Reassessing Spanish chronicle writing before 900: the tradition of compilation in Oviedo at the end of the ninth century

Ʃƣ ƣƢƫƣǁƞƶ Ʃƽƺƹƫơƶƣ ᇳᇳ ơƩƻƢơ Ɵǀ ƽƫƴ ƺƺƻƣƽ ưƺƣƽƢ ƣǁƣƶƿ ؟ؘؘؗء ᄩ ؕآئاآء For use by the Author only | © 2018 Koninklijke Brill NV ᇙ ؞آءء؞؟؝؞ؘ ؕإ؟؟ ءةᄕ ؟ؘؘؗءᄕ ሜሚማሢ ᄩ ؗآᄘ ማሚᄙማማሠምᄧሣሡሢሣሚሚሞምሟማሢሡሟᇇሚማሚ ƣƞƾƾƣƾƾƫƹƨ ƻƞƹƫƾƩ Ʃƽƺƹƫơƶƣ ƽƫƿƫƹƨ ƟƣƤƺƽƣ ᇻᇲᇲᄘ Ʃƣ ƽƞƢƫƿƫƺƹ ƺƤ ƺƸƻƫƶƞƿƫƺƹ ƫƹ ǁƫƣƢƺ ƞƿ ƿƩƣ ƹƢ ƺƤ ƿƩƣ ƫƹƿƩ ƣƹƿǀƽDŽ ƶơƹƩƧƶ Ƽƹƻƞơƶ Ɵƾƿƽƞơƿ Ʃƫƾ ƻƞƻƣƽ ƫƾ ƞ ơƺƹƿƽƫƟǀƿƫƺƹ ƿƺ ƿƩƣ ƺƽƫƨƫƹƾ ƺƤ ƻƞƹƫƾƩ ƸƣƢƫƣǁƞƶ ƩƫƾƿƺƽƫƺƨƽƞƻƩDŽᄙ  ƞƹƞᅟ ƶDŽDžƣ ƿǂƺ ơƺƶƶƣơƿƫƺƹƾᄘ ƿƩƣ ơƺƶƶƣơƿƫƺƹ ơƺƻƫƣƢ ƫƹ ƿƩƣ ᅵƺƽƫƣƹƾƫƾᅷ Ƹƞƹǀƾơƽƫƻƿᄕ Ƹƺƾƿ ƻƽƺƟƞƟƶDŽ ƶƺƾƿ ƫƹ ƞ ƧƬƽƣ ƫƹ ᇳᇸᇹᇳᄕ ƞƹƢ ƿƩƣ ƾƺᅟơƞƶƶƣƢ ƨƹƶƵƩƠƞ ƳƟƢƳơƢƵƺƩƺᄙ  ƢƣƤƣƹƢ ƿƩƞƿ ƾƩƺƽƿƶDŽ ƟƣƤƺƽƣ ƿƩƣ DŽƣƞƽ ᇻᇲᇲ ƫƹ ǁƫƣƢƺᄕ ƻƞƫƹᄕ ƤƽƺƸ ǂƩƣƽƣ ƟƺƿƩ ƿƩƣƾƣ ơƺƶƶƣơƿƫƺƹƾ ƺƽƫƨƫƹƞƿƣᄕ ƿƩƣƽƣ ǂƞƾ ƞƹ ƫƹƿƣƽƣƾƿ ƫƹ ƞƹ ƣƞƾƫƶDŽ ƽƣƞƢƞƟƶƣ ƴƫƹƢ ƺƤ ᅵǀƹƫǁƣƽƾƞƶ ƩƫƾƿƺƽDŽᅷ ƟƞƾƣƢ ƺƹ ơƺƸƻƫƶƞƿƫƺƹƾ ƺƤ ƻƽƣǁƫƺǀƾ ƿƣǃƿƾᄙ Ʃƣƾƣ ơƺƸƻƫƶƞƿƫƺƹƾ ǂƣƽƣ ƾƿƫƶƶ ƸƺƢƣƶƶƣƢ ǀƻƺƹ ǀƾƣƟƫǀƾᅟƣƽƺƸƣᅷƾ ƨƹƶƵᄵ ƩƠƶƵᄕƟǀƿƿƩƣDŽ ƞƶƽƣƞƢDŽƾǀƻƻƺƾƣƢ ƞ ƨƽƣƞƿƤƽƣƣƢƺƸƫƹ ƿƩƣƩƞƹƢƶƫƹƨ ƺƤ ƿƩƺƾƣƻƽƣǁƫƺǀƾƿƣǃƿƾᄕ ƽƣǁƣƞƶƫƹƨ ƨƽƣƞƿ ƢƫƦƧƬơǀƶƿDŽ ƫƹ ǀƹƢƣƽƾƿƞƹƢƫƹƨ ƩƫƾƿƺƽDŽ ƞƾ ƾDŽƹơƩƽƺƹƫơᄙ ƩƣDŽ ƞƶƾƺ ƤƺƽƸƣƢ ƞƹ ƞǀƿƩƣƹƿƫơ Ʃƫƾƿƺƽƫơƞƶ ơƞƹƺƹ ƾǀƟưƣơƿ ƿƺ ơƺƹƿƫƹǀƺǀƾ ƞƢƢƫƿƫƺƹƾ ƞƹƢ ƽƣƢƣƾƫƨƹƾᄕ ƟƣơƺƸƫƹƨ ƿƩƣ ƟƞơƴƟƺƹƣ ƺƤ ƣƢƫƣǁƞƶ ƻƞƹƫƾƩ ơƺƸƻƫƶƞƿƺƽDŽ ƩƫƾƿƺƽƫƺƨƽƞƻƩDŽ ǀƹƿƫƶ ƞƿ ƶƣƞƾƿ ƿƩƣ ƿƩƫƽᅟ ƿƣƣƹƿƩ ơƣƹƿǀƽDŽᄙ ǀƽƫƹƨ ƺƹƣ ƺƤ ƿƩƣ Ƹƺƾƿ ƽƣƹƺǂƹƣƢ ƻƺƶƣƿƺ ơƺƹƨƽƣƾƾƣƾᄕ ƫƹ ᇳᇻᇹᇲᄕ ƺơƣƶDŽƹ ᄙ ƫƶƶᅟ ƨƞƽƿƩ ƾƻƺƴƣ ƞƟƺǀƿ ƫƾƫƨƺƿƩƫơ ƩƫƾƿƺƽƫƺƨƽƞƻƩDŽᄙ ƣ ơƺƹƿƣƹƢƣƢ ƿƩƞƿ ᅵƻƞƹƫƾƩ Ʃƫƾƿƺᅟ ƽƫƞƹƾơƽƣƞƿƣƢƹƺ ƹƣǂ ƸƺƢƣƶƾƫƹ ƩƫƾƿƺƽƫơƞƶǂƽƫƿƫƹƨᅷᄙሾƩƫƾ ǂƞƾƞ ƾƿƽƺƹƨƾƿƞƿƣƸƣƹƿᄙ ƣ ƞƽƨǀƣƢ ƿƩƞƿᄕ ƫƤ ƿƩƣ ơƺƹơƣƻƿ ƺƤ ƩƫƾƿƺƽƫƺƨƽƞƻƩDŽ ǂƞƾ ƿƺ Ɵƣ ƿƺƺ ƹƞƽƽƺǂƶDŽ ơƺƹƾƫƢᅟ ƣƽƣƢᄕƺƹƣ ǂƺǀƶƢƟƣ ƤƺƽơƣƢ ƿƺƶƫƸƫƿƫƾƫƨƺƿƩƫơƩƫƾƿƺƽƫơƞƶǂƽƫƿƫƹƨ ƿƺƺƹƶDŽ ƧƬǁƣƿƣǃƿƾᄕ ƫƹơƶǀƢƫƹƨ ƾƫƢƺƽƣᅷƾ ƢƽƩƹƩƺƩƳƳƼƺƻƹƩƟƼƺᄕ ǂƩƫơƩ ƫƾ ƞ ơƺƶƶƣơƿƫƺƹ ƺƤ ǁƣƽDŽƾƩƺƽƿ Ɵƫƺƨƽƞᅟ ƻƩƫƣƾᄕ Ƥƺƶƶƺǂƫƹƨ ǀƣƿƺƹƫǀƾᅷ ƶƫƿƣƽƞƽDŽ ƸƺƢƣƶᄙሿ ƫƶƶƨƞƽƿƩ ƢƫƢ ƹƺƿ Ƣƣǁƣƶƺƻ Ʃƫƾ ƾƿǀƢDŽ ƟƣDŽƺƹƢ ᇹᇳᇳᄖ Ʃƺǂƣǁƣƽᄕ ƫƿ ƫƾ ǀƹƶƫƴƣƶDŽ Ʃƣ ǂƺǀƶƢ Ʃƞǁƣ ơƩƞƹƨƣƢ Ʃƫƾ ƸƫƹƢ ƣǁƣƹ ƫƤ Ʃƣ ƩƞƢ Ƣƺƹƣ ƫƿᄙ ƿ ƿƩƣ ƾƞƸƣ Ƹƣƣƿƫƹƨᄕ ᄙᄙ ɆƞDž DŽ ɆƞDž ƫƢƣƹƿƫƧƬƣƢ ƾƺƸƣ ƻƞƹƫƾƩ ơƫƽơƶƣƾ ƫƹƿƣƽƣƾƿƣƢ ƫƹ Ʃƫƾƿƺƽƫơƞƶ ǂƽƫƿƫƹƨ Ɵƣƿǂƣƣƹ ᇹᇳᇳ ƞƹƢ ᇳᇲᇲᇲᄕ ᅵƿƩƺǀƨƩ ƿƩƣƫƽ ƸƣƸƟƣƽƾ ᇽ ƫƶƶƨƞƽƿƩ ᄬᇳᇻᇹᇲᄘ ᇴᇸᇴᄭᄙ ᇾ ƫƶƶƨƞƽƿƩ ᄬᇳᇻᇹᇲᄘ ᇴᇸᇳᄭᄙ For use by the Author only | © 2018 Koninklijke Brill NV 1 REASSESSING!SPANISH!CHRONICLE-WRITING!BEFORE!900:5 THE!TRADITION!OF!COMPILATION!IN5OVIEDO5AT5THE5END5OF5THE5NINTH5CENTURY*5 ! RODRIGO!FURTADO**! CENTRO!DE!ESTUDOS!CLÁSSICOS! FACULDADE!DE!LETRAS! UNIVERSIDADE!DE!LISBOA! ! ! Abstract5 This!paper!is!a!contribution!to!the!origins!of!Spanish!medieval!historiography.!I!analyze! two!collections:!the!collection!copied!in!the!‘Soriensis’!manuscript,!most!probably!lost!in!a! fire!in!1671,!and!the!so-called!Chronica)Albeldensis.!I!defend!that!shortly!before!the!year! 900!in!Oviedo,!Spain,!where!both!these!collections!derive!from,!there!was!an!interest!in!an! easily!readable!kind!of!‘universal!history’!based!on!compilations!of!previous!texts.!These! compilations! were! still! modelled! upon! Eusebius/Jerome’s! Chronicon,! but! they! already! supposed!a!great!freedom!in!the!handling!of!those!previous!texts,!revealing!great!difficulty! in!understanding!history!as!synchronic.!They!also!formed!an!authentic! historical!canon! subject!to!continuous!additions!and!redesigns,!becoming!the!backbone!of!Medieval!Spanish! compilatory!historiography!until!at!least!the!thirteenth!century.! ! ! During!one!of!the!most!renowned!Spoleto!congresses,!in!1970,!Jocelyn!N.!Hillgarth!spoke! about!Visigothic!historiography.! He!contended! that!‘Spanish!historians!created! no! new! models!in!historical!writing’. 1 !This!was!a!strong!statement.!He!argued!that,!if!the!concept! of! historiography! was! to! be! too! narrowly! considered,! one! would! be! forced! to! limit! Visigothic!historical!writing!to!only!five!texts,!including!Isidore’s!De)viris)illustribus,!which! is!a!collection!of!very!short!biographies,!following!Suetonius’!literary!model. 2 !Hillgarth!did! not!develop!his!study!beyond!711;!however,!it!is!unlikely!he!would!have!changed!his!mind! even!if!he!had!done!it.!! At! the! same! meeting,! M.! C.! Díaz! y! Díaz! identified! some! Spanish! circles! interested! in! historical! writing! between! 711! and! 1000,! ‘though! their! members! did! not! always! feel! strong!enough!to!write!it!down.’ 3 !It!is!common!to!consider!that,!despite!Isidore’s!historical! texts,!Spain!possessed!no!such!historical!works!as!Gregory!of!Tours’s!for!Gaul,!Bede’s!for! Britain,!or!Paul!the!Deacon’s!for!the!Lombard!Italy. 4 !For!instance,!in!Spain!after!Isidore’s! Chronica,!it!seems!that!no!one!felt!sufficiently!confident!to!write!a!new!universal!chronicle! starting!with!Adam.!In!fact,!lack!of!originality!and!literary!talent!are!sometimes!considered! *!This! article! was! written! as! part! of!the! research! project! «La! evolución! de! los! sabers! y! su! transmission! en! la! Antigüedad! tardía! y! la! Alta! Edad! Media»! (FFI2012-35134,! Ministerio! de! Economía!y!Competitividad).! **!I!am!most!grateful!to!!Prof.!Roger!Collins!and!to!Dr!Cristian!Bratu!for!their!close!reading!of!this! text,!their!comments!and!their!most!valuable!suggestions.! 1 Hillgarth (1970: 262). 2 Hillgarth (1970: 261). 3 Díaz y Díaz (1976a: 234). 4 Cf. Hillgarth (1970: 262). 2 Rodrigo Furtado key!characteristics!of!Iberian!historiography.!Maybe!Spanish!people!did!not!like!history,!or! they!did!not!know!how!to!write!it,!or!they!simply!preferred!to!spend!time!and!resources! on!other!issues.!! !Nevertheless,!Spanish!history!writing!is!not!an!absolute!vacuum.!Spanish!people!did! write!history,!used!it!for!political!reasons,!and!interpreted!it!in!religious!terms.!Signs!of! this!can!be!observed!in!a!phenomenon!which,!though!not!only!characteristic!of!the!Spanish! area! of! influence,! came! to! affect! its! entire! medieval! historical! writing:! the! making! of! compilations.!! ! 