, New Na a i es, Sc eens, and Social Reali ies in Spanish Cinema om 2011-2022. P o esso Cobo Du án has gi en speeches a na ional and in e na ional con e ences and cong esses, and he has unde aken esea ch s ays and impa ed semina s on Spanish cinema a he Uni e sidad Aus al (Buenos Ai es, A gen ina), Uni e sidad de la República (Mon e ideo, U uguay), and Aichi P e ec u al Uni e si y (Nagaku e, Japón), among o he s. He is a membe o he esea ch g oup en i led, Liga de In es igación en Comunicación y Cul u a. Géne o(S), Na a i a, Ideología y Es udios Visuales [Resea ch associa ion o communica ion and cul u e, gende /s, na a i e, ideology, and isual s udies] (LIGAINCOM-SEJ694). His main lines o esea ch a e audio- isual na a i es, sc eenw i ing, al e na i e cinema in Spain, con empo a y ic ion, and he s udy o documen a ies and non- ic ion. Uni e sidad de Se illa, Spain [email p o ec ed] ORCID: 0000-0003-0374-6601 Joaquín Ma ín-Mon ín. Senio lec u e in he Depa men o Audio- isual Communica ion and Ad e ising a he Uni e si y o Se ille. PhD in Audio- isual Communica ion and a BA in he same discipline. He was a p e-doc o al ellow on he In e campus P og amme o he Spanish Agency o In e na ional Coope a ion a he Uni e sidade Fede al de San a Ma ia (B azil), and la e pa icipa ed in he Soc a es-E asmus P og amme o Thi d Cycle S udies a Aa hus Uni e si e (Denma k). He has comple ed pos -doc o al s ays a he Cen e o Olympic S udies (UAB) and he Uni e sidade Fee ale (B azil). P o esso Ma ín-Mon ín is a membe o he esea ch eam, Image and Visual Cul u e in he Field o Audio- isual Communica ion (EIKON). He eaches on he Bachelo ’s Deg ee in Audio- isual Communica ion, he dual Bachelo ’s Deg ee in Jou nalism and Audio- isual Communica ion, and on he Mas e ’s Deg ee in Sc eenw i ing, Na a i es, and Audio- isual C ea i i y. His main lines o esea ch a e audio- isual con en and he ela ionship be ween communica ion and spo . He has published se e al a icles in he ollowing scien i ic jou nals: Communica ion & Spo ; In e na ional Jou nal o Spo s Ma ke ing and Sponso ship; adComunica; Re is a cien í ica de es a egias, endencias e inno ación en comunicación; L’A alan e; and index.comunicación. He has also au ho ed se e al book chap e s issued by enowned publishe s such as Rou ledge, Pe e Lang, and IGI Global. Uni e sidad de Se illa, Spain [email p o ec ed] ORCID: 0000-0001-7869-4469 This con en is published unde C ea i e Commons A ibu ion Non-Comme cial License. In e na ional License CC BY-NC 4.0 | nº 42 | doxa.comunicación Janua y-June o 2026 Video e e eeing and oo ball. Na a i es ega ding he powe o echnology a he se ice o majo spo e en s ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978 1. In oduc ion The echnological de elopmen o audio- isual p oduc ion has his o ically led o many changes in spo s. When spo became a business, he ules we e ans o med, as i was o ced o adap o he equi emen s o ele ision (Whannel, 1992). The li e b oadcas o majo spo ing e en s includes he mos ypical ea u es o ele ised spo , as hese p og ammes a e ansmi ed in eal ime. Mo eo e , hey b eak he ou ine, ake place in emo e loca ions, and equi e me iculous planning (Dayan and Ka z, 1995). Such e en s include he Olympic Games and he Foo ball Wo ld Cup, which a ac eco d audiences, la gely due o hei g andiose na u e, he abili y o a ac la ge c owds, and hei in e na ional impac (Roche, 2000). The comme cialisa ion o b oadcas ing igh s o spo s compe i ions has allowed audio- isual ope a o s o in