Exploring Health Science Students’ Notions on Organ Donation and Transplantation: A Multicenter Study
Abstract
The knowledge acquired during university education about organ donation and transplantation (ODT) decisively influences the information future health professionals transmit. This is important in ODT where the participation of the general public is essential to obtain organs. Objective: To determine notions of Spanish medicine and nursing students on ODT and its relationship with attitude toward ODT. Methods and Design: and design. We conducted a sociologic, multicenter, and observational study. The population for our study consisted of medical and nursing students in Spanish universities. Our database was the Collaborative International Donor Project, stratified by geographic area and academic course. A validated questionnaire (PCID-DTO-RIOS) was self-administered and completed anonymously. Our sample consisted of 9598 medical and 10, 566 nursing students (99% confidence interval; precision of ±1%), stratified by geographic area and year of study. Results: The completion rate for our study was 90%. Only 20% (n=3640) of students thought their notions on ODT were good; 41% (n=7531) thought their notions were normal; 36% (n=6550) thought their notions were scarce. Comparing groups, there were differences between those who believed that their notions on ODT were good (44% nursing vs 56% medical students; P < .000), and those who believed it scarce (54% nursing vs 46% medical students; P < .000). Notions on ODT were related with attitude toward the donation of one''s own organs: those who considered their notions were good were more in favor then those who considered it scarce (88% vs 72%; P < .000). Conclusion: Only 20% of Spanish medical and nursing students thought their notions on ODT were good. Having good knowledge is related to a favorable attitude towards ODT. Receiving specific information on the subject could improve their knowledge about ODT during their training. Martínez-Alarcón, L.; Ríos, A.; Gutiérrez, P.R.; Santainés-Borredá, E.; Gómez, F.J.; Agras-Suarez, M.C.; Iriarte, J.; Cañadas-De la Fuente, G.A.; Herruzo, R.; Hurtado-Pardos, B.; Blanco, G.; Bárcena-Calvo, C.; Llorca, F.J.; Perelló-Campaner, C.; Asunsolo, A.; Arribas-Marin, J.M.; Sánchez, P.; García-Mayor, S.; Fernández, A.; Soto-Ruíz, M.N.; Teresa de Jesús, M.; Navalón, J.C.; Lana, A.; Bertran-Noguer, C.; Fuentes, L.; Peña-Amaro, M.P.; Hernández, J.R.; Jiménez-Herrera, M.F.; Virseda, J.; Blanco-Sánchez, R.; Yelamos, J.; Calvo-Sánchez, M.D.; Bondía, J.A.; Prado-Laguna, M.C.; González-García, A.; Martínez-Rodríguez, A.; Bas-Sarmiento, P.; Faus-Gabandé, F.; Muiños-Álvarez, A.; Peyró-Gregori, L.; Hernández-Martínez, H.; López-Navas, A.I.; Parrilla, P.; Ramírez, P.
Full text
ABSTRACT
The knowledge acqui ed du ing uni e si y educa ion abou o gan dona ion and ansplan a ion (ODT)
decisi ely in luences he in o ma ion u u e heal h p o essionals ansmi . This is impo an in ODT whe e he
pa icipa ion o he gene al public is essen ial o ob ain o gans.
OBJECTIVE: To de e mine no ions o Spanish Medicine and Nu sing s uden s on ODT, and he ela ion wi h
a i ude owa d ODT.
METHODS AND DESIGN: A sociological, mul icen e, and obse a ional s udy. Popula ion: medical and
nu sing s uden s in Spanish uni e si ies. Da abase: Collabo a i e In e na ional Dono P ojec , s a i ied by
geog aphic a ea and academic cou se. A alida ed ques ionnai e (PCID-DTO-RIOS) was sel -adminis e ed
and comple ed anonymously. Sample: 9598 medical and 10566 nu sing s uden s (99% con idence; p ecision
o ±1%), s a i ied by geog aphical a ea and yea o s udy.