1.55The5origins5of5a5Spanish5compilation5tradition.5 The!roots!of!a!Spanish!compilation!tradition!can!be!traced!back!farther!into!Late!Antiquity! and!Imperial!Constantinople.!In!the!570s,!a!Spanish!émigré!called!John,!born!in!Scallabis! (now!Santarém,!Portugal),!found!in!Constantinople!a!Latin!chronicle)written!by!a!certain! Victor, 5 !bishop!of!the!unknown!African!city!of!Tunnuna!but!probably!exiled!in!the!Imperial! capital!as!a!consequence!of!the!Three!Chapters!religious!affair. 6 !We!do!not!know!for!sure!if! they!had!met.!What!we!do!know!is!that!when!John!came!back!to!Spain,!‘Graeca!et!Latina! eruditione!nutritus’!(so!Isidore!says), 7 !he!brought!with!him!a!copy!of!Victor’s!Chronicon.! !Back! in! Spain,! John! became! well! known:! he! founded! a! monastery! in! Biclar! and! became!bishop!of!Girona!after! the!third! Council!of!Toledo. 8 !Strongly!impressed!by!this! event!and!by!the!conversion!to!Catholic!Christianity!that!it!institutionalised,!he!decided!to! update!Victor’s!Chronicon!until!589/590!in!order!to!explain!it. 9 !In!the!De)viris)illustribus,! Isidore!states!that!John!‘added!to!a!book!of!chronicles!a!very!useful!history!written!in!a! historical!and!structured!style’ 10 !–!it!seems!that!John!simply!decided!to!add!a!new!quire! with! its! own! text! to! the! codex! he! had! brought! from! Constantinople.! In! fact,! in! all! the! manuscripts! we! have! today,! Victor’s! and! John’s! Chronica) have! always! been!copied! together:!all! copies!may!derive!from!a!single!codex!copied!in!602,!probably!by!a!monk! from!the!monastery!of!Biclar!or!by!John!himself. 11 !This!codex!included!Victor’s!and!John’s! Chronica,!as!well!as!marginalia)from!some!Consularia)Caesaraugustana. 12 !! 5 CPL 2260. 6 Placanica (1989); Cardelle de Hartmann (2001: 101*-02*; 108*). 7 De uiris illustribus, 31: ‘brought up in the Greek and Latin culture’. 8 Cardelle de Hartmann (2001: 124*-28*). 9 CPL 2261. 10 Is. uir. 31: ‘addidit et in libro Chronicorum … historico compositoque sermone ualde utilem historiam’. 11 Díaz y Díaz (1976b: 127). 12 CPL 2267; Cardelle de Hartmann (2001: 115*-24*). See also Jiménez Sánchez (2007). 3 Rodrigo Furtado !There!may!have!been!some!precedents:!at!least!Hydatius!of!Chaves,!in!northeastern! Gallaecia,)had!already!intended!to!complete!Eusebius/Jerome’s!Chronicon)(even!if!we!do! not!know!if!this!also!meant!the!addition!of!a!quire!with!Hydatius’!follow-up!to!the!codex! with! Jerome’s! Latin)Chronicon).)That! ‘Biclar! compilation’! supposes! a! singular! understanding!of!the!past:!modelled!on!Eusebius/Jerome’s!interpretation!of!the!successive! translationes) imperii,! John’s! Chronicon) presented! the! Visigothic! kingdom! of! Reccared! (586–601)!as!the!successor!of!the!Roman!Empire!in!Spain.!Thus,!to!Victor’s!Chronicon,! whose!last!part!was!about!the!neo-imperial!world!of!Justinian,!John!added!a!second!small! Chronicon!in!which!the!Visigothic!king!was!seen!as!a!kind!of!substitute!for!the!emperor!in! Spain,!thereby!completely!refocusing!the!Imperial!perspective!of!Victor’s!text.!The!way! John! finished! his! Chronicon!is! very! significant:! by! eventually! eliminating! the! heresy! of! Arianism,! king! Reccared! had! played! in! the! III!Council! of! Toledo! the! role! taken! by! Constantine!the!Great!in!Nicaea. 13 ! !In!615,!a!copy!of!this!Biclar!compilation!was!in!Seville.)Isidore!used!Victor’s!Chronicon! in!his!own!Chronicon 14 !and!especially!in!the!Historia)Wandalorum, 15 !as!well!as!in!the!De) viris)illustribus. 16 !He!also!used!John’s!Chronicon!in!his!Chronica,!in!the!Historia)Gothorum! and! in! the! Historia) Sueuorum. 17 !Finally,! he! incorporated!fragments! of! the! Consularia! Caesaraugustana)in!the!Historia)Gothorum. 18 ! !In!eighth-century!Mozarabic!Spain,!the!anonymous!author!of!the!Chronica)ByzantiaArabica!also!knew!these!texts.!Starting!in!601,!after!Reccared’s!death,!this!new!Chronicon! intended! to! update! Victor’s! and! John’s! Chronica) with! a! new! text! based! on! Eastern! Mediterranean! sources! and! centred! on! Byzantine! and! Muslim! events! up! to! the! eighth! century. 19 !This! new! chronological! structure! was! a! meaning! building! tool! by! itself,! conditioning!the!interpretation!of!the!successive!texts!as!a!whole.!In!fact,!this!system!of! adding! new! texts! to! an! earlier! universal! chronicle! shaped! an! alternative! but! still! recognizable!kind!of!‘universal!chronicle’.!! !In!order!to!analyze!this!phenomenon,!I!will!concentrate!on!two!Spanish!manuscripts:! the!lost!‘Soriensis’!manuscript!and!Madrid,!Biblioteca!de!la!Real!Academia!de!la!Historia,! Aemilianensis!39,!Part!II,!fols.!245vb-258ra.!They!prove!that!in!Spain,!shortly!before!the! 13 Hillgarth (1970: 281-83); Teillet (1984: 449-55); Galán Sánchez (1994: 166-68); Collins (2001: 14547); Ferreiro (2008 [2010]). 14 CPL 1205. 15 CPL 1204. 16 CPL 1206. 17 Both CPL 1204. 18 Cardelle de Hartmann (2001: 114*, 141*). See also Codoñer Merino (1964: 73-77); Rodríguez Alonso (1975: 87-91, 96-99); Martín (2003: 32*-33*). 19 Edited by Gil Fernández (1973: 7-14); see also Ayllet (2009). 4 Rodrigo Furtado year!900,!there!was!a!genuine!interest!in!this!easily!readable!kind!of!‘universal!history’,! cherished!by!a!few!literate!monks!of!a!remote,!small!but!rather!dynamic!region.! ! 2.5The5Soriensis5manuscript.5 2.15The5codex.! The! Soriensis! manuscript! was! one! of! the! five! codices! brought! by! Jorge! de! Beteta! y! Cárdenas!from!Soria!(hence!its!name)!in!1578!to!enrich!king!Philip!II’s!library!in!his!new! huge!monastery-palace!of!San!Lorenzo!de!El!Escorial.!Here!it!had!the!manuscript!number! VI!E!28.!Regrettably,!it!was!lost!in!the!fire!of!7!June!1671. 20 !All!authors!that!saw!it!agree! that!the!Soriensis!was!a!vetustissimus)codex!(vc)!written!in!Visigothic!script!(Gothicus). 