Pr. Skardžiaus terminologijos srities veikla ir jos reikšmė

PRAEITIES AIDAI Stasys CHANGE Institute of Lithuanian Language PR. CINCH TERMINOLOGY SRITIES ACTIVITIES IR JOS REIKSME late 19th a. century ir especially during the first three XX a. decades were the foundations of mi modern Lithuanian terminology. The terms of various fields were created and updated ar according to the requirements of the current common language by a group of enlightened people of the time. This small, but very hard-working, mostly selfless, dedicated to the affairs of the nation community was only an inspiring spiritual leader, but the greatest worker was ne ir ir J. Jablonski. It is no coincidence po that soon after the death of this Lithuanian linguist classic jo J. Balčikonis wrote: “In the history of our school, Jablonski- ’s name will remain forever. He was the first to give her only Lithuanian ne grammar readings, he gave her terms of ir other subjects!". ir J. Jablonskis, as su the brightest of his generation, determined ir the direction of terminology work, determined to the working procedure and methods, which at least the most prominent workers of this bar adhere to the essence to this day. iš Thus, for the young, beginning linguists į who started working at the end of the 1920s, Ms. Skardžius, A. Salis and ir others did not have to lay the foundations of current Lithuanian terminology, neither theoretical nor practical*. Those foundatiiš ons were essentially helping. The new generation had to crown crown ripen terminology po building walls. The workforce was not large, and the same people were primarily engaged in other jobs, so it was not possible to be expect that ir work would be done in a hurry. nė The theoretical issues of terminology were then mainly concerned with the philosopher "Balčikonis J. Talk // Jablonski- 's Writings. Kaunas, 1933. T. 2. P VII. *Plg. Rosinas A. Pranas Skardžius — scientist ir general language educator // Pranas Skardžius — general language theoreticiir an educator: Thesis of the seminar. Vilnius, 1999. P. 5, where it is stated that „Skardžius helped lay the theoretical foundations of terminology management“. 69 St. Šalkauskis, be after all, had great ir practical ideas, which apparently interrupted the ir well-established theoretical activity of terminology. jo O many others in the foreseeable future were doing ar some practical terminology work. Such apprentices should include, in particular: ir Ms. Coffins. Dad Pranas Skardžius (1899-1975), whose 100th birthday was recently It was the first language to be widely used in the post-colonial and post-colonial Latin America. He also had to be, briefly, a pupil of ir two of the most prominent tų early twentieth- -century (and only ne her) linguists, who in one ne respect earned the glory of pioneers of individual bars of our linguistics, o J. Jablonski is even recognized as the honorable father of the common language itself (if so, it is probably also in honor of the father of the terminology of ir that language). a caring father, because this J. With the care of Jablonski Ms. Coffins together su A. Saliu was (1902-1972) sent to finish his studies į He ir iš returned to po Germany in 1990 to continue his work as a doctoral fellow. K. Boge had been resting in Vytauto prospektas tombs for several years, and soon the Angel of the Lord was sung to the ir tų J. Jablonski. So very quickly young, agile men got a considerable part of the works of the deceased, the linguistic side of the terminology bar. su ir At the beginning it is still said that the larger example Ms. The coffin will have been K. Buga, although, as he himself wrote, communicated more closely su J. "Jablonski". In their first yet While still studying in Germany, he clearly tried to follow In the ir footsteps of the writer of the “Language of be the Ancients”, he began to iš J. Jablonski- 's works, that already from K. Distinct. Such patches (even repeated) long did not avoid Ms. Coffins. Those fights, disagreements, sometimes even demonstrations of superiority (emphasizes that he himself J. Jablonski to him landed) ir now, po 60-70 years, do not seem either sufficiently justified nor timely in place to say. ir Especially since the bearer himself, neither young nor old, does not seem to have been a scrupulous * Skardžius Ms. Selected Writings. Vilnius, the 1997. T. 2. P. 16. 70 guardian of the vivacity and unity of the bass usage, at least a watchman. ar Contribute to terminology work Ms. Skardžiui will have to still study University of Lithuania (here he studied from 1923 m. autumn to 1925 m. November ). About this on the occasion of his seventy-fifth anniversary In an article published in the magazine „Aidai“ "My snake ir work" he himself wrote as follows: along „<...