es in sophis ica ed esou ces o imp o e he iewe ’s expe ience, such as de eloping in e ac i e op ions using second sc eens (K oon, 2017; Ma ín-Mon ín, 2020; Elisha -Malka, e al., 2021). The ad en o ideo s eaming pla o ms o he b oadcas o spo ing e en s, along wi h business ag eemen s be ween ele ision ope a o s, has inc eased he numbe o subsc ip ions o he main compe i ions and aised he quali y o co e age, he eby a ousing mo e in e es among he audience (Owens, 2021; Moya-López e al., 2024). The echnical esou ces de o ed o spo s b oadcas ing ha e no only g own, bu hey ha e con inuously inco po a ed inno a ion in o audio- isual p oduc ion as well (Roge Monzó, 2015). One such no el y is o e ing he audience a ious simul aneous con en signals h ough mul i-sc een iewing (Hu chins e al., 2019), which was in oduced in o he ele ision co e age o mo o spo s such as Fo mula One Racing, and la e ex ended o o he spo s like oo ball. This esou ce is inco po a ed in o he b oadcas na a i e, he eby inc easing he en e aining na u e and exci emen o ele ised spo s (Wy e , 20 22). Thus, by Recibido: 18/09/2024 - Acep ado: 06/12/2024 - En edición: 04/02/2025 - Publicado Resumen: Los depo es más p o esionalizados u ilizan he amien as audio isua- les pa a agiliza decisiones a bi ales, modi icando el desa ollo egla- men a io de di e en es disciplinas (Bení ez, 2019). A pesa de su popu- la idad, el ú bol ha sido de los úl imos depo es en adop a la e isión de ídeo al eglamen o de sus p incipales compe iciones. Es e a ículo analiza la aplicación del ideoa bi aje en el ú bol (VAR) conside ando el caso español. De igual o ma, el abajo busca examina cómo el VAR modi ica el ela o na a i o de las e ansmisiones en di ec o. Pa a su elabo ación se han seleccionado si uaciones del VAR co espondien es a LaLiga 2023-24 (públicos en el canal YouTube LaLiga, DAZN y Mo is- a ). A pa i de los egis os seleccionados se pod á alo a la mane a o mal, es é ica y na a i a en la que la ele isión e leja el momen o del VAR. Palab as cla e: Realización audio isual; ideoa bi aje (VAR); na a i a; ú bol; ecnología. Recei ed: 18/09/2024 - Accep ed: 06/12/2024 - Ea ly access: 04/02/2025 - Published: Abs ac : Nowadays, op p o essional spo s use audio- isual ools o speed up e e ee decision-making, he eby modi ying he egula o y de elopmen o a ious spo ing domains (Bení ez, 2019). Despi e i s popula i y, oo ball was one o he las spo s o implemen ideo eplay as pa o he egula ions o i s main compe i i e e en s. This a icle analyses he use o Video Assis an Re e ee (VAR) in oo ball, wi h a pa icula ocus on Spain. The s udy also examines how VAR modi ies he na a i e o li e b oadcas s. To ca y ou he esea ch, he au ho s ha e selec ed ce ain VAR si ua ions om he 2023-24 LaLiga oo ball season, which a e a ailable on he YouTube channels o LaLiga, DAZN, and Mo is a . Based on he eco dings chosen, i is possible o e alua e he way in which ele ision e lec s VAR si ua ions in e ms o o m, aes he ics, and na a ion. Keywo ds: Audio- isual p oduc ion; ideo assis an e e ee (VAR); na a i e; oo ball; echnology. doxa.comunicación | nº 42 | Janua y-June o 2026 Se gio Cobo Du án and Joaquín Ma ín-Mon ín ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978 using a sc een di ided in o mul iple squa es, ans can ollow an e en om di e en angles, along wi h s a is ics and g aphic anima ion, which gene ally equi e a subsc ip ion when o e ed as an in e ac i e ool (Ma ín-Mon ín, 2021). A key ing edien in he audio- isual p oduc