Kaip gyvuoja estų terminologija

FOREIGN VACANCY Tiiu ERELT HOW ANIMALS ESTONIAN TERMINOLOGY In Estonia, which has regained its independence, there is a strong legal basis for preserving the Estonian language. 1988 m. Estonian was declared a state language, it must be studied by non-Estonir ians who want to become Estonia Citizens of the Republic. The glorious language ir is defended with loud words. However, Estonians themselves are often becoming even more responsive to their mo language culture than before. During the occupation, the Estonian language was protected as a sacred o in Estonia į ją becomes indifferent. The decline of language culture is felt — everywhere, both in the press and ir On the streets of Tallinn (in the language of young entrepreneurs!). Instead of the imposed Russian language, there is now a voluntary kneeling before the English Finnish languages. ir In Estonian society there are contradictory opinions, — some suggest allowing the language to develop independently, under the influence of internal and ir external factors (Let your language alone!), others call o on the help of linguists, the į more strict ones even impose passivity on them. O Linguists, in standardizing language, ką do ir everything they can, even a little more. Unfortunately, there has always been a shortage of language standardization specialists in Estonia. Estonians are a small nation, but their languages are all equally large. To count linguists working, other works, andterminology work, it would be enough fingers of one hand. be O work extremely much. Society changes terms in many fields, refines jų expressions and meanings ir and wants to do so very quickly. For professional language (Fachsprache) is strongly influenced by English Finnish ir (Swedish ir German influence is small), there are areas where Estonian is even threatened with displacement. There are ir some specialists in some fields who declare that “the whole world speaks English”, so why should Estonians try to say everything in their own language, Estonian. Fortunately, the minority + thinks so. In the past, the principles of terminology development have survived the times of ir russification (remember the principle of the least differences — npunuun MURMMATLHEX pacxoxx jenna), therefore, it will probably resist the penetration of ir new languages of this time, caused by rapid socio-economic changes. 66 Especially major changes in the economy. Estonian economic terminology has now for the first time entered the sphere of influence of the English language. Until 1940 it was created and maintained according to German terms, and for the last 50 years — according to Russian terms. Paraphrasing the proverb “Help yourself, it’s ir God will help you”, Professor Unn Mereste, Chairman of the Board of the Bank of Estonia (One Mereste) said: “Economists, help yourselves, linguists will help you!” ir Unfortunately, the help of linguists is still relatively small, but the economists themselves are working productively. 1992 m. published by eighteen specialists compiled ir Uno English--Estonian Explanatory Dictionary of Economic Terms edited by Mereste (added Estonian--Enir glish index). The dictionary was published by The publishing house of the Estonian Institute of Economic Management, which has become a centre for the development of economic language. Also published there is a dictionary of wage terms ir of labour economics, prepared dictionaries of accounting trade ir (marketing) terms (all three English--Estonian). Other ir authors have published small economic dictionaries, as well as business dictionaries based on English or Finnish terms. Unfortunately, some iš jų are very bad because of the economic situation, urgency simply ignorance. ar There are now serious plans for large du dictionaries, four-language — banking dictionaries and ir five-language stock exchange dictionaries. Iš concepts and terms of politics, public administration and law are changing fundamentally. The terminology used here is ta usually based on The Republic of Estonia formed in the decade. IV But given the fact that į half a century has passed, this to is only the foundation. Many terms need to be iš re-created. iš For example, the ongoing reform of local government bodies has revived the concepts ir and terms of this field. To carry out this reform greatly helps Finland, a joint to working group has been formed to record the most important municipal policy, economic, legal and technical ir concepts and terms. A large dictionary of legal terms is being compiled, and a be dictionary of Finnish-Estonic law, relevant due to the close relations between the two countries, should appear soon. Linguists played a major role in the creation of these dictionaries Reinui Kuliui (Rein Kull) ir Aimei Algae (Aime Vettik). Here it should be mentioned ir 1993 m. Tartu released, unfortunately, unsuccessful "English-Estonian Law Dictionary". 67 More stable technical thermal position. Technical specialists supported Estonian MA Presidency, founded Technical Language Center. It plans to compile multilingual, narrowly specialized dictionaries (for example, the glossary “Standardization 1992 m. in Certification” has been published). ir Yes"). But these dictionaries are recorded on į electronic calculating machines. This will help to create new broader technical dictionaries in the future (so far, only one Russian-Estonian dictionary has been published in). 1975 Together gradually su The ESM will establish a bank of technical terms. The tradition of the last two decades of compiling multilingual dictionaries of terms is alive today. ir Estonians, as a small nation, usually have to borrow terms from abroad, so iš terminologists have to only clarify the terms, ne but understand the expression ir in other jų languages. The examples of several languages provide more ideas for creating your own terms, finally borrowing a greater ir choice. Other language equivalents are ir requested by dictionaries users. 