RESULTS: Comple ion a e: 90%. Only 20% (n=3640) o s uden s hough hei no ions on ODT we e good;
41% (n=7531) hough hei knowledge was no mal; 36% (n=6550) said i was sca ce. Compa ing g oups:
he e we e di e ences be ween hose who belie ed ha hei no ions on ODT we e good (44% nu sing s.56%
medical s uden s;p<0.000), and hose who belie ed i sca ce (54% nu sing s.46% medical s uden s;p<0.000).
No ions on ODT we e ela ed wi h a i ude owa d he dona ion o one's own o gans: hose who conside ed
hei no ions we e good we e mo e in a o hen hose who conside ed i sca ce (88% s.72%;p<0.000).
CONCLUSION: Only 20% o Spanish medical and nu sing s uden s hough hei no ions on ODT we e good.
Ha ing good knowledge is ela ed o a a o able a i ude owa ds ODT. Recei ing speci ic in o ma ion on he
subjec could imp o e hei knowledge abou ODT du ing hei aining.
EXPLORING HEALTH SCIENCE STUDENTS' NOTIONS ON ORGAN DONATION AND
TRANSPLANTATION: A MULTICENTER STUDY
Ma ínez-Ala cón Lau a1,2,3,4, Ríos An onio1,2,3,4,5, Gu ié ez Ped o Ramón6,7, San ainés-Bo edá Elena8,
Gómez F ancisco Ja ie 9, Ag as-Sua ez Ma ía Concepción10, I ia e Jo ge11, Cañadas-De la Fuen e Guille mo
A u o12, He uzo Ra ael 13, Hu ado-Pa dos Bá ba a14, Blanco Ge a do15, Bá cena-Cal o Ca men16,
Llo ca F ancisco Ja ie 17, Pe elló-Campane Ca alina18, Asunsolo Angel19, A ibas-Ma in Juan Manuel20,
Sánchez Pila 21, Ga cía-Mayo Sil ia22, Fe nández Ana23, So o-Ruíz Ma ia Nelia24, de Jesús Ma ia Te esa25,
Na alón Juan Ca los26, Lana Albe o27, Be an-Nogue Ca me28, Fuen es L29, Peña-Ama o Ma ia Pila 30,
He nández JR31, Jiménez-He e a Ma ia F ancisca32, Vi seda Julio33, Blanco-Sánchez Ra aela34, Yelamos
Jose35, Cal o-Sánchez Ma ía Dolo es36, Bondía JA21, P ado-Laguna Ma ía Ca men37, González-Ga cía
Albe o38, Ma ínez-Rod íguez Adelina39, Bas-Sa mien o Pila 40, Faus-Gabandé F ancisco8, Muiños-Ál a ez
Alicia10, Pey ó-G ego i Lo e o41, He nández-Ma ínez Helena42, López-Na as Ana Isabel43, Pa illa Pascual1,2,5,
Ramí ez Pablo1,2,3,5,5
1. T ansplan Uni , Su ge y Se ice, Uni e si y Clinical Hospi al Vi gen de la A ixaca, Mu cia, Spain. 2.
Biomedical Resea ch Ins i u e o Mu cia IMIB-A ixaca, Mu cia, Spain. 3. In e na ional Collabo a i e Dono
P ojec (“P oyec o Colabo a i o In e nacional Donan e”), Mu cia, Spain. 4. Regional T ansplan Cen e.
Conseje ía de Sanidad y Consumo de la Región de Mu cia, Spain. 5. Depa men o Su ge y, Paedia ics,
Obs e ics y Gynaecology, Uni e si y o Mu cia, Spain. 6. U ology Se ice. Complejo Hospi ala io Uni e si a io
de Cana ias (CHUC). Tene i e. Spain. 7. Depa men o Su ge y (Uni e si y o La Laguna, ULL) San C is óbal
de La Laguna. Tene i e. Spain. 8. Depa men o Nu sing. Facul y o Nu sing. Uni e si y o Valencia, Spain. 9.
Uni e si y o G anada, G anada, Spain. 10. Uni e si y School o Nu sing POVISA. Uni e si y o Vigo, Spain.
11. Uni e si y o Na a a, Spain. 12. Depa men o Nu sing. Facul y o Heal h Sciences. Uni e si y o
G anada. Spain. 13. Au onomous Uni e si y o Mad id. Spain.14. Campus Docen San Joan de Deu.
