Keletas S. Daukanto botanikos terminų

Albina AUKSORIŪTĖ SOME BOTANICAL TERMS USED BY S. DAUKANTAS Atšventėme vieno žymiausių Žemaičių mokslininkų ir rašytojų Simono Daukanto (1793–1864) 200-ąsias gimimo metines. Geriausiai žinomi jo istorijos veikalai „Darbas senųjų lietuvių ir žemaičių“, „Istorija žemaitiška“, „Būdas senovės lietuvių ir žemaičių“ ir kt. S. Daukantas rinko tautosaką, išleido „Pasakas masių“, „Daines žemaičių“, parašė keletą vadovėlių, išleido skaitinių knygelių vaikams. Be minėtų darbų, S. Daukantas dar parengė ir keletą knygelių, kuriose pateikiama praktiškų patarimų valstiečiams. 1847 m. buvo išleisti „Parodymas, kaip apynius auginti“, S. Daukanto verstas iš B. A. Grunardo vokiško leidimo, ir „Pamokymas apie auginimą taboko“, verstas iš D. Strukovo rusiško leidimo. 1848 m., pertvarkęs kalbą, S. Daukantas parengė spaudai Gotlybo Danieliaus Zetegasto „Bičių knygelės“ trečiąjį leidimą. 1849 m. išleistas Hermano Cigros knygelės „Pamokslas apie sodnus, arba daigynus vaisingų medžių“ S. Daukanto vertimas. Tais pačiais metais išėjo jo iš rusų kalbos versta knygelė „Pamokymas, kaip rinkti medines sėklas“ ir „Ugnies knygelė“, kuri buvo išėjusi anksčiau, o S. Daukantas parengė naują leidimą. 1854 m. pasirodė „Sėjamosios pašaro žolės“. S. Daukantas buvo išvertęs dar dvi knygeles, bet jų nepavyko išspausdinti, tai „Pamokslas, kaip girias kirsti, sėti ir diegti dėl al vieno ūkininko“ ir „Gaspadorius“. In his booklets, S. Daukantas offered practical advice to peasants. Writing about agriculture and various plants and their cultivation, he used quite a number of botanical terms. This short article discusses some of the plant names used by S. Daukantas in the following booklets: “An Explanation of How to Grow Hops” (hereafter abbreviated as DAA), “A Guide to Collecting Tree Seeds” (DMS), and “A Sermon on Orchards, or Nurseries of Fruit Trees” (DSD). Many of the plant names found in these booklets have been used since long ago, for example: ąnžulas (oak) DMS, karktas (willow) DSD, klewas (maple) DMS, liepa (linden) DMS, juodalksnis (black alder) DMS, o belis (apple tree) DMS, etc. Some of the names used by S. Daukantas differ from current botanical terms. Most are names of plant species. 56 In plant species names, S. Daukantas uses the words visurtinis, -ė, and visurtinasis, for example: kaštan's wissórtīnesis (Aesculus hippocastanum; kaštanas visurtin(i)asis) DMS 33; ousis wissórtinis (Fraxinus excelsior; uosis visurtinis) DMS 34; skrobla wissórtīnī (Carpinus betulus; skrobla visurtinė) DMS 36; lazda wissórtīne (Corylus avellana; lazda visurtinė) DMS 41. In all these cases, S. Daukantas uses the word in question instead of the adjective now commonly used, paprastasis, -oji. In “Flora of the Lithuanian SSR” (LF), these plant species are named as follows: paprastasis kaštonas (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) IV 621; paprastasis uosis (Fraxinus excelsior L.) V 158; paprastasis skroblas (Carpinus betulus L.) III 105; paprastasis lazdynas (Corylus avellana L.) III 108. However, when discussing maple species, S. Daukantas mentions klevą paprastąjį: klevas paprastasis (Acer platanoides) DSD 166. The use of the components visurtinis, visurtinasis in S. Daukantas’s compound terms may also have been influenced by his contemporary J. A. Pabrėža. Jurgis Ambroziejus Pabrėža (1771–1849) buvo žemaitis, gimęs dab. Skuodo raj. Večių km. Jo, kaip ir S. Daukanto, gimtasis kaimas buvo netoli Lenkimų miestelio. J. A. Pabrėža domėjosi gamtos mokslais, ypač botanika, medicina. Jo mokslo darbai liko rankraščiuose, tačiau jo veikla buvo reikšminga to meto mokslo raidai. S. Daukantas buvo pažįstamas ir susirašinėjo su J. A. Pabrėža, tad gali būti, kad jis buvo susipažinęs ir su J. A. Pabrėžos botanikos darbais. Viename stambiausių botanikos darbų „Tayslós augumyynis“ J. A. Pabrėža augalų rūšims vadinti vartoja sudėtinių terminų dėmenis visurtinis, -ė ir visurtinasis, -ioji, pvz.: kasztans wysórtyynesis (Aésculus hippocastanum; kaštanas visurtinasis); apynis wysórtyynesis (Húmulus lúpułus; apynis visurtin(i)asis); myžis wysórtyynis (Hórdeum vúlgare; miežis visurtinis); óusis wysórtyynis (Fráximus excelsior; uosis visurtinis); tazda wysórtyynoji (Córýlus avellana; lazda visurtinioji); skrobla wysórtyynoji (Carpinus betulus; skrobla visurtinioji) ir kt. terminai. Terminai su pažyminiu visurtinis, -ė, visurtinasis, -ioji gana dažni J. A. Pabrėžos darbe „Taislius auguminis“, bet ir čia retkarčiais pasitaiko terminų su dėmeniu paprastasis, -oji, pvz.: žalwy paprastooji (Póa trivialis; žalvė paprastoji); bódie paprastooji (Agaricus trivialis; budė paprastoji). No botanical species terms with the components visurtinis, -ė and visur- have been found in the calendars and other writings of the Samogitian Laurynas Ivinskis (1810–1881). 