ion o spo s is he eplay, which in ol es “inse ing pa s o he de e ed s o y in o di e en independen blocks” (Bení ez, 2013: 357), which is used o cla i y ac ions ha ha e gone unno iced du ing he li e b oadcas . In oo ball, eplay is a common esou ce o ele ision b oadcas s, which is used o se le dispu es such as being o sides, as well as o he ules iola ions such as he use o hands and o he ypes o ouls. The eplay is used du ing in e up ions in he game, a which poin he sequence o sho s ega ding he ques ionable play is immedia ely a ailable o e iew in o de o unde s and exac ly wha has happened (Pe y e al., 2019). Fu he mo e, echnological ad ances ha e p o ided o he op ions o spo s p oduc ion, such as supe slow-mo ion came as, which enable high-quali y images o be cap u ed hanks o a eco ding sys em o 75 o mo e ames pe second (Owens, 2021). This esou ce makes i possible o eco d he mos imp essi e mo es and include hem as bonus con en in he b oadcas o impo an ma ches. An addi ional esou ce used in oo ball co e age is he 3D eplay sys em. This echnology was b ough in om majo US spo s ede a ions such as he NFL and NBA, and i was implemen ed in he Spanish oo ball league du ing he 2016/17 season. I is based on he compu e p ocessing o a sys em o 38 ul a-high-de ini ion came as, which o e s 360º olume ic eplays om any angle and posi ion (To es-Ma ín e al., 2022). On he o he hand, g aphics a e ano he impo an ea u e o audio- isual spo p oduc ion, which a e used o p o ide as much in o ma ion as possible in o de o complemen he images cap u ed by he came as, along wi h he oices o he spo s commen a o s. Mo eo e , he e is a di e ence be ween ex and illus a ion g aphics, which can ei he be s a iona y o mo ing (Owens, 2021). In he case o oo ball, he mos common g aphic ea u e in a b oadcas o summa y o a ma ch is he sign in he op le -hand co ne , which shows he sco e and ime (Ma ín-Mon ín, 2021). Some imes addi ional in o ma ion is p o ided depending on he ype o ac ion ha has aken place, whe he a oul, subs i u ion, o sides, o o he occu ence. Likewise, g aphics also p o ide ini ial line-ups and spo s a is ics, which is highly alued by spo s ans (Cummins e al., 2016). As in mos key oo ball compe i ions, he g aphics o Spain’s La Liga a e de eloped by an ex e nal company, which is sub-con ac ed o p o ide his se ice o ele ision ope a o s. In addi ion o he a o emen ioned isual aspec s, ele ised spo s includes sound componen s ha a e mainly comp ised o na a ion, commen a y, and ambien sound. Thus, he na a o leads he desc ip ion o wha is happening in he e en , some imes accompanied by commen a o s who complemen he s o y, and whose numbe a ies depending on he ype o co e age in ques ion. In his ega d, i is common o one o he speake s o be on he g ound in o de o o e a close accoun o he ac ion, and o conduc in e iews as well. On he o he hand, ambien sound e e s o sound ha is di ec ly linked o he spo ing e en , such as ha o kicking he ball, o he occasional shou o a coach (Ma ín-Mon ín, 2021), as well as o he audience in he s ands, whose eac ions and chan s con ibu e signi ican ly o he au hen ici y, immediacy, and li eliness o he soundscape (G aakjæ , 2020). Based on he ea u es men ioned abo e, he audio- isual p oduc ion o a oo ball ma ch in eg a es image and sound composed o epe i ion, g aphic elemen s, and commen a ies, which y o p o ide he spec a o wi h a cohe en analysis, e alua ion and assessmen o he ac ion aking place, since he ans a e no physically p esen a he e en (Ba n ield, 2013). As such, i mus be poin ed ou ha spo s b oadcas s on ele ision ha e become a comple e | nº 42 | doxa.comunicación Janua y-June o 2026 Video e e eeing and oo ball. Na a i es ega ding he powe o echnology a he se ice o majo spo e en s ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978 communica i e p ocess, ei he in ol ing he jou nalis ic p ocess (cons uc ing he e en ), o ecep ion ( econs uc ing he same ac ) (Blanco, 2012). 