21 !! !Manuscripts!Palencia,!Archivo!Catedralicio!37,!fols.!297v-298r,!which!transmits!the! list!of!books!taken!by!Beteta!to!El!Escorial,!and!Besançon,!Bibliothèque!Municipale!1284,! fol.!131r,!with!the!inventory!of!the!books!that!came!to!the!Escorial!between!5!May!and!2! July! 1576,! reveal! the! contents! of! this! codex:! it! transmitted! the! Iberian! Genealogiae) Bibliorum,!which!were! usually!transmitted! with!the! Beati,! the!Chronica) Adefonsis) III) ad) Sebastianum) (Díaz! 519),! the! Chronica) of! Eusebius/Jerome! (CPG! 2494),! Prosper! of! Aquitaine! (CPL! 2257-58),! Victor! of! Tununa! (CPL! 2260),! with! the! Consularia) Caesaraugustana) (CPL! 2267),! and! John! of! Biclar! (CPL! 2261;! Díaz! 42),! the! Chronica) Byzantia-Arabica)(Díaz!386),!an!incerti)auctoris)de)Diis)gentium, 22 !an!Historia)Troie)capte) (Dares!Phrygius’)De)bello)Troiano? 23 ),!a![Nomina])regum)Romanorum,!the!Liber)historiae) Francorum) (CPL! 1316),! Isidore’s! Historiae) (CPL!1204;! Díaz! 117-20),! Julian! of! Toledo’s! Historia) Wambae!(CPL! 1262;! Díaz! 238-39,!264-65),! the! Laterculus) regum) Visigothorum! (CPL! 1266,! Díaz! 214,! 405),! Festus’! De) breuiario) rerum) gestarum) populi) Romani,! an! unknown!De)inundatione)Nile!by!Dometius!Creticus,!the!Ordo)annorum)mundi)(CPL!1266b)! and!Isidore’s!Chronicon)‘imperfectum’. 24 ! !Juan!Bautista!Pérez!Rupert!(c.1534–1597)!saw!this!Soriensis!manuscript!and!copied! some!of!its!texts!into!a!codex!of!his!own,!later!bequeathed!to!the!Cathedral!of!Segorbe,! where!Pérez!died!as!a!bishop.!His!codex!was!deposited!in!the!Chapter!Archive!of!Segorbe,! where!it!had!the!manuscript!number!‘arma.!G,!est.!I’.!Unfortunately,!most!of!the!archive! 20 Andrés (1976). 21 Bautista (2016). 22 Bautista (2016: 40) suggests that this unknown text could be Is. or. 8.9. 23 It was transmitted in Spain by the manuscript Madrid BN 8831 (11th c. ex.-12th c. in.). This version is close to the so-called ‘vulgate’ text, represented by manuscripts mainly from the North of France, England and Germany; the De bello Troiano does not seem to have circulated before in Spain. 24 Bautista (2016: 39-41). 5 Rodrigo Furtado was!also!destroyed!in!1938,!during!the!Spanish!Civil!War.!Early!photographs!of!Pérez’!lost! codex! are!preserved! today!in!the!archive!of! the!‘Biblioteca!del!Instituto!de!Historia!del! CSIC’,!in!Madrid,!as!part!of!the!Fondo!Fotográfico!Sánchez-Albornoz,!now!in!the!Biblioteca! Tomás!Navarro!Tomás.!! !Directly! from! the! Soriensis,! Pérez! copied! the! Chronica!of! Isidore,! the! Chronica) Byzantia-Arabica,! the! Chronica) Adefonsi) III!‘ad! Sebastianum’! (Díaz! 520),! the! [Nomina]! regum)Romanorum!(Díaz!514),!the!Historia)Wambae)of!Julian!of!Toledo!(CPL!1260),!the! Ordo) annorum) mundi) of! the! ps-Julian! of! Toledo! (CPL!1266b)! and!the! Laterculus) regum) Visigothorum) (CPL! 2266);! and!he! also! used! the! Soriensis! codex! to! collate! Victor’s! and! John’s!Chronica)and!Isidore’s!Historiae. 25 !! !Jerónimo!Zurita!(1512–1580)!also!used!the!Soriensis.!In!a!codex!that!had!belonged!to! Juan!Páez!de!Castro!(†!c.1570),!recently!identified!by!Francisco!Bautista!as!manuscript! København,! Det! Arnamagnaeanske,! Københavns! Universitet,! AM! 833! 4º,! Zurita! added! many! notes! and! some! texts! taken! from! a! ‘corrected! copy! of! an! old! codex! of! the! royal! library,! copied! 500! years!ago! in! Gothic! script’! (fol.! 120r). 26 !Bautista! identifies! that! old! manuscript!as!the!Soriensis.!From!this!codex,!Zurita!copied!the!Chronica)Byzantia-Arabica,! the! Laterculus) regum) Visigothorum!and!the!Historia) Wambae.! He! also! collated! Isidore’s! Historiae!using!the!Soriensis. 27 ! !Ambrosio!de!Morales!(1518–1591)!also!refers!to!the!Soriensis!in!some!marginalia!of! the!manuscript!Madrid,!Biblioteca!Nacional,!1346!(cf.!fols.!11v,!14r,!16r,!18r,!25r),!using!it! to!collate!the!Chronica)Adefonsi)III) ‘ad!Sebastianum’,!the!Laterculus)regum)Visigothorum! and!the!Historia)Wambae.!! !García!de!Loaysa! y! Girón!(1534–1599)!mentions!it!in!his!1593!edition!of!Isidore’s! Chronica, 28 !and! Juan! de! Mariana! (1536–1624)! in! his! anthology,! now! London,! British! Library,!MS!Egerton!1873. 29 !! ! 2.25The5Biclar5collection5in5the5Soriensis5manuscript.5 !The! Soriensis! transmitted! the! Eusebii) Chronicon!cum) additionibus) Hieronymi) et) Prosperi, 30 !followed! by! the! Biclar! collection:! Victor! of! Tununa’s! and! John! of! Biclar’s! 25 Villanueva (1804); Mommsen (1894: 165-66); Díaz y Díaz (1976b: 130-33); Cardelle de Hartmann (2001: 13*-14*). 26 ‘ex uetustissimo codice regię bibliothecę ante D annos litteris gothicis descripto emmendatum exemplar’ 27 Bautista (2016: 12-13). 28 Page 95, col. a: ‘in exemplari autem Soriensi, quod omnium antiquissimus est’ (‘in the Soriensis manuscript, which is the most ancient manuscript of all’). 29 He probably used one of Pérez’s copies. 6 Rodrigo Furtado Chronica,! already! with! the! inclusion! of! some! marginalia! of! the! Consularia! Caesaraugustana. 31 !This! same! exact! structure! was! preserved! by! other! medieval! manuscripts! as! well:! a! codex! of! the! twelfth! century! from! the! monastery! of! Alcobaça,! Portugal; 32 !another!twelfth-century!codex!seen!by!García!Loaysa!and!by!Andreas!Schott! (1553–1638)! at! the! end! of! the! sixteenth! century! in! Guadalajara,! and! referred! to! by! Cardelle!de!Hartmann!as!‘codex!Toletanus’; 33 !a!thirteenth-century!codex!that!was!in!the! Chapter!Archive!of!Burgo!de!Osma!(Soria)!in!the!sixteenth!century; 34 !a!working!codex!of! Florian! de! Ocampo! (1499–1555); 35 !and! the! mid-thirteenth! century! Spanish! codex,! probably!from!Toledo,!which!is!now!the!manuscript!Madrid,!Biblioteca!Histórica!Marqués! de!Valdecilla-Universidad!Complutense,!134. 36 !Only!the!last!one!has!survived.!! 55 As!far!as!the!Chronicon!of!Eusebius/Jerome!is!concerned,!at!least!the!Complutense! 