Apie vargonų terminus

Rimantas GUČAS UAB Vilnius Organ Workshop ABOUT There is not much written about organs in Lithuanian, and not since the old days. Probably the first essay on ta the topic appeared 1909 m. J. The authorization of the new me ir in the edited magazine „Vargonininkas“. Organist, enlightened ir to man of the time, active participant in the national revival movement Jonas Garalevičius (1871-1943) published in several issues the article,,Organs”, in which he presented the structure of the knowledge about ir the history of organs. In terms of content J. Garalevičius- ’s writing is still naive, there are mistakes, although some of the ideas are relevant now. ir But perhaps the most remarkable thing is that already in the first paragraphs he drew attention to the necessity of having his own į terminology: “I want to iš apologize to Mr. Readers not pure už Lithuanian language, which I agree to use in the description of the organs. The organ is a very complicated instrument, with thousands of different parts, for which Lithuanians have not yet learned the words; therefore accepting the use of so-called ‘international’ words or accepted, so to speak, technical words of other languages.” ar iš (,,The Organist“ 1909, No. 2). It seems that in pre-war Lithuania no more serious steps were taken in organising the organ terminology. But there is an example of a slightly different nature — Kavarska Church organs. They are about 1925 m. built by Czechoslovakia Jano Tuček's company. In these organs, the first and ir only attempt to name the registers in Lithuanian (Erdvės fleita instead of Hohlflote, Flute on site Pipe fleet, front. Ragelis — Gemshorn, Gluosn. Dūdele — Salitional ir bread.) or write international names with Lithuanian su ending: Lead guitars, Bass guitars, Subbass (instead of Principal, Burdon, Subbass). In this respect, Kavarska organs are unique ir and therefoį re included in the list of monuments. About 1965 m. Musicologist who started working at the State Conservatory of LTSR Antanas Venckus (1934-1975) took the initiative to organize Lithuanian music terminology. He had a lot of communicatsu ion with the older generation musician Antanas (1887-1979), Krutulis, who had ‘In short 63 already published a (1960) ir music dictionary, and he encouraged the latter to prepare a no new dictionary. Since the music, especially the performers, has a conservative, if not obscurantist audience, when Venckus seriously A. concerned himself with the ir organization and creation of Lithuanian music terms, he met with more ridicule than with a well-meaning protest. kė ir Around the time A. Venckaus initiative was formed The Musical Terms Commission. 1967 m. Museum of Fine Arts The theatre ir music department has started to register Lithuanian organs to compile a list ir of the most valuable monumental organs. For this purpose, a special "The Organ Questionnaire". Then the question of organ terms arose quite sharply, because some na — to speak in jargon, ir it's another — thing to write. Iš Initially, it was thought to send the questionnaire to the districts' monument conservators to fill it out. One of its iš points is the terms of — organ parts: ask the local organist how he calls organ parts. However, the questionnaires were not ir sent. While driving through churches and communicating with local organists, I heard nothing more interesting or useful than almost exclusively ar distorted German terms, of — which there were only a few. o ir tų Most organ players had so little understanding of organs that the technical language was not used at all. Ir nevertheless, from more iš intelligent organists, engaged in organ ir making, I have heard one more useful term. On 16 December 1968, a meeting of the Musical Terms Commission was held to discuss organ terms. A large number of previously used words were accepted, as well as several new terms (griežykla, stulmas). About this Information was published in the "Culture Bars" (1969). Some of these terms have been enshrined by including them in the new A. Gunpowder "Dictionary of Musical (1975) Terms" and J. Kazlausko knygą Musical Instruments ir Score (1975). The description of the organs in the latter book is considered one of the most consistent and professional in Lithuanian language. In 1972, an organ workshop was established at the to Republican Cultural Monuments Restoration Center. Then we seriously needed deadlines, because in the production process we had to talk, as well as write estimates and other documents about all parts of the organs and parts of parts. Since most of the people who came to work had never encountered organs 64 before, they accepted the newly proposed Lithuanian su terms as self-evident and unquestionable. ir Until then, the approved terms ir discussed had not yet covered all organs, and some proved to be be insufficiently precise. Without deliberately suggesting names, simpler Lithuanian words spontaneously appeared for some parts. As a mockery once sounded a dialect racquet, which spoke from Dubingių kiles carpenter P. Climate. O racket, racket it — already A word in the "Dictionary of Modern (1993) Lithuanian Language". It is possible to describe a rą particularorgan node. Ir Further organizing the organ terms, it is worth talking with Lithuanian language su teachers, folk life experts, who will remind us of forgotten Lithuanian words. We must not forget that the organ, despite its impressive external jų complexity, is ir in fact a very simple iš understandable instrument. ir There are many similar parts in various buildings, tools, households. These are all kinds of angles, shafts, rails, tracks, channels, scales, levers, ir levers, columns, beams, ir bridges, cages, supports, dozens, if not hundreds of other parts, ir for which it is not ne necessary at all to look for any special terms, just to take the regular words, which have been used from time immemorial to name various o implement parts. All you have to do is want to. ir jų Unfortunately, it is this desire that is often to lacking both in the orchestra ir and especially in the performers. Old regular ir Lithuanian words are sometimes even considered funny bad, meaningful sounds of foreign ir origin. o — ir This is how some pianists argue that playing the piano is only a superficial thing, while playing music of Slavic origin already reflects an act of creation. There are specific ir things in organs, which are described by foreign mi words klavišai, pedalai, — registrai, barkeriai (from the name of the inventor), pulpets, resonators, blinds, scales, labiums, tracts, etc. ir These are still international words, although the internationajų lity is conditional. They are used more in countries where the organ culture is more related to German traditions. su Thai — Vidurio ir Eastern Europe. Belongs jų to ir Lithuania, which has been in the circle of influence of German organ building since the first organs appeared in 1408. 