> with him su [J. Jablonskiu — St. K.] I worked in the terminology commission, which met with him, for which I jį was a ir secretary, aš later I worked with him in the ir spelling commission for some time, until I went su abroad.” į Later, in the 1930s, already po J. Jablonski's death, 1935 m. forged Lithuanian Language Society Ms. Skardžius led Terminology Section. As can be seen iš from the time The section discussed the reports presented ta in the newspaper „Gimtoji kalba“ by prof. St. Dictionary by Šalkauskas “General terminology of philosophy” terms, as well as sports (football, basketball, skating), eye ir diseases theater terms fibers. Be without doubt, the greatest work of this section buvo “General terminology of philosophy- ”, in which the contribution of knowledgeable linguists is clearly visible. This, by the way, is said already in the first dictionary In the sentence of the “Preamble”: “Below are printed philosophical [=philosophy — St. K.] terminology consideration, correction, addition ir adoption is the first larger work that has been done by Lithuanian Languages Draugijas (LKD) Terminology Section (TS), made up of iš ‘by the President, doc. Ms. Tin can, secretary A. Vaičiulaičio ir members: Dictionary editor J. Balčikonio, pulk. J. M. Laurinaitis, doc. A. Salio ir prof. St. Šalkauskio. The magnitude of this work can be judged by the iš fact that he was assigned during the 35 meetings of po 2 val. each”. Be of, as it is said there, to the preparation of the dictionary notes, advice suggestions have ar contributed the prelate A. Dambrauskas, dr. J. Pankauskas, bishop M. Reinys, prof. V. Sezemanas, prof. J. The ir Beetle-Gudaitis painter A. Raven, o crossed the terms Ms. Skardžius, who "already worked hard to improve the whole essay"®. 4 Ibid. SSalkauskis St. Vilnius: Vilnius University Press, 1991. T. 2. P 126. ¢ Idem. P. 127. 71 General Terminology of Philosophy is one of the best interwar dictionaries of terms, almost all of which kų have been used in the iš most important works of the present common language. O this is the greatest proof of the recognition of this work. The absence of a single so-called internationnė al term in the dictionary seems to be a clear sign of the editors’ desire to purify the language, mą but it is an all the more interesting step in the history of the provision of a common language in general. This dictionary convincingly shows that those people of the past are completely wrong ir (by the way, also linguists), ir who often claim that in Lithuanian there is no way to express the whole to (or at the time can express all that) ne what others say in those "international" designations ar even though to nė unnecessary to try. The dictionary be undoubtedly shows the so-called puristic (language purification) aspirations of the editors. In terms of language really very interesting and noteworthy is ir po 35 Years from Presentation of General Terminology of Philosophy in Chicago 1973 m. Released Ms. "Lithuanian equivalents of international words". The introduction to this work correctly writes that “people, who know the necessary foreign languages and are familiar ir with the su international terminology of the relevant field, are often not too inclined to iš use Lithuanianized substitutes, which are often associatively different from the corresponding international words. Ši The practice has particularly ma noticed that expatriates often speak better in foreign languages than in their native ones, especially in a certain field of specialization.” Stop it, stop it! Reluctance to use ir especially to look for Lithuanian substitutes is very charactene ristic only, as writes Ms. Skardžius, expatriates, but at ir least a significant part of the active themselves Lithuanian science, technology, religion, politics, ir etc. areas of people. Ir here sometimes even long to convince one ne convinced “international”, that a Lithuanian term, if it is not given priority, at least has the right to be used next to a borrowed, often even international, term. The dictionary of Lithuanian equivalents of international words contains to Lithuanian equivalents of about a thousand international ne words. A considerable part of them are already well known in the general language usage. jų "Coffins Ms. Selected Writings. Vilnius, 1998. T. 3. P 437. 72 these new additions ar include even words of the living language, e.g.: abažūras — gaubtas, abscėsas pūlinys, — abstinencija blaivybé, — abstrakcija atsaja, — abzūcas pastraipa, — etc. ir This dictionary, which was be undoubtedly also intended to help purify the Lithuanian ta language, is very important for the extremely technical Lithuanian language, XX a. which uses too many borrowings of various kinds, honourably called international words. The present-day language is less contaminated by borrowings than the writings of the previous centuries. nė ne Ir a good part of the borrowed tų is in no way superior to the barbarisms of the už language driven out by ir the enlightenment of the beginning of the last iš century. So the talk is Ms. The Tin Book, which, by the way, was based on the preparation of the third the edition of the “Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian Language”, ir po the 25th century remains very important for the current application ir of terminology in general ir common language. By the way, as ir St. Šalkauskas’ General Terminology of Philosophy, published over sixty years ago. su Po World War II, found himself In the United ir States of America, Mr. Pr. Skardžius graduated from librarianship school and soon began ir working in the main Library of Congress (he worked 15 there for 1971 years, until m.