134,!the!Alcobaciensis!and!the!Toletanus!manuscripts!derive!from!the!same!codex!where! the! full! Chronicon!could! still! be! read. 37 !For! his! own! edition! of! Eusebius/Jerome’s! Chronicon,! Arnaud! de! Pontac! (†! 1605)! used! the! notes! taken! by! Schott,! who! saw! the! Toletanus,! in! 1583.! It! transmitted! the! full! Chronicon. 38 !The! Alcobaciensis! and! the! Complutense!134!transmitted!only!an!epitome!of!the!Roman!history!instead,!which!must! have!been!made!quite!late,!since!the!index!copied!in!the!Complutense!134!(fol.!2r)!still! indicates!that!its!model!had!the!full!Chronicon:!Cronica)Eusebii)Cesarensis)de)veteri)et)nouo) testamento.! !We!have! the! complete!text!of! Prosper’s!Chronicon!in!manuscript!Complutense!134! (fols.! 14vb-17va)! and! some! sparse! references! taken! from! the! lost! Alcobaciensis! and! Toletanus!manuscripts.!They!suffice!to!confirm!that!these!three!manuscripts!derived!from! the!same!African!model!with!the!edition!of!455!of!Prosper’s!text. 39 !! !The! Chronica) of! Eusebius/Jerome! and! Prosper! of! Aquitaine! transmitted! by! the! Soriensis! manuscript! were! copied!neither! by! Pérez! nor! by! any! other! author.! However,! fortunately!Pérez!copied!at!least!a!short!list!of!consuls,!which!he!had!found!in)manuscripto) 30 Mommsen (1894: 165). 31 Villanueva (1804: 197-98). 32 Nascimento (1979). 33 Pontac (1604: 27); Cardelle de Hartmann (2001: 21*-22*, 86-87*). 34 Vallanueva (1804: 198); Cardelle de Hartmann (2001: 20*-21*). Bautista (2016: 22) suggests that the Toletanus and the codex from Burgo de Osma may be the same. 35 Villanueva (1804: 198, 199-200; 216-17); Cardelle de Hartmann (2001: 22*-23*); Bautista (2016: 23-26). 36 Ewald (1881: 323-27); Mommsen (1894: 167-72); Cardelle de Hartmann (2001: 27*-38*, 85*-89*). 37 Furtado (in press). 38 Pontac (1604: 27). 39 Mommsen (1894: 486-87); Pontac (1604: col. 786). I am now preparing a paper about this version of Prosper’s Chronica, in which I develop these conclusions. 7 Rodrigo Furtado Gothico) [=! Soriensis])in) fine!additionis) Prosperi) Aquitanici. 40 !This! addition! is! in! fact! the! same!short!consularia!of!444–455!that!had!been!added!in!455!to!Prosper’s!Chronicon: 41 !it! was!the!only!part!of!this!text!that!Pérez!copied!to!his!own!codex.!It!plainly!confirms!that! the!Soriensis!had!the!same!text!also!transmitted!by!the!Complutense!134!(see!fols.!17rbva).!! !Isidore!of!Seville!says!that!Victor’s!text!was!a!universal!Chronica!a)principio)mundi. 42 ! However,! no! manuscript! known! today,! including! the! Soriensis! (used! by! Pérez),! transmitted!Victor’s!complete!universal!Chronicon.)In!the!Soriensis,!in!the!Alcobaciensis! and!in!the!Complutense!134!manuscripts,!Victor’s!Chronicon!only!starts!in!444!and!there!is! no! trace! of! its! first! part. 43 !In! all! these! manuscripts,! Eusebius/Jerome’s! and! Prosper’s! Chronica!appear!before!this!‘truncated’!version!of!Victor’s!Chronicon!instead.)Thus,!already! in! the! model! of! all! these! codices,! the! first! part! of! Victor’s! Chronicon) had! already! been! replaced!by!Eusebius/Jerome’s!and!Prosper’s!own!texts. 44 !As!a!consequence,!it!is!evident! that! the! Soriensis! and! the! other! manuscripts! derive! from! the! same! ancient! model.! It! transmitted! Eusebius/Jerome’s,! Prosper! of! Aquitaine’s,! Victor! of! Tununa’s! and! John! of! Biclar’s!Chronica.!This!model!must!have!been!produced!not!in!Biclar,!but!only!after!Victor’s! and!John’s!Chronica!had!arrived!at!Seville,!since!Isidore!still!knew!Victor’s!full!text,!and! before! the! tradition! of! these! texts! had! split! in! two! branches,! in! Mozarabic! Spain! (see! above).! Seville,! where! Isidore! had! and! used! extensively! both! Eusebius/Jerome’s! and! Prosper’s!Chronica,!must!have!been!a!good!place!to!make!this!replacement.!This!new!Liber) chronicorum)did!not!change!its!main!thread:!it!was!in!fact!a!unique!narrative!of!world! history,!where!each!Chronicon,!by!intending!to!complete!the!former!one,!updated!the!facts! since!the!last!date!of!the!last!Chronicon!up!to!the!present!of!the!new!text.! ! 2.3.5The5Chronica)Byzantia-Arabica5and5the5Mozarabic5collection.) 40 ‘in the Gothic manuscript, after the additions to Prosper of Aquitaine’s Chronica’. Madrid, Fondo Fotográfico, photographs 191 and 192 (= fols. 117v and 118r). 41 Prosp. Chron. 1351-1354 (ed. Mommsen); Mommsen (1892: 487, ‘Continuatio Alcobaciensis’). About Prosper’s editions, see Mommsen (1892: 345-47), and also Muhlberger (1986); Humphries (1996). 42 Is. uir. 25. 43 Cardelle de Hartmann (2001: 101*-02*; 108*). 44 I do not think that Isidore misinterpreted Eusebius/Jerome’s and Prosper’s Chronicles as a kind of first part of Victor’s Chronica as posited by Mommsen (1894: 179-80); Reydellet (1970: 368-69); Cardelle de Hartmann (2001: 102*-06*). In fact, Isidore knew them very well and made extensive use of both Eusebius/Jerome’s and Prosper’s Chronica. Moreover, in the Complutense 134, Alcobaciensis or Toletanus manuscripts, the Chronica of Eusebius/Jerome does not start a principio mundi as Victor’s did, according to Isidore. 14 Rodrigo Furtado together!in!the!following!ancient!manuscripts!(I!am!only!considering!manuscripts!copied! until!the!twelfth!century):!in!manuscript!El!Escorial,!Biblioteca!del!Real!Monasterio!de!San! Lorenzo,!d.I.2,!fols.!239r-242r!(Albelda,!976); 75 !in!manuscript!Madrid,!Biblioteca!Nacional,! 1358,!fols.!8vb-27vb!(San!Juan!Bautista!de!Corias,!1160-1188);!and!in!manuscript!Madrid,! Biblioteca! Nacional,! 2805,! fols.! 10r-36r! (Santiago! de! Compostela,! 12th!c.). 76 !Madrid,!BN! 1358,!and!Madrid,!BN!2805,!also!contain!the!Exquisitio)totius)mundi, 77 !the!Ordo)annorum) mundi, 78 !the)Sexta)etate)seculi, 79 !and!the!Exquisitio)miliarios)cibitatum. 80 )Escorial!d.I.2!also! contains!the!Laterculus!of!the!Astur-Leonese!kings. 