2. Video assis an e e eeing in he wo ld o spo Majo spo s compe i ions ha e bene i ed om ad ances in ele ision p oduc ion ools by inco po a ing hem in o e e eeing me hods, which has e en changed he de elopmen o ules in di e en spo ing en i onmen s (Bení ez, 2013). Thus, he ules o some mega-e en s in spo s allow he o icial judge o he compe i ion o use ideo echnology and compu e ools o make decisions ega ding ce ain plays in he game, he eby a oiding mis akes a c ucial momen s ha can ha e an undue impac on he esul s (Pe e sen-Wagne & Lee Lud igsen, 2023). Fo his eason, hese majo compe i ions ha e a sys em o egula ed echnical assis ance o e e ee decisions, which a ies acco ding o he spo as ollows: Ame ican oo ball has Replay O icial; Rugby uses Tele ision Ma ch O icial, o TMO; Baske ball has Ins an Replay, and so on. The p emie Ame ican oo ball league is he NFL, which is he longes -s anding use o ins an eplay o suppo ing e e ees’ decisions. Mo eo e , his echnology has been a egula pa o he game since 1999. Acco ding o Oa es (2014), he use o ins an eplay by he NFL is no only o en o cing he ules o a complex spo , bu is also a key componen o ele ision en e ainmen . Ins an eplay has become pa o he spec acle o bo h iewe s and li e ans, who can e en wa ch eplays on big sc eens in he spo s s adiums whe e he games a e played. Howe e , in ecen yea s doub s ha e been aised abou i s use, such as whe he he echnology can adequa ely co ec e oneous decisions wi hou becoming a hind ance (Chen & Da idson, 2022), due o images being agmen ed, he sea ch o mul iple angles o epe i ion, and o he cumbe some ac ions as a esul o inno a ion. As o ugby, TMO echnology has been used since 2001 in ce ain compe i ions o e seen by he in e na ional ede a ion known as Wo ld Rugby. I s implemen a ion is an a emp o educe he numbe o inco ec e e ee decisions made du ing a ma ch, ye a he same ime i s use has gi en he spo mo e media co e age as well (F andsen, 2020). Along he same lines, ugby ans a e calling o mo e in o ma ion du ing he TMO decision-making p ocess in he s adium, eques ing ha he sound o he e e ees’ discussions and subsequen decision using he ideo assis an should be b oadcas o e he s adium’s sound sys em h oughou he e iew p ocess. O cou se, his depends on he images and came a angles p o ided by he ele ision signal b oadcas ing he ma ch (S oney & Fle che , 2021). On he o he hand, baske ball uses ins an eplay as a suppo ool o e e ees, which was implemen ed in he NBA in he 2002-2003 season. Mo eo e , i is now an in eg al pa o he na a i e amewo k o his spo , as ans in hei homes, local ba s, and li e spo s enues anxiously awai he e e ee’s decision a e iewing he eplays (Tingle, 2020). In addi ion o ins an eplay, baske ball has inco po a ed he challenge sys em o coaches du ing he games, which allows hem o eques ins an eplays o e i y ce ain key mo es, p o ided ha a se ies o equi emen s a e me , al hough he inal e dic on he play s ill esides wi h he e e ee (López, 2019). Along wi h ideo eplays, many spo s now use compu e ools o enhance e e