„Aušrai“ 110 metų

Angelė KAULAKIENĖ „AUŠRAI“ 110 YEARS The origins of Lithuanian national revival are linked to the first half of the 19th century. Even then, the Lithuanian village had a sense of ethnic identity, which was manifested in a strong attachment to its own language and culture. The events of 1857-1864 were a great school of political wisdom for the nation: the talks about the imminent land reform, the reform of 1861-1864 and the uprising of 1863-1864.' After the uprising, the raging reaction and the ban on the Lithuanian press, unprecedented in history, dealt a blow to Lithuanian culture, and especially to literature. When the reaction suppressed the possibilities of developing Lithuanian spiritual culture, the nation stood on the brink of the abyss. Therefore, foreign philologists went to Lithuania to collect relics of the dying language and folklore. But the lights of national rebirth rose*. Therefore, the Russian press in 1882 was greatly mistaken when it said that “a Lithuanian newspaper is now an impossible thing”*. The project of publishing a newspaper by young Lithuanian intelligentsia laypeople has been maturing for many years®. Therefore, it is not surprising that less than a year after the aforementioned Russian press statement, in March 1883 appeared the first monthly illegal Lithuanian magazine (called a newspaper) for Greater Lithuania, “Aušra”, printed in Latin letters. Most of the articles for the first issue were sent by Dr. J. Basanavičius, who is listed as the publisher on the cover page of that issue. However, even in this issue there are articles prepared and edited by J. Mikšas. In other words, Aušra was prepared and published by several editors. They selected articles received or written by themselves for the issues of Aušra, wrote replies to letters to the editorial staff, which were published in the sections „Gromatnyczia“, „Gromatu skardinė“, supervised the printing work and performed proofreading of the entire issue. Such,,Aus- | Dainauskas J. Auszra and its gadyne//The past of the Lithuanian nation. 1983. T.7. P. 649, * Merkys V. Lithuanian Illegal Press in the Period of Capitalism (until 1904). V., 1978. P, "Vėbra R. "Aušra" ideological onentacijos//"Aušra" and Lithuanian social movement in the end of 19th century. 3..274 V., 1988. P. 44 ‘Tonoc. 1882. Ho.134, C. I. “Dainauskas J. Min. I'm sick. P. 647--677. ros” had four editors —J. Mikšas, J. Šliūpas, M. Jankus, J. Andziulaitis. J. Basanavičius sent articles to Aušra, edited numbers 1-7, was its soul. Dawn received wide recognition from the Lithuanian and other nations. This is also shown by the fact that in 1883--1887 the Polish-language newspaper “Kraj” in St. Petersburg published as many as 29 correspondences and articles in which the reader was informed about the appearance of “Aušra”, its new issues, the content of the articles, etc.” In the first year of publication there were only 69 subscribers, of whom 64 were in the Russian Empire. In 1884, the magazine had 240 subscribers. After he retired from the editorship and was replaced by J. Mikšas, the subscribers numbered about 70 again. Because J. Šliūpas maintained close contacts with the intelligentsia of Moscow, St. Petersburg, and the Lithuanians of Žemaitija, J. Mikšo’s possibilities as a resident of Lesser Lithuania were much smaller.” Although J. Mikšas himself wrote in a letter to J. Basanavičius that he had 175 subscribers, some of them were in debt.’ Distribution of Aušra was particularly accelerated with the emergence of the first secular press distribution organizations." After Aušra spread throughout Lithuania, the ideas of revival published in its pages had a great impact on society. Therefore, as R. Vėbra points out, Dawn can quite rightly be called the manifesto of the life of the Lithuanian nation.” What was written in this manifesto? "Our newspaper, which only shows Vienna once a month, let it cover the city that lies in the dirt <...>. In short, our newspaper will be only swietiszkas, according to the resources we have, gifted ir ir I know only from science. In giving this knowledge to our readers, we will more than anything else strive to spread among our brothers the knowledge of our family's (nation's) ancient works, as well as of our own affairs, o such as Lithuanian, sziose gadynese <->. All our generations (the people) should ir remember to recognize the past time, which is given on the scroll The land of Lithuania, ir all the lucky accidents ir that made our family the kind of family we ar are today, are the cause of the misery in which we live. ir ję <*>. * Varpas. 1903. No. 3. P. 25. " Vebra R. Min. I'm sick. P. 45. "Merkys V. Lithuanian Peasants ir Press 19 a. at the end — 20 a. of the beginning. V., 1982. P. 91. * Basanavičius J. Isz The life of Auszra // Unity of Lithuanians. 1903. No. 51. P. 606 "Merkys V. The Lithuanian Peasants... P. 90--96 "| Vebra R. Min. I'm sick. P. 45. 