Ba celona, Spain. 15. HBP Su ge y and Li e T ansplan Se icie, Complejo Hospi ala io Uni e si a io de
Badajoz, Hospi al In an a C is ina. 16. Depa men o Nu sing and Physio he apy-Nu sing A ea. Facul y o
Heal h Sciences. Uni e si y o León, Spain. 17. Uni e si y o Can ab ia, San ande . Spain. 18. Depa amen
d'In e me ia i Fisio e àpia. Uni e si a de les Illes Balea s. Spain. 19. Depa amen o de Ci ugía, Ciencias
Médicas y Sociales. Facul ad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud. Uni e sidad de Alcalá Campus Cien í ico-
Tecnológico. Alcala de Hena es. Mad id, Spain. 20. Escuela Uni e si a ia de En e me ía y Fisio e apia “San
Juan de Dios”. Depa amen o de Ciencias de la Salud. Uni e sidad Pon i icia Comillas. Mad id. Spain. 21.
Facul ad de Medicina. Uni e sidad de Málaga. Spain. 22. Depa amen o de En e me ía. Facul ad de Ciencias
de la Salud. Uni e sidad de Málaga. Spain. 23. Depa amen o de Ciencias Biomédicas Básicas, Facul ad de
Ciencias Biomédicas. Uni e sidad Eu opea de Mad id. Spain. 24. Depa amen o Ciencias de la Salud.
Uni e sidad Pública de Na a a. Pamplona. Spain. 25. Facul ad de Medicina. Uni e sidad Rey Juan Ca los,
Mad id. Spain. 26. Hospi al Vega Baja. Depa amen o de Ci ugía Gene al. O ihuela. Alican e. Spain. 27.
Facul ad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud. Á ea de Medicina P e en i a y Salud Pública. Uni e sidad de
O iedo. Spain. 28. Depa amen o de En e me ía. Uni e sidad de Gi ona. G upo de in es igación Salud y
A ención Sani a ia. 29. Depa amen o de Fa macología y Fisiología. Facul ad de Ciencias de la Salud y del
Depo e. Uni e sidad de Za agoza, Spain. 30. Uni e sidad de Jaén. Spain. 31. Facul ad de Medicina.
Uni e sidad de las Palmas de G an Cana ia, Spain; 32. Depa amen o de En e me ía. Uni e si a Ro i a i
Vi gili. Ta agona. Spain. 33. Facul ad de Medicina. Uni e sidad de Cas illa La Mancha, Albace e. Spain. 34.
Depa amen o de En e me ía. Facul ad de Medicina. Uni e sidad Au ónoma de Ba celona. Campus UAB.
Bella e a. Ba celona. Spain. 35. Depa men o Immunology. Hospi al del Ma , Ba celona. Spain. 36. Facul ad
de De echo. Campus Miguel de Unamuno. Uni e sidad de Salamanca (USAL). Salamanca. Spain. 37.
Facul ad En e me ía. Campus de Ciudad Real. Uni e sidad de Cas illa-La Mancha. Spain. 38. Uni e sidad de
Cas illa-La Mancha. Facul ad de En e me ía de Cuenca. Spain. 39. Depa amen o En e me ía I. Facul ad de
Medicina y En e me ia. Uni e sidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU Campus de Leioa, Vizcaya. Spain. 40. Facul ad
de En e me ía. Uni e sidad de Cádiz. Spain. 41. En e me ía. Uni e sidad Ceu Ca denal He e a. Valencia.
Spain. 42. Depa amen o En e me ía y Fisio e apia. Facul ad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud. Uni e sidad
Alcalá. Guadalaja a. Spain. 43. Depa men o Psychology, Uni e sidad Ca ólica San An onio (UCAM). Mu cia.
Spain.