ee decision-making which, when combined wi h ideo came as, can gene a e i ual 3D simula ions o he ac ion. One spo ha s ands ou in his ega d is ennis, which has been using he Hawk-Eye sys em o li e ele ision co e age o he main ou namen s since 2006, he main objec i e doxa.comunicación | nº 42 | Janua y-June o 2026 Se gio Cobo Du án and Joaquín Ma ín-Mon ín ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978 o which is o accu a ely ollow he ajec o y o he ball o see i i alls inside o ou side he line. The echnology ended up being inco po a ed in o he o icial egula ions o he p o essional ennis ci cui as a e i ica ion sys em (Bal & Du eja, 2012; Lingen i, 20 24). This echnology has made i possible o educe con o e sies in he decision-making o line judges. Mo eo e , i a aluable pa o e e eeing and a bene i o ele ision iewe s as well (Collins & E ans, 2008). The success o he Hawk-Eye has led o i s use in o he spo s such as c icke , olleyball, and oo ball, in o de o accu a ely ollow he ajec o y o he ball a decisi e momen s, he eby educing e e ee e o s. Despi e i s popula i y, oo ball (socce ) was one o he las spo s o inco po a e echnological ools in o i s majo compe i ions o suppo e e ee e iews. The i s echnology o icially implemen ed by he FIFA was du ing he 2014 Wo ld Cup in B azil. The ool is known as Goal-Line Technology (GLT), and i immedia ely in o ms he e e ee when a goal has been sco ed, o in o he wo ds, when he ball has comple ely c ossed he goal line in o he goal (Simon, 2020). By using a se o came as su ounding he ield, he GLT does no aim o eplace he e e ee, bu o help hem in c i ical si ua ions o make he igh decision (Spagnolo e al., 2015). In addi ion o he FIFA Wo ld Cup, his goal echnology is also being used by he UEFA, as well as na ional compe i ions such as he P emie League, Bundesliga, and I aly’s Se ie A. In spi e o he o egoing, he e a e c i ical oices as well. Many ans belie e ha such echnology dis o s he a mosphe e o oo ball by educing he deba e su ounding c ucial decisions abou con o e sial goals (Winand & Fe gusson, 2016). On he o he hand, he sys em o ideo assis ed e e eeing (VAR) was o icially app o ed and au ho ised by FIFA in Ma ch 2018 a e being es ed in 2017 a he Con ede a ions Cup. The in oduc ion o VAR echnology is in ended o assis e e ees in making decisions a con o e sial and c ucial momen s o a game, al hough in many cases i is also used o esol e gene al dispu es ela ed o a ma ch (Pe e sen-Wagne & Lee Lud igsen, 2023). Fu he mo e, he egula ions s a e ha VAR canno make decisions, and is only used o suppo he decisions o he head e e ee (FIFA, 2018). Majo oo ball championships ha e inco po a ed VAR in o hei egula ions, al hough i s use has s i ed deba e, wi h coun e a gumen s s a ing ha i some imes dis up s he hy hm and nega i ely a ec s he na u al low o he game (Bao & Han, 2023). While his may be ue, he ac is ha behind he e e eeing decisions in oday’s p o essional oo ball he e is a luc a i e, wo ldwide indus y whe e many in e es s a e a s ake, anging om playe s’ sala ies o club e enues, and om sha eholde p o i s o gambling p oceeds (Nuh a , 2023). Ne e heless, he e is an elemen o emo ional a achmen and an en husiasm in oo ball, whe e VAR is s ill no seen as a echnological aid o a ai e game, bu a he an a e ac wi h he powe o p oduce un o eseen consequences (Pe e sen-Wagne & Lee Lud igsen, 2023; Schwab, S e e ding, & Rein, 2023). Fu he mo e, he implemen a ion o ideo e e eeing in oo ball has led o a disc epancy be