1991 m. Released Ustuso Aguro (Ustus Goodbye, bye. Hansono (Old Hanson) ir Kingdom Kulio ,,Angly—rusy—esty language computational technology dictionary“, 1992 m. — Victor Korovitso (Viktor Korrovits) ir Heno Cambria (Henn Kaambre) Estonian-English-- Russian Physics Dictionary, published in the same year Victor Masingo (Viktor Masing) “Explanatory dictionary of ecological terms” in Estonian—-German—-Esu nglish—-Russian equivalents, 1993 m. Heidas End (Heido Ots) issued The Automotive Dictionary (German, English, Russian and Finnish terms are presentir ed here in a separate booklet) ir etc. Iš Among the larger works still in preparation, mention should be made of the five-language (esty—angly—vokieciy ~rusy—suomiykalby) pedagogical dictionary. Incidentalty ly, the terms of the languages ir themselves are given in the aforementioned legal dictionary. The second goal of terminologi- — sts is that the reader of the ne dictionary should only find the term of interest, ir but get some information about the concept it denotes. Glossary of terms (excluding special encyclopedias) are the du main types. One glossary — explains each — term borrowed from the glossary į (including "Explanatory Dictionary of Ecology Terms" and "Encyclopedic Maritime Dictionary", which will be published soon). Notes or explanations in the second type of dictionaries (great uniformity here is not) written only for some termauto, 68 house (trying to guess the needs of the readers) new — concepts are defined, concepts that give rise to disputes about the scope of the content ar limits are explained, concepts marked with changed or rare terms, etc. In cases where the heading sufficiently clearly defines the concept, interpretations are not necessary. This is how the aforementioned pedagogical law dictionaries were prepared. Sometimes ir it is appropriate to present the interpretations in another way. For example, in the "Automotive Dictionary" the terms are divided into sections: į 25 A — B — engine, C — crank swing mechanism, gas D — distribution, <...> V — maintenance ir repair, X — transport, Y — road, driving, road traffic, Z — general automotive technical subjects. Below are alphabetical indexes of terms in five languages. There are few literal explanations in the dictionary, but the drawings show the concepts very well. Usually the terms are interpretir ed in Estonian, as the dictionaries themselves are primarily for Estonians. If the dictionary is expected to be used by more than Estonians, it is useful to prepare two (or more) equal parts of the vocabulary. In this way, a dictionary of local su government terms, which is prepared jointly in Finnish, is compiled, the esty—suomiy language part of which is interpreted in Estonian, and the suomiy—esty language part in Finnish. A kind of dictionary prepared by demographers (not yet released). As a basis, they took an international dictionary, the text of which is given in ten languages, the o concepts of demography are interpreted in terms of the system of that subject. The English text was translated into Estonian (where necessary, the texts in other languages were also looked at). In the Estonian part of the dictionary, in addition to the main part — the Estonian text, an alphabetical index of English—Eesti language terms has been added. The development of terminology standards had been suspended for three or four years. It seemed that no institution had the money for this work. It has been discussed whether it is acceptable in principle to standardize terms as language units. Estonian terminologists believe that standards are small, carefully prepared dictionaries of narrow specialties or fields of concepts, in which terms are presented with explanations. If one opinion has been reached during the drafting, then why should the harmonised terms with their agreed content not be used! After all, terminology mess is not a better thing. It is therefore good that after a break seven previously prepared terminology standards have now been published and that new bodies have shown interest in this work. The State Standards Department prepares state standards, including terms. Central Union of Estonian Industry 69 ir The ISO standards are based on the industry standards already — published standard “Quality Terminology”. Mainor, also interested in the development of industry standards, has already published “Chemical Fiber Names”. There are ir more term standards authors. Summarizing the results of the practical activities, it should be concluded that the intensive work on terminology development continues. Intense, although it would be difficult to expect this, given that there is a lack of money everywhere and for everything now. The establishment of new field terminology centres (economics and technology) which prepare dictionaries allows ir ir su ESM. At the moment there are still enough experienced terminology text editors, of course, if there is no regret to pay for the work. Unfortunately, some of the editors’ posts have been abolished, especially young editors. This may have negative consequences in the future. Even more sad is the situation of theoretical research. Neither the Estonian MA Institute of Language and Literature nor any other institutions are engaged in scientific research on terminology. Language normalization specialists are busy with the preparation of the orthographic dictionary and the management of names and surnames. The material resources of the Institute and of the entire Estonian Academy of Sciences are limited, but it is necessary to do everything to ensure that the theory and methodology of terminology as a field of research remains. Otherwise, it will not be possible to preserve the quality of practical work. Apparently, the time has come when Estonian terminology needs active young people who can also provide for their research work materially. However, some topics of terminology are so important that they should be funded by some kind of fund. And a few more loud words. Each nation creates its own language and takes care of its preservation and development. Also, the Estonians will probably not lack the will and strength to develop the Estonian special language and terminology. Value of Audronė Šalkauskaitė ' When šį printing the publication, iš to the institute distinguished Estonian Language Institute (Red. (see note). 70