*?). The work of the librarian ir will have led to the creation of a glossary of 200 librarianship terms of a volume close to dictionary articles. That dictionary was published 1961 m. "Renaissance in the United States". Į it, in the words of the author, put Lithuanian more (not only for narrow librarianship matters) terms used, English, French and German equivalents are provided, some terms are briefly explained. It is difficult, without ir further investigation, to say, Mr. ar Tin box used 1956 m. Issued in Lithuania I. The glossary "Library Bibliographic Terminology" ir compiled by Kisinis, about a — sixth Ms. Tin kit terms only consist of su I. The terms that coincide with the dictionaries of Kisis, one other concept is named differently, for example, Pr. Tin provided by secondary (or duplicate), secondary author, joint catalogue, supplement, etc., ir o I. Duplicate in the Chinese — dictionary, co-author 8 Coffins. Ms. Selected Writings. T. 2. P 24, 29. * Reprinted in the third Ms. Skardžiaus In the volume of "Collected Writings" (p. 315-324). 73 [=common processor — St. K.), summary catalogue, supplement. Part Ms. Tin inserted terms In Lithuania as completely ir unknown, e.g.: adresynas „adresų knyga“, bibliotekininkystė librarianship, library science“, dailmenys „calligraphic types“, evangelinys „evangelijų knyga“, kelionių žurnalas „book travel, of itinerary“, „copyist“, „pasakų knyga“, „Jending department, lending room, loon department“ ir kt. ir Overall this set Ms. Tin novelties, you can say, did not live, part jų ir in terms of work are too extraordinary (e.g. librarianship, artists, broadsheet, broadside, flysheet, leaflet). Be of this, here inserted such terms that In Lithuania, ir then, now ir not available for use, e.g.: titulas "book ar article title, title", tiff lip title page (Approved for use by the ir Terminology Commission of the Lithuanian Language and Literature Institute į I. The term is commonly used in the field of computer science, and is usually used in this context. ir So this Ms. The work of Stardzis could be viewed as an unsuccessful attempt to contribute to the development of library terminology. True, perhaps more useful it was American Lithuanian Language. Many different areas (a little more maybe technical) terms Ms. Skardžius has corrected and proposed numerous articles and articles on subjects of language practice. Iš jų I got the impression that the linguist would rather make terms himself than look for people jų (folk) language. Perhaps a ir considerable part jo of the seams did not spread more widely. On the other hand, in those articles you can find useful advice of a broader ma nature, showing how the terminology work is artificial, in which direction it should be turned. For example, in 1917, after the Russians entered, in “Mother’s Language” 1940 į mą “Is it really iš only the obalsis that should be used?” he wrote, that some without proving it begin to claim even to order the use of a slogan, obalsis, ir ne o ir ta the occasion quite rightly taught: the smarter „<...> linguists support their conjugations vo with the data of human language, so those who contribute positively to the improvement of our common language usage, should publicly ri justify their newly proposed broader things, clearly saying why the so far widely used thing is uncommon; an individually prescribed way of doing so can do considerable harm to that purpose.’ ir ir 74 ir Ši very clearly ir J. The spirit and style of Jablonski’s message must have been very important in the context of the language revolution that had begun at that time, and the ją present adherents of į the commanding proposition ir should put their heads into it. Selected articles on terminology theory Ms. Skardžius has not written, he has not nė studied or discussed tų theory in a broader way. It seems that he did not go deeper into terminology į peculiarities, requirements for terms. He raised the issues of terminology primarily on the basis of the general understanding of linguistics, the provision of general language, as well as other matters of language standardization. However, as stated, Mr. t. y. ir The articles in Tin's articles ir are sprinkled with a number of accurate generalizations, golden thoughts, valuable advice, important for ir the theory of terminology. ir These things should be examined more extensively separately. Po After the Second World War, three decades of maturity living abroad, here, in his homeland, Pr. Skardžius did not have as much influence as he might have had under other circumstances. Admittedly, the jo books and articles were familiar to language practitioners ir and terminologists, ir and they were used, but the main work on the development and