E-mail: Ma ínez-Ala cón Lau a ([email p o ec ed]); Ríos An onio ([email p o ec ed]); Gu ié ez Ped o Ramón ([email p o ec ed]);
San ainés-Bo edá Elena ([email p o ec ed]); Gómez F ancisco Ja ie ([email p o ec ed]); Ag as-Sua ez Ma ía
Concepción (subdi ec[email p o ec ed]); I ia e Jo ge ([email p o ec ed]); Cañadas-De la Fuen e Guille mo A u o
([email p o ec ed]); He uzo Ra ael ([email p o ec ed]); Hu ado Pa dos Bá ba a ([email p o ec ed]);
Blanco Ge a do ([email p o ec ed]), Bá cena-Cal o Ca men ([email p o ec ed]); Llo ca F ancisco Ja ie
([email p o ec ed]); Pe elló-Campane Ca alina ([email p o ec ed]); Asúnsolo Ángel ([email p o ec ed]);
A ibas Ma in Juan Manuel ([email p o ec ed]); Sánchez Pila ([email p o ec ed]); Ga cía Mayo Sil ia
([email p o ec ed]); Fe nández Ana ([email p o ec ed]); So o-Ruíz Ma ía Nelia ([email p o ec ed]); de
Jesús Ma ia Te esa ([email p o ec ed]); Na alón Juan Ca los ([email p o ec ed]); Lana Albe o
([email p o ec ed]); Be an Nogue Ca me ([email p o ec ed]); Fuen es L ([email p o ec ed]); Peña Ama o
Ma ia Pila ([email p o ec ed]); He nández JR ([email p o ec ed]); Jiménez-He e a Ma ía F ancisca
([email p o ec ed]); Vi seda Julio ([email p o ec ed]); Blanco Sánchez Ra aela ([email p o ec ed]);
Yélamos José ([email p o ec ed]); Cal o-Sánchez Ma ía Dolo es ([email p o ec ed]); Bondía JA ([email p o ec ed]);
P ado Laguna Ma ía Ca men ([email p o ec ed]); González-Ga cía Albe o ([email p o ec ed]); Ma ínez-
Rod íguez Adelina ([email p o ec ed]); Bas Sa mien o Pila ([email p o ec ed]); Faus Gabandé F ancisco
([email p o ec ed]); Muiños Ál a ez Alicia ([email p o ec ed]); Pey ó G ego i Lo e o ([email p o ec ed]);
He nández Ma ínez Helena ([email p o ec ed]); López-Na as Ana ([email p o ec ed]); Pa illa Pascual
([email p o ec ed]); Ramí ez Pablo ([email p o ec ed]).
Au ho ship: Con ibu ion o s udy o he Au ho s:
1) Concep ion and design: Ma ínez-Ala cón Lau a and Ríos An onio.
2) Acquisi ion o a sub an ial po ion o da a: Gu ié ez Ped o Ramón, San ainés-Bo edá Elena, Gómez F ancisco
Ja ie , Ag as-Sua ez Ma ía Concepción, I ia e Jo ge, Cañadas-De la Fuen e Guille mo A u o, Ra ael He uzo,
Hu ado-Pa dos Bá ba a, Blanco Ge a do, Bá cena-Cal o Ca men, Llo ca F ancisco Ja ie , Pe elló-Campane
Ca alina, Asunsolo Angel, A ibas Ma in Juan Manuel, Sánchez Pila , Ga cía Mayo Sil ia, Fe nández Ana, So o-
Ruíz Ma ia Nelia, de Jesús Ma ia Te esa, Na alón Juan Ca los, Lana Albe o, Be an Nogue Ca me, Fuen es L,
Peña Ama o Ma ia Pila , He nández JR, Jiménez-He e a Ma ia F ancisca, Vi seda Julio, Blanco Sánchez
Ra aela, Yelamos J, Cal o-Sánchez Ma ía Dolo es, Bondía JA, P ado Laguna Ma ía Ca men, González-Ga cía
Albe o, Ma ínez-Rod íguez Adelina, Bas Sa mien o Pila , Faus Gabandé F ancisco, Muiños Ál a ez Alicia,
Pey ó G ego i Lo e o, He nández Ma ínez Helena.
3) Analysis and in e p e a ion o da a: Ma ínez-Ala cón L, Ríos A, López-Na as A, Ramí ez P.
4) D a ing o he manusc ip : Ma ínez-Ala cón L, Ríos A, López Na as A.