53 Speaking further about the work,,Auszros", we must also mention that we are not going to stop collecting and describing all kinds of Lithuanian ancient monuments and remains (what remains), 1th with which one can know the life, habits, customs, ancient beliefs of our grandfathers. For this reason, collectors of songs, tales, etc. monuments according to value and worth will find in our newspapers a place for their work. When we talk about the past, we will not miss the opportunity to talk about the present of our people. Useful wel teachings and knowledge whether it is from nature or natural science, whether it 1sz ukes wedimo (agronomics) or it isz waistijimo (doctoral) etc., will find us 'Auszroj' wisuomet patalpos wietą' (1883, 1)". Although the editors and authors of “Aušra” changed, J. Basanavičius’s "In the pretext", was observed ir later. Be undoubtedly, most of the articles published on history, culture, education. There are a few articles that also cover language issues. Most of them are devoted to Lithuanian surnames, names and Lithuanian place names („Daukanto pravardė“ (1885, 2-3), „Lietuviszkos pravardės“ (1885, 9), „Lietuviszkuju kunigaikszcziu vardai“ (1885, 7 —8), „Vardas senovės Lietuvos valdonu“ (1885, 6), „Tikriejie vardai nekuriu vietu Lietuvoje“ (1884, 10 —11),,vienas kitas —etymologies (..Pradzia lietuviszkos kalbos“ (1885, 4 —5), „Vokiszkasis ir latyniszkasis Vokiecziu vardas“ (1885, 10 —11), vocabulary (,,Apie nekuriu žodžiu vartojimą“ (1885, 6), „Keli lietuviszki žodžei“ (1885, 7-8),, Kulti-trypti (1886, 2), spelling („Lietuviu raszliava“ (1884, 1—2 —3). Thus, in commemorating the twentieth anniversary of Aušra, Varpa quite rightly wrote that Aušra “had to pave the way not only for spelling, but also for language. There had been several Lithuanian books (Valančiauskas and Daukanto) with good Lithuanian language, but they were hard to get, unknown to others. Therefore — words were lacking to express thoughts and they had to be created." Authors of popular science articles faced a particularly annoying term shortage. They tried to discuss the subjects of each other’s ir fields of science as simply as ar possible, to explain borrowed terms, to provide Lithuanian equivalents. Here's how A. Kriščiukaitis discusses * In parentheses "Aušros" year ir number. Here the ir text is authentic. Spelling ir punctuation not corrected. Ss, Our spelling and language (1883--1903)/Varpas. 1903. No. 3. P. 60, 54 arithmetic, history, geography in the article „Matėmatikiszkas žemės apraszimas“ (1884, 5-6). “A lot of science is about ir anything, it ju teaches. This is arithmetic; teaches numbers; history is a ji completely different science: in it we find, how another sik giveno such a different family, what was thereincidents, what caused wars ar (fault); <>, There is also the science of ir the earth; that science is called geography, it describes the earth, how it turns out, ji where what ir people do givena kumi. ir Geography is a non-Lithuanian word; in Lithuanian it will be a description of the land”. — However, to make ar the right choice of term is not so simple. The difficulty of setting the deadlines is mentioned in one Aušra language articles (1885, 6). “Our language has only recently begun to be applied to science, so some Lithuanian words are not už yet used correctly; we often meet in such cases, that in the ne language of pacziu it is ir difficult to find a word for people who are completely distracted, so it comes to su invent a new one, but such a job is not very easy: it happens again and again to get lost in sometimes very sticky imperfections ir ir ne ir the word "cut" <->“. However, the authors and editors, who had a better linguistic judgment, a stronger sense of ir the native language and were familiar with the linguistic works of su the time, made up the statutes of the terms that took place, for example, anglarūkszte, dirbtuvė, "law", black matter "black thing", scientist "scientist", excess "surplus", nature "character", "inflow", ir etc. This article is about a term. ir “I see that it would be very helpful if readers ne would make their newly ir discovered good words needed among people known in Auszra, adding their own on the guards.” ir ju This source was later discussed in much greater detail by our terminology theoretician prof. St. "Šalkauskio". Thus, "Aušra" was only the foundation of ne a new stage in the development of the current Lithuanian literary, or general, language", but the terminology of various ir fields of science, whose origins can be traced back to the In Traveller, developer. '* Plg, Dainauskas J. Min. I'm sick. P. 717--718. "Šalkauskis S. Writings. V., T.2. 1991. P. 24--3l. 6 Palionis J. For The role of „Aušra“ in the history of Lithuanian literary language The "Dawn" ir Lithuanian social movement 19 a. at the end. V., 1988. P. 189. 55