education of Lithuanian terminology was carried out without his direct participation, these works were carried out next to him. He was left with the role of an observer of what was being done in Lithuania, sometimes very critical, perhaps even angry observer. But over time, that criticism noticeably cools some of the initially — strongly criticized iš The works of Lithuanian linguists, such as the “Dictionary of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language”, were later mentioned quite favourably. It is true that the dictionaries of terms published abundantly in Lithuania since the mid-1950s Ms. The coffins were ir dropped like inaudible blinds. But he wrote a lot, trying to awaken the culture of exile terminology. ir In this regard, very instructive ir now only ne for the expatriates are still important comments jo on P. Orintaites 1958 m. The use of the terms novel, poem, novella in the “native language”, bearing in mind that in English these words mean something else. ką ir to ir "with a foreign culture" to communicate (regardito ng the proposed Skardžius Ms. Selected Writings. T. 3. P 797-798. 75 ta change to purely Lithuanian terms). Ta proga Ms. Skardžius spoke more extensively about su the term relations in separate jų other languages and the question of permanence. He wrote: “If we start using some terms in the way we are used to, ne but as they are used quite differently, e.g. ar English or Americans, then we will break the direct relationship with our common use and in this su way we will clearly hinder our ir mutual communication, thereby we will considerably complicate the o assimilation of foreign culture. ir If we start a a story ar ką although similar to use in place of the hitherto used novel, at the same time we will make it very difficult to understand all that has been said about novels in our literature history or in textbooks; that, by doing so, we unnecessarily confuse quite different things, in this case, a short story romang or a novel a story. be be du ir ir Ir However, by following this path, the foreign culture would not come closer to us: the American English have gone quite different, su different paths than we have, so it is not possible to adapt our paths properly to the Anglo-Saxon ir ones. ma For example: younger Conductor was and is still used in Lithuania “conductor, choir leader”, ar English equivalent o jo con ductor - "conductor" is equal to our conductor ‘train attendant’. Or here again: in our language the creator of musical works has been called compositorium, the English equivalent composer o jo (pronounced syllable -po-) is only ‘letter selector’. <...> No, we can no longer deny neither conductor, neicomposer, neiroman, neinovelés, neipoème, nei pamphlet, neity similariy taty tarptautiniy stranimybiy just because their English in some other foreign language has a different meaning than in our language. ar They are all already established in our language, have certain traditions, and therefore we must continue to use them, because they are perfectly ir suitable for the direct purpose of our mutual universal communication!” !, This is a deliberately long one — ir Ms. Tin article “Is it an obsolete fireplace?” excerpt, because now, four decades, po already in the very ir In Lithuania there are more and more revolutionaries of language, or rather, of word use, blindly following the "The same. P. 285-286. 76 ta Ms. They mentioned the English language, ir ignoring the fact that it only hindered the better understanding of Lithuanians. Ms. Skardžius clearly showed that this is a path of language ne development, a path of error or, o more precisely, a path of error. While living in America, he had a much more sober assessment of the relationship between Lithuanian and English than many people in Lithuania, which is now ir rapidly becoming English. ir Ms. The legacy of Skardzis is inseparable from the ir general provision of Lithuanian language and educational development activities. ir O Since terms are a very important and increasingly important ir component of that language, it is easy to understand why terminology matters are given so much attention. jo Received 1999 09 20 THE TERMINOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF PR. CAN AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE Summary This article reviews the main organisational and practical work the of Lithuanian linguist Pranas Skardžius (1899-1975) in the field terminology, of done in Lithuania and America after the second world war. From his pre-war works, his participation preparation the in philosopher of St. Salkauskis’ dictionary “General terminology of philosophy” stands out. Ms. Skardzius’ book “Lithuanian equivalents of International words” published the in USA in 1973 is discussed and the collection the terms of librarianship analysed. of is Attention is turned to some topical thoughts from Ms. Search for on articles particular terms, e.g. the importance of substantiating the introduction of terms, keep to the principles to constancy and tradition. of 77