81 !! !The! core! of! this! collection! (at! least! the! three! main! Ordines) and! the)Chronica) Prophetica))was!gathered!together!at!the!end!of!the!ninth!century!in!Oviedo,!during!the! reign!of!Alfonso!III. 82 !There!are!two!fundamental!reasons!to!defend!this!argument.!The! first!is!that!there!are!a!significant!number!of!texts!finishing!in!883:!in!fact,!the!sequential! reading!of!the!main!three!Ordines!ends!in!that!year.!Diaz,!following!a!suggestion!already! made!by!Florez,!argued!that!the!last!Ordo!had!been!written!in!three!stages,!having!had!a! first! draft! in! 881,! and! being! updated! in! 882! and! 883. 83 !The! Chronica) prophetica!also! contains!no!text!composed!after!883. 84 !Even!among!the!short!texts,!at!least!of!the!Ordo) annorum) mundi!and! the! De) sexta) etate) seculi!end! in! 883,! and! the! Notitia) episcoprum! includes!a!short!poem)honoring!king!Alfonso! III.!The!second! reason! has!to!do!with!the! ideological!analysis!of!these!texts:!especially!the!last!Ordo,!the!Chronica)prophetica!and!the! Notitia) episcoporum) confirm! their! composition! during! the! neogothicist! ideological! environment!of!Alfonso!III:!the!title!of!the!last!Ordo!(of)the)kings)of)the)Goths)!shows!that! the!Asturian!kings!were!clearly!being!presented!as!the!successors!of!the!Visigoths.! !The!Ordo)regum)Romanorum,)the!Ordo)gentis)Gothorum!and!the!Chronica)Prophetica) used! the! Nomina) regum) Romanorum,! the)Historia) Wambae!and! the! Laterculus) regum) Wisigothorum,! this! last!one! in! precisely! the! same! version! as!copied! in! the! Soriensis! manuscript.! In! my! view!this! Chronica) Albeldensis,! whose! core! was! also! composed! in! 75 Antolín (1910: 368-404); Gil Fernández (1985: 81); Millares Carlo (1999: nº 49); Martínez Díaz (1966: 114-17); Díaz y Díaz (1979: 64-70). 76 See Rodríguez Díaz (1998). Estévez Sola (1995: li-lii) argues that MS Madrid, BN 2805 is not directly derived from Madrid, BN 1358, but that these two manuscripts come from a codex of Compostela, which is in turn a copy of a manuscript of San Juan Bautista de Coria. 77 Madrid, BN 1358, fols. 9vb-10ra; Madrid, BN 2805, fols. 11r-11v, and 28ra-29rb 78 Madrid, BN 1358, fols. 8vb-9rb; Madrid, BN 2805, fols. 10r-10v, and 36r-37v. 79 Madrid, BN 1358, fols. 9rb-9va; Madrid, BN 2805, fols. 10v-11r. 80 Madrid, BN 1358, fols. 25ra-25va; Madrid, BN 2805, fols. 32r-32v. 81 Escorial d.I.2, fol. 240va. 82 Díaz y Díaz (1976a: 218-21). 83 Díaz y Díaz (1976a: 218-21). 84 Furtado (2016b). 15 Rodrigo Furtado Oviedo,!is!not!very!different!from!the!Soriensis!compilation.!In!fact,!the!structure!of!the! collection!remains!similar:!i)!it!transmits!a!synthesis!of!World!history;!ii)!it!collects!the! available! historical! knowledge! in! a! kind! of! historical! easy-to-read! Vulgate;! iii)! the! succession!of!texts!also!reveals!the!translatio!regni)as!an!historical!interpretative!device.! Indeed,!we!discover!here!exactly!the!same!framework!we!had!already!found!in!Soriensis,! even!if!this!manuscript!was!clearly!‘less!organized’:!from!biblical!history!to!the!Romans,! and!from!the!latter!to!the!Visigoths!and!the!Muslims!on!the!one!hand,!and!to!the!Asturian! kingdom!on!the!other.!The!Chronica)Prophetica,)with)its!narratives!and!genealogies,!also! describes!Muslim!history!and!especially!its!Spanish!realms,!corresponding!to!the!interest! in!Byzantine-Arabian/Muslim!history,!already!assured!by!the!Chronica)Byzantia-Arabica)in! the!Soriensis!manuscript.!It!announces!the!end!of!the!Muslim!rule!in!Spain!for!November! 883,!and!Alfonso!III’s!eventual!victory!and!rule!over!the!entire!peninsula.! !Thus,! I! argue! that! the! same! principles! that! were! operative! with!the! Biclar,! the! Mozarabic! and! the! Ovetensis/Soriensis! compilations! emerge! even! more! clearly! in! the! Chronica)Albeldensis.!Indeed,!all!three!Ordines)copied!in!this)Chronicon)are!abridgments!of! texts!which!are!also!in!Soriensis:!Isidore’s!Chronica)and)Historiae)and!a!primitive!version! of!the!Chronica)Adefonsi)III.!I!do!not!claim!that!the!Ordines!copied!in!the!Albeldensis)were! composed!directly!from!the!Soriensis!manuscript.!!I!suggest!that!the!compiler!that!shaped! in! Oviedo! the! textual! core! of! the! Chronica) Albeldensis!took! more! accessible! and! manageable!short!texts!circulating!in!a!dispersed!way,!and!decided!to!bring!them!together! in!an!‘abbreviated’!structure!that!roughly!reproduced!the!model!of!a!larger!compilation.!In! Oviedo,!someone!curious!about!the!history!of!the!World!could!read!either!compilation:! either! the! model! of! the! Soriensis,! with! the! best! and! more! prestigious! historical! texts! available,!or!the!more!quickly!readable!Chronica)Albeldensis.! !This!is!perhaps!not!very!different!from!what!happened!with!Isidore’s!and!Idefonsus’s! De)viris)illustribus,!copied!in!manuscript!El!Escorial,!Biblioteca!del!Real!Monasterio!de!San! Lorenzo,!d.I.2,!fols.!341-43.!Here!both!these!texts!are!abridged,!sometimes!to!the!point!of! just!quoting!some!names,!without!any!other!text.!Escorial!d.I.2,!copied!in!Albelda!in!976,!is! precisely! one! of! the! manuscripts! which! contains! a! part! of! the! Chronica) Albeldensis,! in! which!the!introductory!texts!of!the!Madrid,!RAH!Aem.!39,!are!missing.!This!is!therefore!a! concrete!example!of!a! process!that!seems!to!have!occurred! in!the! Chronica) Albeldensis:! despite!having!longer!prestigious!and!ancient!texts,!in!Oviedo!one!also!began!to!make!and! gather! together! abridgements!and! epitomes! from! different! origins.! These! shorter!texts! presented!an!even!more!condensed!view!of!the!past,!imitating!together!the!structure!of! the!earlier!compilations.!! 16 Rodrigo Furtado !It!may!well!be!possible!that!there!is!also!another!link!between!the!Soriensis!and!the! textual! core!of! the! Chronica) Albeldensis.! In! fact,!manuscript!Madrid,!RAH! Aem.) 39,!is!a! codex!copied!in!the!scriptorium!of!Suso,!San!Millán!de!la!Cogolla. 