5) C i ical e ision o he manusc ip o impo an in ellec ual con en : Ma ínez-Ala cón L, Ríos A, Pa illa P, Rami ez P
6) S a is ical expe ise: Ma ínez-Ala cón L and Ríos A.
7) Ob aining unding o his p ojec o s udy: Ma ínez-Ala cón L and Ríos A.
8) Supe ision: Rami ez P, Ríos A.
9) Final app o al o he e sion o be published: Ma ínez-Ala cón L, Ríos A, López-Na as A, Pa illa P, Ramí ez P.
Funding sou ces: The e a e no unding sou ces
Co esponding au ho con ac in o ma ion: D . Pablo Ramí ez Rome o. Hospi al Uni e si a io Vi gen de la A ixaca.
Se icio de Ci ugía Gene al. Unidad de T asplan es. 3ª Cen o. 30120 El Palma . Mu cia. SPAIN. Telephone numbe :
+34 968369034. Fax: +34 968369438 E-mail: [email p o ec ed]
G an in o ma ion: No g an suppo .
Key wo ds: medical and nu sing s uden s, a i ude, knowledge, no ions, o gan dona ion.
Abb e ia ions: ODT: o gan dona ion and ansplan a ion, PCID-DTO RIOS: Collabo a i e In e na ional Dono
P ojec abou o gan dona ion and ansplan a ion.
Tables: 0
Figu es: 0
Highligh s:
•Only 20% o Spanish medical and nu sing s uden s hough hei no ions on ODT we e good.
•A i ude owa d ODT is ela ed wi h ha ing speci ic knowledge on he subjec .
•Fo imp o emen in heal h sciences s uden s’ cu iculum, i is necessa y ha i should include opics
on basic and e hical aspec s o ODT.
Acknowledgemen :
Ca me Vega Mon eagudo (Campus Docen San Joan de Deu. Ba celona.); Concha Bilbao (Depa amen o de
En e me ía. Facul ad de Ciencias de la Salud. Uni e sidad de Málaga); Rosa io Olmo Gascón (Facul ad de
En e me ía de Cuenca. Uni e sidad de Cas illa-La Mancha); Mª Salúd Gi bés Llopis (En e me ía. Uni e sidad
Ceu Ca denal He e a).
INTRODUCTION: In o ma ion ecei ed abou o gan dona ion and ansplan a ion (ODT) a ec s a i ude owa d
his he apy[1]. This in o ma ion may be a o able o un a o able in e ms o ODT, which could lead o he
popula ion ha ing a mo e posi i e o nega i e a i ude[2]. The knowledge acqui ed du ing uni e si y educa ion
abou ODT decisi ely in luences he in o ma ion u u e heal h p o essionals ansmi [3,4]. This is impo an in
ODT, whe e he pa icipa ion o he gene al public is essen ial o ob ain o gans[5–7].
Un o una ely, unde g adua e medical and nu sing educa ion inadequa ely p epa es s uden s o ad oca e o
o gan dona ion[8], e en o he heal h sciences disciplines such as e e ina ians[9]. Among he ew nu sing and
medical schools ha do inco po a e o gan dona ion educa ion in o hei cu iculum, many ail o include
pe inen opics o assess s uden s’ e en ion[10].
The e o e, he objec i es o his s udy we e: 1) To de e mine no ions o Spanish Medicine and Nu sing
s uden s on ODT, and 2) o analyze he ela ion wi h a i ude owa d ODT.
METHODS: Type o s udy: A sociological, mul icen e , and obse a ional s udy. The popula ion we e medical
and nu sing s uden s in Spanish uni e si ies om he da abase o he Collabo a i e In e na ional Dono
P ojec [6,11–14], s a i ied by geog aphic a ea and academic yea . Sample size: Two g oups we e selec ed
acco ding deg ee: A sample o 9598 medical and 10566 nu sing s uden s (99% con idence; p ecision o ±1%).
