The Autorship of the Galenic Compendium "de interioribus" "Quoniam diversitas ..."

The au ho shi , o he Galenic compendium I I de in e io ibus, ((Quoniam di e si as.. . » MICHAEL R. McVAUGH* O e a decade ago Juan A. Paniagua called a en ion (1) o a ema k made by A nald o Villano a in his Speculum medicine o 1308: «Such consequences o e ec s o illnesses a e subsumed unde ou hings con a na u am, namely pain, unna u al ea , impai men o ac i i y, and a change in bodily exc e ions ... Lo e s o u h can be sa is ied as o he speci ic meaning o hese ou hings by Galen's ea ise de in e io ibus in ou ansla ion, by his books on he pulses and on ills o he b ea hing and oice and his ema ks de acciden ibus mo bo um, and by he U ines o Isaac» (2). A nald is well known as a ansla o o medical wo ks om he A abic, including one by Galen ( he Libe de igo e, emo e, iec iga ione e spasmo), so ha he idea o his ha ing ansla ed De in e io ibus (= De locis a ec is) is no a al1 impossible; bu in ha case, wi h which o he exis ing medie al ansla ions (none o which bea s his name in any manusc ip ) is i o be iden i ied? The e sion beginning ((Loca au em nominano) was p epa- ed om he G eek by Bu gundio o Pisa in he wel h cen u y, while he e sion beginning ((Medico um non solum)), ansla ed om he A abic, was al eady widely di used in he hi een h cen u y a he ime when A nald's ca ee was jus ge ing unde way (3). (1) Juan A. PANIAGUA (1969) El Maes o A nau de Vzlano a médzco, Valencia, pp. 3-4. (2) «Tales au em imp essiones e1 e ec us mo bo um sub qua uo ebus con a na u am comp ehendun u , que sun dolo , imo inna u alis, e lesio ope a ionis, e immu a io l exeun ium a co po e ... De speci ica e 0 signi ica ione p edic o um qua uo gene um ac a us G. de in e io ibus secundum nos a n ansla ionem e lib i eius de pulsibus e de malicia anheli us e bocis e conside a iones eius de acciden ibus mo bo um e u ine Ysaach sa is aciun ama o ibus e i a is.)) Speculum medzczne cap. 100, in Opem A naldi de Wllano a (Venice, 1505), ol. 4 1 b- a. (3) On hese e sions, see Richa d J. DURLING (1967) Co igenda and Addenda o Diels' Galenica, iadi io, 23, 466-67. * Depa men o His o y. Uni e si y o No h Ca olina a Chapel Hill. Chapel Hill, N. C. 27514. U.S.A. DYNAMIS Ac a Hispanica ad Medicinae Scien ia umque His o iam Illus andam. Vol. 1, 1 98 1, pp. 225-229. 226 MICHAEL R. McVAUGH A hi d e sion o De in e io ibus is ha beginning ((Quoniam di e - si as)), ound only in h ee manusc ip s o he ou een h cen u y, and ema kably i si closely associa ed wi h A naldian ex s in al1 h ee cases. In MS Munich, CLM 3520, i occupies ols. 57 -61 , immedia ely ollowing A nald's ansla ion o A icenna's De ui ibus co dis ( ols. 44 -48 ) and his own Apho ismi de g adibus ( ols. 49-57). In MS Venice, S. Ma co la . Z. 31 4 (= 1644), i is he one uniden i ied in ude in an o hen ise all-A naldian codex: he con e s a e A nald's Speculum, he De in e io ibus, A nald's ansla ion o De ui ibus co dis, and his Pa abole medicacionis. Finally, ou ex appea s in MS Ox o d, Me on College 230, which is a manusc ip o conside able in e es o A naldian s udies. A ols. 33-99 his manusc ip con ains he ex s o se en o A nald's mos impo an composi ions and ansla isns, in e sions ha a e in a iably o high quali y, and i seems no unlikely ha hese de i e om an ea ly collec ion o A nald's wo ks p epa ed in some sense o publica ion. immedia ely ollowing hese se en co nposi ions (and in ac b inging he codex o a i end) appea s he ex ((Quoniam di e si as)) unde he i le ((Doc ina G. de in e io ibus secundum s ilum la i- no um)), w i en in he same hand as he p eceding wo ks. (Richa d Du ling has made a p elimina y cdlla ion o al1 h ee manusc ip s o ((Quoniam di e si as)) and has de e mined ha he bes ex is p o ided by his Me on College copy.) (4). Gi en he ac o his ea ly and in a iable associa ion o ((Quoniam di e si as)) wi h he hea o he A naldian oeu e, i is a ac i e o belie e ha he associa ion is by design and