85 !The!fact!that!Suso!had!a! very!important!scriptorium!in!the!tenth!and!eleventh!century!points!to!this!area!as!the! place!where!the!Soriensis!manuscript!may!have!been!copied.!Jorge!de!Beteta!also!took! from!Soria!a!manuscript!with!the!Vita)sancti)Aemiliani,!which!is!now!the!El!Escorial!a.II.9:! Saint! Aemilian! was! the! founder! of! the! monastery! of! San! Millán! de! la! Cogolla! and!this! manuscript,!which!was!in!Soria!with!our!Soriensis,!was!probably!copied!there.!If!it!was!so,! then!both!the!Soriensis!manuscript!and!the!Madrid,!RAH!Aem.!39!may!have!been!copied!in! the!library!of!Suso.!! ! Conclusions5 The!two!examples!I!presented!here!reveal!that!much!of!the!Spanish!historiography!of!the! second!half!of!the!first!millennium!has!the!following!characteristics.! 1.! It! depends! on! a! diachronic! chronistic! structure,! modelled! upon! Eusebius/Jerome’s! Chronicon.! The! historical! knowledge! in! Spain! between! the! beginning! of! the! seventh! century!and!the!end!of!the!tenth!century!supposes!a!chronological!continuous!narrative,! allowing!the!constant!updating!of!texts!and!reconfiguring!of!collections.! 2.!It!presupposes!a!great!freedom!in!the!handling!of!texts.!Manuscript!Madrid,!RAH)Aem.! 39,! shows! that! the! texts! of! the! Chronica) Albeldensis!were! copied! based! on! the! same! structure!that!had!been!used!at!least!since!the!Biclar!collection.!The!core!of!the!Chronica) Albeldensis!clearly!assumes! the! ecumenical!principle! of! the! chronicle,! including!shorter! texts,! such! as! lists,! genealogies! and! epitomes,! instead! of! the! more! extended! and! prestigious! ancient! texts.! The! essential! feature,! however,! remained:! the! chronological! continuity! up! to!the!present;! the! succession!of! authors!and! texts!from!different!origins! while! arranging! them! in! a! chronological! order;! and! an! interpretation! of! history! as! a! continuous!translatio)regni!up!to!the!Astur-Leonese!or!to!the!Pamplonan!kingdoms.! 3.!These!compilations!also!reveal!a!difficulty!in!understanding!history!as!synchronic.!This! dimension!was!assumed!in!Eusebius’s!Chronicon,!with!its!different!tables!for!the!different! geographic!areas.!However,!this!synchronic!view!had!already!been!eliminated!in!Jerome’s! Latin!continuation!(largely!due!to!the!‘unification’!of!the!known!world!under!Rome),!and! their! successors! tended! to! shrink! more! and! more! their! perspectives! to! focus! on! the! regions!where!they!wrote.! 85 Díaz y Díaz (1979: 165-73); Ruíz García (1997: 257-64). 17 Rodrigo Furtado 4.! Finally,! the! structure! of! these! compilations! constitutes! a! canon! derived! from! the! principles!established!in!Late!Antiquity!and!subject!to!continuous!additions!and!redesigns.! This! may! have! been! the! most! important! of! all! the! consequences! for! Spanish! historiography:!a!compilation!from!Biclar,!expanded!in!the!Mozarabic!South,!in!Asturias! and!in!La!Rioja,!came!to!include!the!most!essential!canon!of!all!historical!texts!of!Medieval! Spain!before!900!(perhaps!only!with!the!exception!of!Orosius’s!Historiae).!Spanish!people! might! even! have! known! other! authors! or! recognized! their! work,! but! as! the! anonymus! compiler!of! the!Chronica) Albeldensis,)Pelagius!of!Oviedo,!the!anonymus! compiler!of! the! Chronica)Naierensis,!Lucas!of!Tuy,!Rodrigo!Ximenes!de!Rada!or!Alfonso!X!show,!it!is!often! to!the!core!of!this!collection!that!historians!go!back!for!inspiration.!This!is!also!the!case!for! matters! of! history! writing:! for! these! copyists,! compilers! and! men! of! culture,! history! writing!often!resulted!in!little!more!than!the!combination!or!abbreviation!of!previous!texts! by!juxtaposing!or!interpolating!them,!and!in!their!continuation!up!to!the!present.!When! those!authors!came!to!organize!an!original!collection!of!texts!in!the!twelfth!to!thirteenth! centuries,!they!could!not!fail!to!take!into!account!either!the!model!or!many!of!the!texts! transmitted! during! the! previous! six! hundred!years.! Born! in! Biclar,! our! Spanish! compilation!became!the!backbone!of!Medieval!Spanish!compilatory!historiography!until!at! least!the!thirteenth!century. 86 ! ! ! Bibliography5 Primary)sources)–)Manuscripts) El5Escorial5 Biblioteca)del)Real)Monasterio)de)San)Lorenzo:!d.I.2! Madrid5 Biblioteca)Histórica)Marqués)de)Valdecilla-Universidad)Complutense:!134!! Biblioteca)Nacional:!1358,!2805! Biblioteca)de)la)Real)Academia)de)la)Historia:!Aemilianensis)39! Archivo)de)la)Biblioteca)del)Instituto)de)Historia)del)CSIC:! !Fondo!Fotográfico!Sánchez-Albornoz,!AEHCajas!I-III/Segorbe.!Referred!to!as!‘Madrid,!Fondo! Fotográfico’.! ! Primary)sources)–)Texts) CCCM!–!Corpus!Christianorum!Continuatio!Mediaevalis! CCSL!–!Corpus!Christianorum!Series!Latina! CPL!–!Clauis!Patrum!Latinorum! MGH!SS!/!AA!–!Monumenta!Germaniae!Historica,!Scriptores!/!Auctores!Antiquissimi! 86 This article was written as part of the research project «La evolución de los saberes y su transmisión en la Antigüedad tardía y la alta Edad Media latinas III», (PIJ.C. Martín & D. Paniagua) 2017-2019 clave de referencia FFI2016-76495-P. ‘La evolución de los sabers y su transmission en la Antigüedad tardía y la Alta Edad Media III’ (FFI2016-76496-P). I am most grateful to Prof. Roger Collins, to Dr. Eric S. Kooper and to Dr Cristian Bratu for their close reading of this text, their comments and their most valuable suggestions. 18 Rodrigo Furtado [Braulione!di!Saragozza.!Vita)sancti)Aemiliani].!‘La!Vita!di!S.!Emiliano!scritta!da!Braulione!vescovo!di! Saragozza:!edizione!critica.’!Ed.!I.!Cazzaniga.!Bollettino)del)comitato)per)la)preparazione)della) edizione)nazionale)dei)classici)greci)e)latini!3!(1954):!7-44.! [Chronica)Adefonsi) III].!Crónicas)Asturianas.!Ed.!J.!Gil!Fernández.!Oviedo:! Universidad! de! Oviedo,! 