„Dailylentė“ ir „dailyjuostė“

Jonas KLIMAVIČIUS Institute of the Lithuanian Language CLADDING BOARD AND CLADDING STRIP In 1947, dailylentės is not yet found in LKŽ II1 cladding board (nor in the LKŽ II card index). It was already included in the 1948 RŽ as cladding board. It is therefore unclear why cladding board was not included in the 1954 DŽ1 and the 1972 DŽ2, in the 1959 PolŽ1 and the 1984 PolŽ2, or even in the 1971 MedŽ. This is why the advertisements for these fashionable items now show such variation: selling cladding boards, even a cladding board (and, by the way, also a technological chip); sometimes even carpenter’s cladding boards turn up—that is, supposedly, boards for carpenters (and, by the way, woodworkers’ strips will soon appear); we clad balconies and apartments with quality cladding board; we sell ash and pine cladding boards and floorboards [floorboards in the plural, but cladding board just one?!]. The concept of cladding boards (its scope) has changed somewhat. A. Gurvičius’s 1959 book “Carpentry” states: Profiled longitudinal stock, also called “carpentry strips,” has a cross-section that is not rectangular but has a more complex, shaped contour, for example, a cladding board, a baseboard, a small channel strip, a railing ledge, window and door frame mouldings (fig. 88) 73. It also includes a wall board: Cladding wall board (rustic) (fig. 87) – thin, edged boards that have, on one face, a shaped profile in the form of a longitudinal roller (=roll⟧) with small indentations; used for covering building walls 73. LKŽ XII does not include this wall board; it has another wall board meaning “map” L 443 (mapbo-ard). The Russian рустик PrekŽ cannot be found anywhere nowadays – rustelis, but this is implausible, since rustas means a rusticated stone. Another similar item is a wagon board: A wagon board (vagonka) (fig. 86) is a thin, tongue-and-groove board with shaped profiles on one face in the form of longitudinal rollers (=rolls) with small indentations 72. In later publications in this field, the purpose of cladding boards, whose profile is somewhat similar to that of wagon boards, is described as similar to that of those wall boards: Walls are clad with cladding boards. A cladding board’s tongue resembles a rebate with a bevelled edge. It is fitted (=inserted) into the groove of the adjacent cladding board. — — — The profile on their visible face is more complex than that of wagon boards V. 44 Kuksovas, J. Kuksovas, Medžiagų mokslas staliams ir dailidėms, 1971, p. 80. Nors kartais dar vėlesniuose leidiniuose jų paskirtis nesuprantamai susiaurinama: D a i l y l e n t ė s – obliuotos lentos, gerojoje pusėje turinčios profilį, skirtos langų ir durų angoms iš vidaus ir išorės apkalti Pramoninių prekių mokslas, kn. 1, K., 1975, p. 368. Cladding board is defined in the 1993 DŽ₃ as “a finishing board”; in the 1993 StatŽ as the English term sarking [collectively, “cladding boards”]; and in MedŽ₂ (1998) as “a planed strip of various profiles used for finishing house walls”—Russian обшивная доска, German Bekleidungsbretter npl, English lining [collectively, “lining, cladding, finish; material suitable for this purpose”], match boarding [also “tongued-and-grooved boards”]. Thus, initially, cladding board was intended to be distinguished from wallboard and classified among strips—cf. woodworkers’ strips. Even in MedŽ₂, cladding board is a kind of “wooden strip.” But what is this wooden strip, and what is a wood moulding? Wood moulding already appears in the glossary “Technical Carpentry Terms” (pp. 275–281), included in Pranas Dankšas’s 1935 book “Carpentry Craft Manual” (part II; the terms were Lithuanianized by linguist Stasys Dabušis): lystai—German Leisten—wood mouldings (276); wood mouldings—German Leisten—jargon lystai (279). Part I of this book did not appear until 1948. The Germanism lystė, lystelė had returned to terminology for a time, for example: планка—lystė, lota TechŽ; планка—lystė, lota; plokštelė PolŽ₁; галтель—2. lystelė (construction) PolŽ₁. In PolŽ₂, галтель is already—3. construction wood moulding (1. woodworking: cove plane). But what does wood moulding mean? The DŽ₃ definition is general and imprecise—“a wooden strip used to cover a gap”; the LKŽ VII definition is wholly inaccurate—“a wooden strip used to cover the gap between the floor and the wall”—while MedŽ₁ and MedŽ₂ do not include wood moulding (although the definition of skirting board uses the phrase wooden strip). There is a board strip—“a narrow strip sawn from a board”—Russian рейка, German Latte, English lath, slating, battens, MedŽ₂. Is that the same as wood moulding? Sometimes apparently not: раскладка—2. construction: cover strip (and рейка—1. woodworking: strip) PolŽ₂; раскладка—construction: infill board, cover strip, рейка—1. board strip, PrekŽ. Sometimes they are the same: галтель—1. cove moulding, PrekŽ. DŽ₃ defines board strip as “a narrow wooden strip,” while LKŽ VII has no entry. Most interestingly, the 1948 RŽ already includes, alongside cladding board, the form c l a d d i n g s t r i p. The 1975 textbook “Science of Industrial Goods” also distin- 45 … there are already two objects, but the second one is called dailyl ystė: The range of planed long products includes: d a i l y l e n t ė s, skirting boards, d a i - l y l y s t ė s, handrails, etc. (Fig. 53). G r i n d j u o s t ė s and d a i l y l y s t ė s are profiled components used to cover the angle between floors and walls; <...> 368. So -lystė has surfaced again, although by 1948 RŽ already had -juostė. LKŽ VII (1970) medjuostė is explained as “skirting board,” whereas here dailijuostė is equated with grindjuoste. In 1983 RKLŽ II dailijuostė is equated with bagetas: калевка – 2. дайлиюсте, багетас, окладная калевка – дайлиюсте, багетас. Bagetas is already found in PolŽ₁ and also in PolŽ₂. But what is it? Different explanations define the scope of the concept differently. A collective sense of bagetas (French baguette – a rod, a small stick) is “painted, polished wooden strips used for frames (surrounds, trims), upholstery, and coverings” LE II; bagietai are “polished, often gilded wooden strips used for picture frames, wall coverings, curtain rails, etc.” TŽŽ 1936; bagetas is “profiled strips used to make picture frames” – Russian багет, German Garnierung sleiste MedŽ₁; Russian багет, German Leiste, English fillet, moulding MedŽ₂ [молдинг – decorative trim PrekŽ]; bagetas – 1. “wooden strip for picture frames and the decoration of ceilings and walls” TŽŽ 1985; багет – багетас, ремų lentelė PrekŽ. DŽ₃ bagetas is “a strip for frames, a frame moulding.” Thus both dailylentė and bagetas can have various profiles and purposes, so it would perhaps be better and more precise to distinguish them as follows: dailijuostė is any decorative, ornamental moulding, whereas bagetas is a frame moulding: a picture-frame moulding (also called a bagetas), a window-frame moulding, a door-frame moulding. Rėmjuostė already appears in P. Dankšas’s 1935 textbook: ramštukas (German Rahmstück) – rėmjuostė (277). It is widely used: rėmjuostė – “part of a window or door frame, <...>” – Russian обязанка, German Fries, Rahmenholz MedŽ₁ [not in MedŽ₂]; обязанка – 1. woodworking: rėmjuostė, 2. construction: frame PolŽ₂ [PolŽ₁ – 1. binding (woodworking), 2. frame (window, door)], PrekŽ. Grindjuostė replaced fuslystą in P. Dankšas’s 1935 textbook: fuslystai – German Fussleisten – pagrindžiai, or grindjuostės (276). It is now universally stated that grindjuostė is used instead of plintuso, a word that spread from Russian плинтус (itself of Greek origin), but TŽŽ 1936 has plinta, plintusas 46 (Greek) – 2. “wooden strips for covering the edges of floors and other objects” (1. column base). The 1949 TechŽ gives плинтус – medjuostė, apkalas (construction). The only term is grindjuostė – “a strip that covers the junction between the floor and the wall” – Russian плинтус, German Fußbodenleiste, Dielenleiste MedŽ₁₂, English skirting board, skirting plate, plinth MedŽ₂. Following grindjuostę, lubjuostė was coined in LA 1997 24 14 (advertisements had used dek. palubio juosta). Stikla juostė has been around for a long time – “a wooden strip