57 tiniasis, -ioji. In his writings, L. Ivinskis uses compound botanical terms only with the component paprastasis, -oji. The card file of the “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language” likewise contains examples of the words visurtinis, -ė and visurtinis, -ioji only from the works of J. A. Pabrėža and S. Daukantas; apparently, then, these are the only two authors who used such terms. It may be conjectured that this word was coined to describe plants that are “found everywhere.” The principal components of the terms skrobla visurtinė and lazda visurtinė also merit some discussion. In LF III, the masculine form skroblas is used as the principal component, and the synonyms skrobla, skoblė, skuoblas, skroblus, džiūsna and jovaras are also listed. The “Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian” gives the form skroblas as the standard form. LKŽ XII shows that this tree is called skrobla in the districts of Kretinga, Raseiniai, Skuodas, Telšiai, and Šakiai. The form skrobla is found in M. Akelaitis’s grammar; it was used in their writings not only by S. Daukantas but also by J. A. Pabrėža and L. Ivinskis, although the latter also listed skroblas as a synonym. The “Lithuanian Botanical Dictionary” (LBŽ), published in 1938, uses the term paprastasis skroblas and lists the synonyms already mentioned. In LBŽ, the tree Corylus avellana is called riešutiniu lazdynu, and its synonyms lazda, lazdenis, lazdų medis, riešutlazda, lazdų krūmai are listed. P. Matulionis also calls this plant by the same name in “Žolynas” (1907). LF III uses the term paprastasis lazdynas and lists the same synonyms as LBŽ. The term lazda used by S. Daukantas is found in older writings—in the dictionaries of K. Sirvydas, P. Ruigys, and F. Kuršaitis, and in the works of J. A. Pabrėža. In his writings, L. Ivinskis gives not only lazda, lazdos medis but also the term lazdynas. In contemporary standard language, the term lazdynas is used, but in dialects the word lazda is still quite widely used for this purpose. Both terms appear in the “Dictionary of the Druskininkai Dialect” (1988), while the “Dictionary of the North-Eastern Dünininkai Dialects” (1976) (ŠR Dün. Ž) lists the names laza, lazynas and lazdynas. For the term lazda, LKŽ VII gives examples from the districts of Kelmė and Trakai, and from the Varėna district in Belarus. The names lazda and skrobla apparently entered older writings from spoken language and are still fairly widely used today. In the booklet “An Explanation of How to Grow Hops,” S. Daukantas describes hops and their cultivation in considerable detail. He calls this plant by the same name used today—apinius (DAA)—but gives a different Latin name, Dioeca pentandria. LBŽ and LF III describe only one species of hops. 58 growing in Lithuania – common hop (Humulus lupulus). Interestingly, S. Daukantas distinguishes wild and garden hops – “The hop (Dioecia pentandria) is of two kinds, wild and garden, that is: growing in the forest or cultivated in a garden” (DAA 11). S. Daukantas distinguishes two varieties of garden hop: garlic-scented, or late, and August, or early. He also explains why these hops are so named. “The first variety of hops is called garlic-scented hops <->, because of garlic. <-> They ripen in the month of July, therefore they are also called late hops. The second variety is called early or August hops, because they ripen together with rye...” (DAA 13). S. Daukantas writes that these varieties are further subdivided according to the color and shape of their stems and cones. He also mentions a third variety of hop, cultivated in England – “<-> there is a variety called Cirundo hops <->” (DAA 13), but does not discuss it further. In the absence of the German booklet by B. A. Grunard, which S. Daukantas translated, it is unclear whether he himself distinguished these kinds of hop or simply translated and reproduced B. A. Grunard’s classification. J. A. Pabrėža gives only one kind of hop – aapiniis wysórtyynesis (Humulus lúpulus; hop, all-season), though in describing it he notes that hop may be wild or cultivated. S. Daukantas distinguishes two kinds of maple: common maple (Acer platonoides; common maple) DSD 166 and jovar maple (Acer Pseudo-Platanus; jovar maple) DSD 166. The maple species Acer platanoides is still called common maple (see LF IV 608). The second maple species mentioned by S. Daukantas is called by another name – sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus) (see LF IV 612 and LBŽ 5). LF IV lists these synonyms for the sycamore maple: mountain maple, white maple, jovar, while LBŽ gives javoras, jievaras, jovaras, jovarklevis, paklevis. In “Taislius auguminis,” J. A. Pabrėža distinguishes five kinds of maple, and uses the term klaus (klewas) neteysyoowars (Acer Pseudoplatánus; maple, false jovar) for the species under discussion. In this case, the terms used by S. Daukantas and J. A. Pabrėža differ. LBŽ explains that the leaves of the sycamore maple resemble plane-tree leaves, so it is understandable why this maple species was given that name. The word jovaras refers not only to the sycamore maple but also to the plane tree (see LKŽ IV 364), so S. Daukantas apparently used the synonym for plane tree, jovaras, and therefore called the maple jovar maple. 