1985.!114-49.! [Chronica) Albeldensis].! ‘Las! primeras! crónicas! de! la! reconquista:! el! ciclo! de! Alfonso! III.’! Ed.! M.! Gómez!Moreno.!Boletín)de)la)Real)Academia)de)la)Historia)100!(1932:!600-09).!! [Chronica) Albeldensis].! Crónicas) Asturianas.! Ed.! J.! Gil! Fernández.! Oviedo:! Universidad! de! Oviedo,! 1985.!153-88.! [Chronica)Albeldensis].!Chroniques)Asturiennes)(fin)IXe)siècle).!Ed.!Y.!Bonnaz.!Paris:!CNRS,!1987.!1030.!! [Chronica) Byzantia-Arabica].! Corpus) Scriptorum) Mozarabicorum!1.! Ed.! J.! Gil! Fernández,! Madrid:! Consejo!Superior!de.!Investigaciones!Científicas,!Instituto!‘Antonio!de!Nebrija’,!1973.!7-14.! [Chronica) Naierensis]!Chronica) Hispana.) Saeculi) XII.!Pars!II.!Chronica) Naierensis.!Ed.!J.!A.!Estévez! Sola.!CCCM!71A.!Turnholt:!Brepols,!1995.!! ![Consularia) Caesaraugustana].! Victoris) Tunnunensis) chronicon) cum) reliquiis) ex) Consularibus) Caesaraugustanis)et)Iohannis)Biclarensis)chronicon.!Ed.!C.)Cardelle!de!Hartmann.!CCSL!173A.! Turnhout:!Brepols,!2001.!3-55.! [Eusebius! Caesariensis-Hieronymus.! Chronicon].! Chronica) trium) illustrium) auctorum) Eusebii) Pamphili) episcopi)Caesariensis) D.) Hieronymo) interprete) D.) Eusebii) Hieronymi) presbyteri) D.) Prosperi)Aquitanici)episcopi)Regiensis)ab)Abraham)ad)an.)Christi)449.!Ed.!A.!Pontac,!Burdigaliae,! 1603.!! [Eusebius! Caesariensis-Hieronymus.! Chronicon].! Eusebius) Werke.!7.! Die) Chronik) des) Hieronymus.) Hieronymi)chronicon.!Ed.!R.!Helm.!Berlin:!Akademie-Verlag,!1956.! [Iohannes! Biclarensis.! Chronicon]! Victoris) Tonnennensis) Chronica.) Iohannis) abbatis) Biclarensis) Chronica.!Chronicorum)Caesaraugustanorum)reliquiae.!Ed.!Th.!Mommsen,!Chronica)minora!2.! MGH,!AA)11.!Berolini:!apud!Weidmannos.!1894.!207-223.!! [Iohannes! Biclarensis.! Chronicon]! Victoris) Tunnunensis) chronicon) cum) reliquiis) ex) Consularibus) Caesaraugustanis)et)Iohannis)Biclarensis)chronicon.!Ed.!C.)Cardelle!de!Hartmann.!CCSL!173A.! Turnhout:!Brepols,!2001.!59-83.! Isidoro! de! Sevilla.! Las) historias) de) los) Godos,) Vandalos) y) Suevos.! Ed.! C.! Rodríguez! Alonso.)León:! Centro!de!Estudios!e!investigación!“San!Isidoro”,!Archivo!histórico!diocesano,!Caja!de!Ahorros! y!monte!de!Piedad!de!León,!1975.! [Isidorus! Hispalensis.! Chronica])Chronicon) D.) Isidori) Archiep.) Hisp.!emendatum,) scholiisque) illustratum.!Ed.!G.!Loaysa!y!Girón.!Taurini,!1593.! [Isidorus!Hispalensis.!Chronica])Isidori) hispalensis) chronica.!Ed.!J.!C.!Martín.!CCSL!112.!Turnhout:! Brepols,!2003.! [Isidorus!Hispalensis,!De)uiris)illustribus]!El)De!uiris!illustribus!de)Isidoro)de)Sevilla.)Estudio)y)edición) crítica,!Ed.!C.!Codoñer!Merino.!Salamanca:!Ediciones!de!la!Universidad,1965.! [Iulianus!Toletanus.!Historia)Wambae]!Historia)Wambae)regis)auctore)Iuliano)episcopo)Toletano.!Ed.! W.! Levison.! MGH! Scriptores! rerum! Merovingicarum)5.! Hanoverae! et! Lipsiae:! Impensis! Bibliopolii!Hahniani,!1910.!500-35.! [Ps-Iulianus!Toletanus.!Ordo)annorum)mundi]!Iuliani)Toletani)opera)2.!Ed.!J.!C.!Martín.!CCSL!115B.! Turnhout:!Brepols,!2014!237-81,!687-704.!! [Prosperus!Aquitanicus.!Chronicon]!Prosperi)Tironis)epitoma)chronicon.!Ed.!Th.!Mommsen.!Chronica) minora!1.!MGH,!AA)9.!Berolini:!apud!Weidmannos.!1892.!342-485.! [Victor! Tunnunensis.! Chronicon]! Victoris) Tonnennensis) Chronica.) Iohannis) abbatis) Biclarensis) Chronica.!Chronicorum)Caesaraugustanorum)reliquiae.!Ed.!Th.!Mommsen,!Chronica)minora!2.! MGH,!AA)11.!Berolini:!apud!Weidmannos.!189.!178-206.!! [Victor! Tunnunensis.! Chronicon]! Victoris) Tunnunensis) chronicon)cum) reliquiis) ex) Consularibus) Caesaraugustanis)et)Iohannis)Biclarensis)chronicon.!Ed.!C.)Cardelle!de!Hartmann.!CCSL!173A.! Turnhout:!Brepols,!2001.!3-55.! ! Secondary)Literature5 Andrés,!G.!(1976).!‘Los!códices!visigóticos!de!Jorge!de!Beteta!en!la!Biblioteca!del!Escorial.’!Celtiberia) 51:!101-07.! Antolín,! G.! (1910).! Catálogo) de) los) códices) latinos) de) la) Real) Biblioteca) del) Escorial) 1.! Madrid:! Imprenta!Helénica.! 19 Rodrigo Furtado Ayllet,!C.!(2009).!‘The!Chronicle!of!741.’!In!Christian-Muslim)Relations.)A)Bibliographical)History.!Vol.! 1)(600-900).!Ed.!D.!Thomas,!B.!Roggema.!Leiden:!Brill.!284-89.! Bautista,!F.!(2011),!‘Memoria!de!Carlomagno:!sobre!la!difusión!temprana!de!la!materia!carolingia!en! España!(siglos!XI-XII).’!Revista)de)Poética)Medieval!25:!47-109.! Bautista,!F.!(2015).!‘Dos!notas!sobre!el!ciclo!historiográfico!de!Alfonso!III’.!Territorio,)sociedad) y) poder!10:!5-16.! Bautista,!F.!(2016).!‘Juan!Páez!de!Castro,!Juan!Buatista!Pérez,!Jerónimo!Zurita!y!dos!misceláneas! historiográficas!de!la!España!altomedieval’.!Scriptorium!70.1:!3-68.! Bonnaz,!Y.!(1987).!See![Chronica)Albeldensis].)Chroniques)Asturiennes.)! Cardelle! de! Hartmann,! C.! (2001).! See! [Iohannes! Biclarensis.! Chronicon;! Victor! Tunnunensis,! Chronicon].! Cazzaniga,!I.!(1954).!See![Braulione!di!Saragozza.!Vita)sancti)Aemiliani].! Cifuentes,!J.!V.!(1793),!‘Parecer!de!Ambrosio!de!Morales!dado!a!Filipe!II!acerca!de!las!reliquias!y! libros!de!Oviedo!en!el!mes!de!Mayo!de!1572’,!In!Opúsculos)castillanos)de)Ambrosio)de)Morales.) t.!2.)Noticias)históricas)sacadas)del)archivo)de)Uclès,)de)sus)sepulcros)y)calenda)y)del)testamento) del)infante)D.)Enrique)con)un)cronicón)hasta)ahora)no)publicado.!Madrid:!Benito!Cano,!1793.! Codoñer!Merino,!C.!(1964).!See![Isidorus!Hispalensis,!De)uiris)illustribus].! Collins,! R.! (2001).! ‘An! historical! commentary! on! Iohannis! Biclarensis! Chronicon.’! In! Cardelle! de! Hartmann!(2001).!95-148.! Deswarthes,!Th.!(2003),!De)la)destruction)à)la)restauration.)L’idéologie)du)royaume)d’Oviedo-León) (VIIIe-XIe)siècles).!Turnhout!:!Brepols.! Díaz!y!Díaz,!M.!C.!(1976a).!‘La!historiografía!hispana!desde!la!invasión!árabe!hasta!el!año!1000.’!In! De)Isidoro)al)siglo)XI.)estudios)sobre)la)vida)literaria)peninsular.!Barcelona:!El!Albir.!203-34.! Díaz!y!Díaz,!M.!C.!