no by chance, and ha he wo k is in ac his «de in e io ibus secundum nos am ansla ionem)). One majo di icul y wi h his iden i ica io i is ha ((Quoniam di e si as)) is no , s ic ly speaking, a ansla ion o De in e io ibus. On he basis o his colla ion o he ex , Du ling has ound ha ((Quoniam~ is no «a e sion o his ea ise [bu ] u ns ou o be a compendium based la gely on books 1-2 o De locis a ec is and is clea ly incomple e. I is based on he A abo-La in e sion, and shows no signs o Bu gundio's in luence. Compa e he ende ing o Choe ilus g. 10. In he A abo-La in e sion his uns: Assidua gu a um aque dis illa io lapidem pe o a . C . he compendium: Cons a enim quod assidua dis illa ione gu e pe o a u la- pis)) (5). (4) Pe sonal communica ion, 6 Ma ch 1981. 1 am ex e nely g a e ul o D . Du ling o his help ul commen s and o his willingness o allow me o consul his colla ion o his ex . (5) Pe sonal communica ion, 6 Ma ch 198 1; he quo a ion is om an a ucle o hcoming in T adi io. The au ho ship o he Galenic 227 Because he ex o ((Quoniam di e si as)) is, as Du ling says, me ely a . ewo king o a pa o De in e io ibus, i would seem impossible o i o be A nald's (( ansla ion)). Ye some u he e idence emains o be conside ed. Fi s , he subjec s discussed in he abb e ia ed compendium ((Quoniam di e - si as)) do s ill co espond well o he subjec s A nald said we e ea ed in his (( ansla ion)) o De in e io ibus. The opics conside ed by he com- pendium (and by he i s wo books o he A abo-La in ansla ion) a e in ac pain, impai men o ac i i y, and bodily exc e ions conside ed as possible symp oms o disease- h ee o he ou subjec s iden i ied in A nald's ema k, ea ed in he o de in which he énume a ed hem. The abb e ia ed compendium is ac ually mo e o he poin o his allusion han he longe , mo e di use ea ise would ha e been. Second, he compendium o ma allowed he au ho o ((Quoniam di e si as)) o in oduce some hing o his own in e es s in o his o gani- za ion and p esen a ion o Galen's eachings, and he e is a leas one passage in he compendium ha shows a ema kable cong uence wi h A nald's own conce ns. In his ewo king o lib. 1 cap. 3, he au ho dig esses long enough o a gue o he unimpo ance o e ninol~~ical dis inc ions o he ac ual p ac ice o medicine, hus making a poin no o be ound in he A abo-La in o iginal. «To in es iga e whe he his o ha ough p ope ly o be called nocu- men um a he han mo bus, o ice e sa, o passio, o accidens, and so o h, is o no alue o a cu e. I is enough o use he names we ha e acco ding o he p ac ice o he lea ned ancien s, who egula ly used he e ms dolo and nocumen um and accidens o indica e he condi ion o some ac i i y, namely i s a lic ion o lesion; and o cal1 mo bus he unna u al condi ion o disposi ion o [ he ac i i y's] membe , since i is an e ec imposed on he membe by a mo ion ex a na u am. Fo no e e y change o al e a ion o a membe cons i u es a mo bus, only ha by which a membe is so dis u bed o co up ed ha i pe cep ibly exceeds he limi s o i s na u al disposi ion o condi ion ... Such in es iga ions a e en i ely useless o he physician, because he canno gain a co ec unde s anding o illness ' h ough hem, no is i [sic] use ul o a cu e o o knowledge o u u e hings)) (6). (6) ((In es iga e e o, u um hoc au illud debea p op ie oca i nocumen um e non mo bus, au econ e so, si e passio au accidens e similia, non p odes cu acioni. SuEci au em nominibus in en is u i secundum consue udinem sapien um an iquo um, qui nomine dolo is e nocumen i e acciden is u un u u plu imum ad signandum habi um quendam accionis, scilice eius maliciam e1 lesionem, e appella e mo bum inna u alem habi- um, e1 disposicionem illius memb i, cum si e ec us illa us memb o pe mo um ex a na u am. Non enim omnis mu acio e1 al e acio memb i cons i ui mo bum, se illa solum qua memb um con undi u e1 co umpi u ali e , u sensibili e eg edia u e minos na u alis disposi ionis au habi us ... Que in es igaciones peni us sun inu iles 228 MICHAEL R. McVAUGH This