ween ans wa ching he game om he s adium, who ely mainly on he i s imp ession and pe cei e less anspa ency ega ding VAR decisions, and he spec a o s wa ching om home, who ecei e quan i a i ely mo e in o ma ion wi h many slow-mo ion eplays, in addi ion o he commen a ies om he TV channel i sel (Mä ins, Wes ma elmann, & Schewe, 2023). Mo eo e , wi h ega d o VAR, we should also men ion he ool known as Semi-Au oma ed O side Technology (SAOT), an ins umen used o suppo bo h ideo assis an and on- ield e e ees o make accu a e o side decisions mo e quickly (FIFA, 2023). SAOT made i s debu in he 2022 Eu opean Supe Cup Final, and since hen i s use has sp ead no only o FIFA ma ches, bu g adually o o he op leagues as well. Thanks o 3D anima ion, he so-called semi-au oma ic o side echnology a oids | nº 42 | doxa.comunicación Janua y-June o 2026 Video e e eeing and oo ball. Na a i es ega ding he powe o echnology a he se ice o majo spo e en s ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978 adding o he con usion in explana ions be ween b oadcas e s (Viswana han e . al, 2023) by imp o ing communica ion wi h bo h spec a o s a home and ans in he s adium who can isualise e y clea ly when he e is an o side oul (Moñino, 2022). In sho , he b oadcas o oo ball ma ches on ele ision has been inco po a ing all o his e olu iona y echnology in o he spo s na a i e, which has led o e e ee e iews h ough VAR and he a ie y o ools associa ed wi h i . This si ua ion has u ned e e eeing in o a new elemen o enhancing audience in e es , an example o which is showing a eplay sequence o cla i y con o e sial decisions, o displaying aspec s o he game ha ha e gone unno iced li e (Owens, 2021; Bení ez, 2020). Au ho s such as Umbe o Eco (1986) ha e e lec ed on how he p esence o ele ision came as has modi ied a ious e en s, whe he ela ed o poli ics, ce emonies, o spec acula encoun e s such as oo ball ma ches. In his sense, he inclusion o an en i e me a-na a i e in spo h ough ideo e e eeing undoub edly enhances he suspense in ol ed (P óspe , 2019) by making i a se ing in which new na a i e s uc u es can be inco po a ed. In an inc easingly globalised en i onmen , la ge business conglome a es end o ely on con en ha will ensu e a mass audience. As such, he ad en o new na a i e s uc u es h ough he in e p e a ion o he e e eeing me a-na a i e will only inc ease he con en , numbe o sc eens, and eadings o he same ac ion, he eby leading o mo e deba e and discussion on ele ision. Gi en i s high deg ee o audience loyal y, ele ised oo ball ma ches a e a d i ing o ce o he sale o p oduc s by he main media conglome a es who a e eage o es ablish links wi h majo oo ball b ands, especially h ough he pu chase o b oadcas ing igh s (Gines a, 2021). 3. Me hodology and co pus This esea ch akes an ini ial app oach o an explo a o y na u e o he issue, ocusing on he a ious pla o ms ha hold he b oadcas ing igh s o he so-called Liga de Fú bol P o esional [p o essional oo ball league], o La Liga. These pla o ms include he o icial websi e o he oo ball league, as well as Mo is a Plus and DAZN. This s udy has one o e all objec i e, and wo seconda y objec i es de i ed om he ini ial one. Fi s ly, he au ho s in end o ca y ou a compa a i e analysis o he summa ies a ailable on each pla o m a e he conclusion o he ma ches. The main objec i e o his s udy is o examine he plays ha ha e unde gone e e ee e iew du ing ma ches, and how each pla o m add esses his issue in he o e all con ex o each summa y. To his end, an