(1976b).!‘La!transmisión!textual!del!Biclarense.’!In!De)Isidoro)al)siglo)XI.)estudios) sobre)la)vida)literaria)peninsular.!Barcelona:!El!Albir.!119-40.!! Díaz!y!Díaz,!M.!C.!(1979).!Libros)y)librerías)en)la)Rioja)altomedieval.!Logroño:!Servicio!de!cultura!de! la!Excma.!Diputación!provincial.!! Estévez!Sola,!J.!A.!(1995).!See![Chronica)Naierensis].!! Ewald,!P.!(1881).!‘Reise!nach!Spanien!im!Winter!1878!auf!1879.’!Neues)Archiv)der)Gesellschaft)für) ältere)deutsche)Geschichtskunde!6:!217-398.! Ferreiro,! A.! (2008! [2010]).! ‘The! theology! and! typology! of! the!Third! Council! of! Toledo! (589).’!Annuarium)Historiae)Conciliorum!40:!61-84.! Flórez,!E.,!ed.!(1765).!Viage)de)Ambrosio)de)Morales)por)orden)del)rey)D.)Phelipe)II)a)los)reynos)de) Leon,)y)Galicia,)y)principado)de)Asturias.)Para)reconocer)las)reliquias)de)santos,)sepulcros)reales,) y)libros)manuscritos)de)las)cathedrales,)y)monasterios.!Madrid:!Antonio!Marín,!1765.! Flórez,!E.!(1816).!España)Sagrada)13.!2nd!edn.!Madrid:!Oficina!de!D.!José!del!Collado.!! Furtado,!R.!(2011).!¿Dónde!fue!escrito!el!Ordo)gentis)Gothorum?’!Voces)22:!39-65.! Furtado,!R.!(2016a).!‘A!collection!of!chronicles!from!Late!Antique!Spain:!Madrid,!Complutense!134,! ff.! 25vb-47vb.! Content,! structure! and! chronology.’! ’! In! Formas) de) acceso) al) saber) en) la) Antigüedad)tardía)y)en)la)Alta)Edad)Media.)La)Transmisión)del)conocimiento)dentro)y)fuera)de)la) escuela.!Edited!by!D.!Paniagua!and!M.!A.!Sanz.!Barcelona-Roma:!Brepols.!227-58.! Furtado,!R.!(2016b).!‘The!Chronica!Prophetica!in!MS.!Madrid,!RAH!Aem.!78.’!In!Forme)di)accesso)al) sapere)in)età)tardoantica)e)altomedievale)6.!Edited!by!L.!Cristante!and!V.!Veronesi.Trieste.!75100.!! Furtado,!R.!(in!press).!‘La!«Crónica»!de!Eusebio-Jerónimo!en!Madrid,!BHMV,!Complutense!134!(ff.! 2va-14vb).’!In!Latinidad)medieval)hispánica.!Edited!by!J.!F.!Mesa!Sanz.!Firenze:!Sismel.!63-78.!!! Galán!Sánchez,!P.!(1994).!El)género)historiográfico)de)la)Chronica.)Las)crónicas)hispanas)de)época) visigoda.!Cáceres:!Servicio!de!publicaciones!de!la!Universidad!de!Extremadura.!! Gil!Fernández,!J.!(1973).!See![Chronica)Byzantia-Arabica].! Gil!Fernández,!J.!(1977).!‘Judíos!y!cristianos!en!la!Hispania!del!siglo!VII.’!Hispania)Sacra!30:!9-110.!! Gil!Fernández,!J.!(1978).!‘Judíos!y!cristianos!en!Hispania!(s.!VIII!y!IX).’!Hispania)Sacra!31:!9-88.! Gil!Fernández,!J.,!ed.!(1985).!See![Chronica)Albeldensis].!Crónicas)Asturianas.!! Gómez!Moreno,!M.!(1932).!‘Las!primeras!crónicas!de!la!reconquista:!el!ciclo!de!Alfonso!III.’!Boletín) de)la)Real)Academia)de)la)Historia)100:!562-628.!! Guerreiro,!R.!(1990).!‘Un!vrai!ou!faux!passionaire!dans!le!manuscript!39!de!la!Real!Academia!de!la! Historia!de!Madrid.’!Revue)Mabillon!62:!37-56.! Hillgarth,! J.! N.! (1970).! ‘Historiography! in! Visigothic! Spain.’! In! La) storiografia) altomedievale) 1.! Spoleto:!Fondazione!Centro!Italiano!di!Studi!sull’alto!medioevo.!261-311.! 20 Rodrigo Furtado Humphries,! M.! (1996).! ‘Chronicle! and! chronology:! Prosper! of! Aquitaine,! his! methods! and! the! development!of!early!medieval!chronography.’!Early)Medieval)Europe!5:!155-75.! Jiménez!Sánchez,!J.!A.!(2007).!‘Acerca!de!la!denominada!Crónica)de)Zaragoza.’!Helmantica!58:!33967.! Levison,!W.!(1910).!See![Iulianus!Toletanus.!Historia)Wambae]!.! Loaysa!y!Girón,!G.!(1593).!See![Isidorus!Hispalensis,!Chronicon].! Martín,!J.!C.!(2003).!See![Isidorus!Hispalensis.!Chronica])Isidori].! Martínez!Díaz,!G.!(1966).!La)colección)canónica)hispana!1.!Madrid:!CSIC.!! Menéndez!Pidal,!R.!(1949).!‘La!historiografía!medieval!sobre!Alfonso!ll.’!Estudios)sobre)la)monarquía) asturiana.!Oviedo:!Diputación!Provincial,!Instituto!de!Estudios!Asturianos.!9-41.! Millares! Carlo,! A.! (1999).! Corpus) de) códices) visigóticos.)Las! Palmas:! Universidad! Nacional! de! Educacioƒ n! a! Distancia,! Centro! Asociado! de! Las! Palmas! de! Gran! Canaria,! Gobierno! de! Canarias.!Mommsen,!Th.!(1892).!See![Prosperus!Aquitanicus.!Chronicon].! Mommsen,!Th.!(1894).!See![Iohannis!Biclarensis,!Chronicon;!Victor!Tunnunensis,!Chronicon].! Muhlberger,! S.! (1986).! ‘Proper’s! Epitoma) Chronicon:! was! there! an! edition! of! 443?’! Classical) Philology!81:!240-44.! Nascimento,!A.!A.!(1979).!‘Em)busca!dos!códices!alcobacenses!perdidos.’!Didaskalia!9:!279-88.! Placanica,! A.! (1989).! ‘Da! Cartagine! a! Bisanzio:! per! la! biografia! di! Vittore! Tunnunense.’! Vetera) Christianorum)26:!327-36.! Pontac,!A.!(1604).!See![Eusebius!Caesariensis-Hieronymus.!Chronicon].!! Reydellet,! M.! (1970).! ‘Les! intentions! idéologiques! et! politiques! dans! la! Chronique) d’Isidore! de! Séville.’!Mélanges)d’archéologie)et)d’histoire)82:!363-400.! Rodríguez!Alonso,!C.!(1975).!See!Isidoro!de!Sevilla.!Las)historias)de)los)Godos,)Vandalos)y)Suevos.!! Rodríguez! Díaz,! E.! E.! (1998).! ‘Producción! libraria! en! la! Asturias! medieval:! el! ms.! 1358! de! la! Biblioteca!Nacional!de!Madrid.’!Boletín)del)Real)Instituto)de)Estudios)Asturianos!152:!21-50.!! Ruíz!García,!E.!(1997).!Catálogo)de)la)sección)de)códices)de)la)Real)Academia)de)la)Historia.!Madrid:! Real!Academia!de!la!Historia.! Ruiz!de!la!Peña,!J.!I.!(1985).!‘Estudio!preliminar:!la!cultura!en!la!corte!Ovetense!del!siglo!IX.’!In! Cronicas)Asturianas.!Edited!by!Juan!Gil.!Oviedo:!Universidad!de!Oviedo.!11-42.!! Sánchez!Albornoz,!Cl.!(1945).!‘Una!cronica!asturiana!perdida!de!tiempos!de!Alfonso!II.’!Revista)de) Filologia)Hispánica)7:!105-46.! Teillet,!S.!(1984).!Des)Goths)à)la)nation)Gothique.)Les)origines)de)l’idée)de)nation)en)Occident)du)Ve)au) VIIe)siècle.!Paris:!Les!Belles!Lettres.! Villanueva,!J.!L.!(1804).!‘Carta!XXVI:!Noticia!del!códice!de!cronicones!que!copió!el!señor!Perez!de! varios!originales!antiguos,!el!qual!se!conserva!en!el!archivo!de!la!Santa!Iglesia!de!Segorve.’) Viage)literario)a)las)iglesias)de)España!3.!Madrid.!196-220.!! ! ! !5