insis ence ha dialec ical nice ies a e unimpo an in compa ison wi h he doc o 's eal ask is a commonplace in A nald" w i ings, and in his T ac a us de amo e he oico o he 1270's o 1280's is exp essed in a con ex and in language su p isingly close o ha o ((Quoniam di e - si as)): «Mo bus is a mala disposi io and is con a y o he na u e o he body; bu a nocumen um consequen upon his disposi ion, a ec ing he ac i i y o some acul y ope a ing in an o gan disposed con a y o na u e, is called by he con enien e m o accidens mo bi ... Bu he physician [some imes] names he mo bus by he accidens ..., especially since his b ings abou no impedimen o his wo k; o since he physician s uggles o unde s and he essence o a mo bus o pe ec his wo k (and naming a mo bus in wha e e way you please does no a ec he manne o wo king igh ly, since he name is only used o he ins uc ion o he young and o hose o be in oduced o hese ma e s), s udying he weakness om hose hings ha e eal hemsel es mos ob iously in he mo bus, he accep s he imposi ion o he name)) (7). Whoe e he au ho o ((Quoniam di e si as)) was, his medical alues ag eed ema kably well wi h A nald's. Tha his simila i y is no me ely coincidence is es ablished beyond much doub by a passing ema k in A nald's commen a y upon he i s o he Hippoc a ic Apho isms (((Vi a b e is, a s e 0 lo iga))), w i en p obably in he i s decade o he ou een h cen u y a Mon pellie : (c he i s wo pa s de in e io ibus con ain a use ill doc ine, absolu ely necessa y o he physician, which he unde s anding could no mas e in he common ansla ion because o he di e e-nce o ende ings (dz e en ia educ ionum); i was ende ed ( educ a) las yea in he ashion o he La ins, so ha e e y s uden could pe ec himsel 'in hem ... » (8). medico, quia nec pe has acqui i cognicionem ec am mo bo um, nec p odes cu acioni, nec p o idencie u u o um)) (ed. R. Du ling). No hing o his is o be ound in he ex o ((Medico um non solum)) (Ope a Galeni [Venice 14901, ol. 331 A). (7) «Mo bus e enim es mala disposi io e con a na u am memb i exis i ; nocumen um au em quod ex mala dic a disposi ione sequi u ad ac ionem i u is ope an is in o gano sic con a na u am disposi o con enien i nomine mo bi accidens appella u ... Medicus. e 0 ... mo bum hic ab acciden e denomina , 'maxime cum hoc nullum p ocu e impedimen um in ope e; cum e enim ad ope is ec i udinem mo bi essen iam medicus labo e agnosce e (e hoc e iam ec e ope a iones o mam non cu a mo bu n quomo- dolibe no nina e, cum solum u a u nomine ad doc ina n mino um e in oducendo- um in hoc), debili a em conside ans ab eis que in mo bo mani es io a pa escun , nominis imposi ionem assumi .)) 1 am in he p ocess o edi ing he T ac a us de amo e he oico: he ex gi en abo e is based p ima ily upon Ms Va ican ~ala' . la . 11 80, ol. 197 . A less sa is ac o y ex is in Ope a A naldi (Venice, 1505), ol. 249 B. (8) c.. P ime due pa icule de in e io ibus u ilem con inen doc inam e alde necessa iam medico, nec pe communem asla ionem po e a in ellecn s elici p op e di e en iam educ ionum; e educ a ue i anno p e e i o ad s a um la ino um, i a quod omnis s udens po es in eis modo p o ice e, e no abili e de ec us es medici qui ca ui scien ia illa um dua um pa icula um.)) 1 ep oduce wi hou emenda ion he ex in Repe i io supe can. Vi a b e is, Ope a A naldi (Venice, 1505, ol. 32 1 B). The au ho ship o he Galenic 229 This passage can sca cely be misunde s ood in he ligh o wha has al eady been discussed. The ex o which A nald e e s he e as composed in he p e ious yea is clea ly he compendium, ((Quoniam di e si as)), a ewo king (no eally a (( ansla ion))) o he i s wo books o De in e io ibus ha , as we ha e seen, s ill bea s in MS Me on 230 he heading ((secundum s ilum la ino um)). Inescapably, 1 hink, we mus acknowledge ha i was ((Quoniam di e si as)) o which A nald e e ed as ( nos am ansla ionem)), despi e he inaccu acy o ha e m, and mus da e i s composi ion o Mon pellie in he ea ly yea s o he ou een h cen u y.