analysis p o ocol will be used in o de o conside bo h isual and sound elemen s, whe he diege ic o ex adiege ic. Rega ding he seconda y objec i es, he aim is o e i y whe he each media ou le uses ideo e e ee analysis in di e se ways, ei he by gene a ing hei own con en on he subjec o by simply inco po a ing i as ano he ea u e o he game’s na a i e. Likewise, a ela ed aim is o es ablish an ini ial ca ego isa ion o he di e en uses o ideo e e eeing wi hin he inal na a i e o he ma ches, i possible. Fo his esea ch, he decision was made o ca y ou an analysis o he summa ies o he ma ches o he Liga de Fú bol P o esional Española [Spanish p o essional oo ball league], in which Real Mad id and FC Ba celona ake pa , in he pe iod om 1 Janua y o 30 Ap il o 2024. The s udy began in Janua y 2024, which is he mon h when VAR audios a e made public in Spain, p o ided ha a e e ee has e iewed hem on a moni o . This ime pe iod co e s a o al o 13 league ma chdays, which include a di ec clash be ween he wo eams men ioned on he 32nd day. Thus, among he h ee pla o ms men ioned abo e, a o al o 27 ma ches we e analysed, along wi h a o al o 81 ma ch summa ies o he wen y-se en games. doxa.comunicación | nº 42 | Janua y-June o 2026 Se gio Cobo Du án and Joaquín Ma ín-Mon ín ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978 Table 1. Co pus able Ma chday Ma ch 1 Ma ch 2 Ma chday 20 FC Ba celona – Osasuna Ge a e – Real Mad id Ma chday 21 Real Be is Balompié – FC Ba celona Real Mad id – Alme ía Ma chday 22 FC Ba celona – Villa eal Las Palmas – Real Mad id Ma chday 23 Ala és – FC Ba celona Real Mad id – A lé ico Ma chday 24 FC Ba celona G anada Real Mad id – Gi ona Ma chday 25 Cel a – FC Ba celona Rayo Vallecano – Real Mad id Ma chday 26 FC Ba celona – Ge a e Real Mad id – Se illa FC Ma chday 27 A hle ic Bilbao – FC Ba celona Valencia – Real Mad id Ma chday 28 FC Ba celona – Mallo ca Real Mad id – Cel a de Vigo Ma chday 29 A lé ico de Mad id – FC Ba celona Osasuna – Real Mad id Ma chday 30 FC Ba celona – Las Palmas Real Mad id – A hle ic Ma chday 31 Cádiz – FC Ba celona Mallo ca – Real Mad id Ma chday 32 Real Mad id – FC Ba celona Real Mad id – FC Ba celona Ma chday 33 FC Ba celona – Valencia Real Sociedad – Real Mad id Sou ce: p epa ed by he au ho s To ca y ou he analysis, a wo kshee was used ha includes he key ea u es o he audio- isual p oduc ion such as he ypes o sho s, epe i ion o he eplays, use o slow-mo ion came as, and he numbe o sho s included in he inal edi ing. Rega ding sound, bo h diege ic (e.g. ambien sound o ans) and ex adiege ic (e.g. commen a o s’ na a ion) we e analysed. The empla e o he wo kshee used in he analysis can be seen below. | nº 42 | doxa.comunicación Janua y-June o 2026 Video e e eeing and oo ball. Na a i es ega ding he powe o echnology a he se ice o majo spo e en s ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978 Table 2. Analysis wo kshee Ma ch analysed Pla o m VAR ac ion. Ma ch minu e. Audio- isual p oduc ion Type o sho Repe i ion Slow mo ion O he e ec s One o mo e o a single sho Sound ea u es Diege ic sound Na a o o na a o s Tex ual ea u es Ti les. Typog aphy O e p in s. O he no es Sou ce: p epa ed by he au ho s 4. Resul s Some o he main indings o he analysis o he 27 ma ches, along wi h 81 summa ies, a e ou lined below. Again, hey we e all aken om he h ee selec ed pla o ms. I is impo an o no e ha o his s udy, only plays in which VAR was di ec ly in ol ed in one o he h ee pla o ms ha e been analysed. O he 27 ma ches examined, 