59 S. Daukantas uses the term bókas girinis (Fagus sylvatica; forest beech) DMS 31. He uses it to refer to the European beech (Fagus sylvatica) (see LF III 112 and LBŽ 141). In J. A. Pabrėža’s manuscripts, this species of beech is likewise called bóks gyrrynis (Fagus sylvatica; forest beech). S. Daukantas named one tree species belonging to the beech family (Fagaceae) bókas-kasztan's (Fagus castanea; beech-chestnut DMS 32). Apparently, he simply translated this tree’s Latin name literally and combined the names of trees from two different families — beech belongs to the beech family, while chestnut belongs to the chestnut family (Hippocestanaceae). This tree has several Latin names; in “Taislius auguminis,” J. A. Pabrėža gives two of its Latin names: Castānea vesca and Fagus Castanea, and calls this tree kasztans waalgomasis (edible chestnut). LBŽ gives the same Lithuanian term as J. A. Pabrėža — valgomásis kaštanas (LBŽ 75). LF lists four Latin synonyms (Castanea sativa Mill., Fagus castanea L., Castanea vulgaris Lam., Castanea vesca Gaertn.) and a newer Lithuanian term — valgomásis kaštainis (see LF III 113). S. Daukantas uses the term winkszna ganiklinė (Ulmus campestris; pasture wych elm) DMS 33, which he uses for the field elm (Ulmus foliacea Gilib., Ulmus campestris L., Ulmus glabra Mill.), belonging to the elm family, as listed in LF III 125–126. J. A. Pabrėža uses the same term — winkszna ganiklyyny (Ulmus campestris; pasture wych elm). In LBŽ this tree is called guoba skirpstas (Ulmus campestris). Both S. Daukantas and J. A. Pabrėža probably use the word vinkšna rather than skirpstas because in Samogitia this tree is called vinkšna, while another tree, alder buckthorn (Frangula), is called skirpstas (cf. LKŽ XII 917, ŠR Dūn. Ž 329). In S. Daukantas’s booklets we also find terms such as žirmedis or medžirnis (Robinia; žirmedis, medžirnis) DMS 40 and baltoje akacijoje (white acacia) DSD 135. S. Daukantas mentions the two variants žirmedis and medžirnis in only one place; elsewhere he writes only žirmedis. His attempt to switch the components of the compound and form another word is interesting. The term žirmedis is also found in J. A. Pabrėža’s writings: žyr'medis (Robinia). J. A. Pabrėža mentions several kinds of žirmedis, one of which he calls neteys-akacyje (Robinia Pseudoacacia; false acacia). Today this legume-family plant is called white-flowered locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) LF IV 362; its synonym white acacia is also used. Another 60 plant belonging to the legume family is Siberian peashrub (Caragana arborescens) LF IV 368, whose synonym is yellow acacia. S. Daukantas, like J. A. Pabrėža, uses the term žirnmedis rather than vikmedis for the plant whose Latin name is Robinia; thus S. Daukantas may have used the term white acacia (DSD 135) as a synonym for žirnmedis. This short article discusses only some of the botanical terms used by S. Daukantas. In his booklets, the writer sought to use Lithuanian botanical terms already in circulation or to create new ones, often providing the Latin names of plants alongside them. As noted above, S. Daukantas may have been familiar with J. A. Pabrėža’s botanical works or may even have discussed one term or another with him; this probably explains why a considerable number of terms were used by both S. Daukantas and J. A. Pabrėža. However, there are also names that differ: for example, J. A. Pabrėža uses the term neteisjovaras klevas, whereas S. Daukantas uses jovarinis klevas. S. Daukantas’s term for this maple species is better than the one used by J. A. Pabrėža. There are also cases to the contrary—J. A. Pabrėža used the more suitable term valgomasis kaštanas, whereas S. Daukantas’s writings contain the name bukas-kaštanas, translated literally. Some plants are now called by names different from those S. Daukantas used, but his terms are quite interesting and correct, e.g., pasture wych elm, forest beech, and so on. The famous Samogitian Simonas Daukantas wanted to help peasants not only by advising them on various agricultural matters, but also by seeking to teach them to use correct terms. In offering various practical recommendations in his booklets, he did not forget matters of language. 61