65 The most famous XVII-XVIII a. masters were Germans J. Koppelmannas, G. A. Zelle, M. Janson, A. G. Casparini (despite his Italian-sounding surname). In the a. 19th century, organ parts were also purchasir ed and so on. more than In Germany. The aforementioned J. Garalevičius also studied organ mastery In Germany — B. He lived and worked in the Gruneberg workshop in Stettin for many years. ir In general, both organ makers and performers used more the tų terms of the languages in which they studied. For example, K. Kaveckas often used French terms, Aleksandravičius Italian ones and Z. so on. — ir In Soviet times, the influence of the Moscow school was felt, which in turn uncritically adopted the German organ aesthetics and ir terminology. In this respect, the Lithuanian Academy of Music is still influenced by the Moscow school. Another part of the organ terms are register — names. The same register in ir organs of different traditions, countries, epochs, masters can be named completely differently. Ir Conversely, — the same ir name may be used for different registers in organs of different traditions. The names of the registers may reflect the theme, the shape of the pipes, the material, the pitch, the structure, etc. ro ir The major European nations, which have developed distinctive organ traditions, have developed their own ir register naming systems, although they ir are significantly intertwined. In the old days, even self-taught organ masters often confused the use of names and made grammatical errors. All this can provide a lot of information to the researcher. Some of the names of the old Lithuanian organ registers are of Latin Italian origin, some of them are ar Germanic, and some are conjugated forms. When making new organs, we use the traditional Lithuanian organ registry pava-|. dinings, not Lithuanianizing, but avoiding German or Polish forms as far as possible. In general, organ jų terms are inseparable from the traditions and legacy of the nation, country, region organ culture. How to apply, for example, the French organ concepts XVIII a. Lithuanian organs, whose builders have neither heard nor seen French organs? O the fact that The Lithuanian organ tradition is closely related to su the German one, but this does not mean that there were no nuances of its own. Therefore, ir 66 Terms will have to be refined over time, as we become more familiar with our history and the remaining instrumentation: organ terminology must reflect our organ building tradition. Organs are described in order in V. Bičiūnas’s “Fundamentals of Musical Acoustics” (1988), regular Lithuanian terminology is also used in the publications of Enciklopedijų leidykla. A new encyclopedic dictionary of music is currently being prepared for publication. On this occasion, the Music Terms Commission renewed its activities. One meeting was also devoted to discussing the terms of the organs. After this meeting, A. Kalinauskas’ article “Organo” appeared in “Muzikos baruose” (1996, No. 15-16 and 17), which not only presents the terms directly related to the instrument, but also other concepts that are needed when talking and writing about organs. For example, more than a decade ago in the Enciklopedijų publishing house we had to argue about how organs appear in churches. The editor's insistence that the organs were installed by the author seemed both inaccurate and artificial. Prof. J. Pikčilingis, who was asked for support, wondered: “and what would Vaižgantas have said?” So the organs are worked on, and after work, they are placed in the church, where they stand. (Inscription from the middle of the 19th century in Klykoliai church: Wargonus dyrba Pons Mockiewicz su sunu sawa). Thus, in ordering the organ terminology, something has already been done. Therefore, a little surprised and sad new book —L. Digrio “How to play organ”, published by the Lithuanian Society of Musicians and the Religious Music Centre in 1998. and Schtraichers, Waltzes, other German words, sometimes with spelling errors. As if it were still J. Garalevičius’s time, as if there had not been any discussion of organ terms, publications on these issues and quite professional literature. And the meanings of the correct terms are completely distorted and confused in many places. Therefore, this booklet, especially its pages about the instrument, unfortunately cannot be recommended to people interested in organs. ' Copulation [lat. copulatio —union]: 1. “the union of two individuals during sexual intercourse” (Dictionary of International Words, 1985). 67 There is no way to say that the organ terminology has been finalized. And now, with the emergence of an increasing number of masters and schools where organ playing is taught, there is a problem of communicating, and thus a matter of reviewing the terms of organs once again. Gauta 1999 09 27 ABOUT TERMS OF THE ORGAN Summary The guestion about the creation of Lithuanian terms of the organ first arose in 1909 in the Lithuanian magazine of music „Vargonininkas“. In pre-war Lithuania there were some attempts to create Lithuanian names for the registers of the the organ. In 1967 the systematic registration of organs in Lithuania started. Lists of monumental organs were compiled. At the same time an attempt to look for traditional Lithuanian terms of the organ was made. Only a small number of them was found, but in 1968 the Commission of the terms of music discussed and approved the main Lithuanian terms of the organ. These terms took root in the literature. 68