11 do no include any ideo e e eeing in he summa ies o he h ee pla o ms. This is a signi ican , because plays a e some imes included on one pla o m, ye no on o he s, which will be explained in mo e de ail la e . Gi en he con ex , i is s iking o see how ce ain summa ies om Mo is a and DAZN in en ionally omi key plays in some o he ma ches. Consequen ly, iewe s who only wa ch hese highligh s migh ecei e only a pa ial iew o he ma ch, and possibly one ha is inco ec . Fu he mo e, hese omissions canno be jus i ied by he sho du a ion o he epo s. Al hough doxa.comunicación | nº 42 | Janua y-June o 2026 Se gio Cobo Du án and Joaquín Ma ín-Mon ín ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978 hey a ely exceed h ee minu es, he e is ime enough o a oid omissions. An example can be seen on Ma chday 22, du ing he game be ween FC Ba celona and Villa eal. In his case, he summa y o La Liga includes bo h he VAR lines and he disallowed Villa eal goal, as shown in Image 1. Image 1. Summa y o La Liga’s EA [eli e academy]. Ma chday 22. FC Ba celona-Villa eal Sou ce: YouTube, 2024A The same play is na a ed di e en ly by he Mo is a pla o m, which does no include he o side lines in he goal, al hough i does include a eplay and a b ie , na a ed commen a y abou he goal ha was disallowed due o an o side oul, ye he e was no men ion o VAR in his case. This s ands in con as o he co e age on DAZN, which does no e en include he disallowed goal in i s summa y. As a esul , he e a e no goal lines, no ema ks om he commen a o s on his pla o m. This same si ua ion occu s wi h Raphinha’s disallowed goal on Ma chday 30 in he game be ween FC Ba celona and Las Palmas, which appea s in ull in he summa y o La Liga, only b ie ly on Mo is a , and is omi ed on DAZN. On Ma chday 27, du ing he game be ween Valencia and Real Mad id, nei he DAZN’s no Mo is a ’s co e age o e ed audio o isual explana ions ela ed o he disallowed goal sco ed by Vinicius. Howe e , he o icial La Liga summa y includes a sequence o images ha shed ligh on he easons behind his e e ee’s decision. Fi s ly, he e is a double-sc een mon age showing an in og aphic wi h he o side line supe imposed, oge he wi h a sho o he exac momen o he pass. Nex , he goal e iew p ocess is displayed, a e which he si ua ion e u ns o ull sc een mode and he e e ee is seen awa ding he goal. | nº 42 | doxa.comunicación Janua y-June o 2026 Video e e eeing and oo ball. Na a i es ega ding he powe o echnology a he se ice o majo spo e en s ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978 López, Á. M. (2020). Ins an eplays in he Spanish Baske ball League: ACB. En M. A men e os, A. J. Bení ez, & M. Be anco (Eds.), The use o ideo echnologies in e e eeing oo ball and o he spo s (pp. 106–118). Rou ledge. h ps://doi.o g/10.4324/9780429455551-6 Ma ín-Mon ín, J. (2020). Tele ised spo ing e en s: Applica ions o second sc eens. En V. He nández-San aolalla & M. 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Communica ion Resea ch, 50(1), 3–28. h ps://doi.o g/10.1177/0093650220982293 | nº 42 | doxa.comunicación Janua y-June o 2026 Video e e eeing and oo ball. Na a i es ega ding he powe o echnology a he se ice o majo spo e en s ISSN: 1696-019X / e-ISSN: 2386-3978 YouTube (2024A). Resumen La Liga EA Spo . Jo nada 22. FC Ba celona-Villa eal. h ps://bi .ly/412uxD YouTube (2024A). Resumen La Liga EA Spo . Jo nada 27. Valencia-Real Mad id. h ps://bi .ly/3OG7ibb YouTube (2024C). DAZN. Jo nada 33. Real Sociedad-Real Mad id. h ps://bi .ly/40Z5 oJ