Valida ed a i udinal ques ionnai e o ODT (PCID-DTO RIOS)[15,16]. This ques ionnai e includes ques ions
dis ibu ed in 4 subscales o alida ed ac o s in he Spanish popula ion, p esen ing a o al explained a iance
o 63.203% and a C onbach α eliabili y coe icien o 0.834. A e he p ojec was app o ed in each uni e si y,
he ques ionnai e was dis ibu ed in he selec ed cou ses, all supe ised by a p o esso om each o he
uni e si ies collabo a ing wi h he p ojec . P e iously, he p ojec was explained and i was indica ed ha he
pa icipa ion in he p ojec was olun a y wi h e bal consen . The ques ionnai e was comple ed anonymously
and is sel -adminis e ed. A desc ip i e s a is ic was pe o med, and es , χ 2 es , and Fishe exac es we e
pe o med. P alues less han .05 we e conside ed s a is ically signi ican .
RESULTS: Comple ion a e: 90%. Rega ding no ions on ODT, 20% (n=3640) o medical and nu sing s uden s
hough hei no ions we e good; 41% (n=7531) hough hei knowledge was no mal; 36% (n=6550) said i was
sca ce; 2% (n=359) conside ed bad hei no ions and he emainde 1% conside ed hei knowledge o be
oid. Compa ing bo h g oups o s uden s, he e we e di e ences be ween hose who belie ed ha hei
no ions on ODT we e good (44% in nu sing s. 56% medical s uden s; p<0.000), and hose who belie ed ha
we e sca ce (54% nu sing s. 46% medical s uden s; p<0.000). None o he socio-pe sonal o academic
a iables analyzed: Sex (p=0.875); age (p=0.323) o academic cou se (p=0.098), we e associa ed wi h
knowledge o he ODT.
No ions on ODT did ha e an e ec on a i ude owa d he dona ion o one's own o gans: hose who conside ed
hei no ions on ODT we e good we e mo e in a o o dona e hei o gans hen hose who conside ed sca ce
hei no ions (88% s. 72%; p<0.000).
DISCUSSION: The awa eness o o gan dona ion among heal h p o essionals is impo an a he ime o
ansplan p omo ion. In his sense, aining and sensi iza ion o u u e p o essionals a e undamen al because
hey will soon join heal h wo ke s in ac i e se ice, and a e y impo an g oup who gene a es opinions
ega ding he a i ude owa d ODT[3,17]. I has been a gued ha highe dona ion a es a e usually associa ed
wi h heal h wo ke s' inc eased awa eness o he issue. In addi ion, i hey a e going o be u u e p o essionals,
i is essen ial o hem o manage accu a e in o ma ion, wi h simple and clea concep s ha communica e wi h
socie y in a concise way o p e en i a ional social ea s[18,19]. The lack o in o ma ion could cause a
nega i e clima e in ou coun y, conside ing ha 36% o he heal h science s uden s in his s udy belie ed ha
hei no ions abou ODT we e sca ce and only 20% conside ed o ha e a “good knowledge o ODT”. I should
be no ed ha he app op ia e aining o u u e physicians and nu ses in he ODT p ocess will equi e a speci ic
knowledge abou his ma e . In ac , his knowledge is di ec ly ela ed wi h hei a i ude owa ds dona ion[3].
Cu en ly, in Spain, he e is no uni o m cu iculum equi emen o a di ec aining oppo uni y on ODT o
medical and nu sing s uden s, as occu s in o he coun ies as he Uni ed Kingdom, Poland o China [20–23].
Some s uden s and junio doc o s a e exposed o ODT by coinciden al o a ion h ough a ansplan uni [20].
Fo imp o emen in heal h sciences s uden s’ cu iculum, we ecommend ha i should include opics on basic
and e hical aspec s o ODT. In p e iously published s udies, he need o app op ia e educa ional p og ams on
o gan dona ion is o en emphasized, and p og amming on o gan ansplan a ion should be included in he
cu icula o medical and nu sing schools[20,21,24]. This will enable p ope p epa a ion o u u e medical s a
o mee he challenges posed in he ield o o gan ansplan a ion.
To conclude, only 20% o Spanish medical and nu sing s uden s hough hei no ions on ODT we e good.
Ha ing speci ic knowledge on he subjec is ela ed o a a o able a i ude owa ds ODT. Recei ing speci ic
in o ma ion on he subjec could b oaden and imp o e hei knowledge abou ODT du ing hei aining.
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