that holds the glass in a window or door in place (=juostelė – J. K.)” – Russian уманук, German Glasleiste MedŽ₁, although in MedŽ₂ this is stiklo tvirtinimo juostelė – English glazing bead. Stikla-juostė is a well-motivated and precise term, like German Glasleiste and English glazing bead, whereas the Russian уманук is not very precisely defined: уманук – 2. construction: wooden strip (1. woodworking: round plane) PolŽ₂ (although English glazing bead – also a wooden strip StatŽ), 1. construction gaubtjuostė (2. round plane) PrekŽ (in the index – gaubtajuostė). This is apparently a recent coinage. Perhaps gaubt(a)juostė would be just one of the profiles of stikla juostės? However, gaubt(a)juostė might also work quite well as a replacement for lovelinė juostelė (A. Gurvičius, Stalių darbai, p. 73) or, especially, kampui EL 1996 23 1 (although kampajuostė would also fit here). A pure calque, antplyšis (Russian нащельник), is likewise designated in the terminology of EL 1996 23 1 by a word of the same model, plyšiajuostė PrekŽ. A different pattern is represented by apvadas – “a profiled or plain component used to trim doorframes, door frames, and other components” – Russian наличник, German Beischub, Beistoß MedŽ₁; 1. “a profiled or plain board covering the gaps between door (window) frames and walls” – Russian наличник, German Beischub, Beistoß, English trim; 2. “a small beam or strip attached to the edge of a component” – Russian обкладка, German Verkleidung, English lipping MedŽ₂. This is a reasonably well-motivated term (:apvesti, “to trim”), but it is not merely ambiguous in wood science; it is also polysemous in technology and construction. Perhaps that is why apylangė is appearing: оконные коробки – apylangės (window frames) (construction) TechŽ, наличник – 1. apylangė (2. casing, 3. wristband) PrekŽ. Apylangė, with a rather undifferentiated meaning in LKŽ₂, is cited from Daugel iškis (Reikia mazgot apylanges); it has long been tried in terminology in both senses, but has not found a place. Yet a final choice should now be made, since the non-Lithuanian lamperija has been used (about it 47 For the inconsistency, see J. Klimavičius, Lamperija, lota, mūrlotas, – LA 1994 109 16), P. Dankšas’s textbook’s translation cladding (German Verkleidung) (276, 278) – it is finally time to settle on a term. In construction, Apvadas also means обход 2. PolŽ₂, and обвод, обводка PolŽ₂, and обрамление 3. PolŽ₂; in textiles, it means кайма, and in leatherworking обводка 2.; more generally, окантовка 2. PolŽ₂. But if apylangė is introduced, then apyduris would be needed too. Apylangė would fit with palangė, viršulangė, užlangė, tarp(u)langė, while apyduris would fit with viršduris, tarpduris, užduris, prieduris. Greater systematicity means clearer terms. Thus there is a group of board names whose second component comes from the word board: storlentė [storlentės—“boards with a thickness of (48–100) mm and a width of (150–200) mm”—Russian баттенсы, дилены, German Battens (pl), Dielen (pl), English battens, deals MedŽ₂], plonlentė [plonlentės—“boards with a thickness of (12–44) mm and a width of at least 100 mm”—Russian бордсы, German Boards pl, English boards MedŽ₂], grindlentė (not yet decided whether to regard it as a term), parketlentė (concept still to be clarified), sienlentė (seemingly obsolete), stoglentė (“shingle, chip, gont” LKŽ XIII), vagonlentė, šonlentė (of a bed or sofa) MedŽ₁, spraustlentė “a tongue-and-groove board” DŽ₃, Russian шунтунна PolŽ₂ (PolŽ₁ has spraustalentė), virš(u)lentė (German Kopfst7Cck – kopštikis P. Dankšas’s textbook, pp. 276, 281) [tarplentė, tarplentis, tarplentinis mean “spaces between boards” LKŽ XV, although PrekŽ differs: доскадка—construction term tarplentė, edging batten. There is also a group of terms whose second component comes from the word strip: medjuostė, lentjuostė, rėmjuostė, grindjuostė, lubjuostė, stikljauostė, gaubt(a)juostė, plyšjauostė (semantically different are kaklajuostė, strėn juostė; garsajuostė, vaizdajuostė). Dailylentė and dailyjuostė are simply model terms. Only the linking vowel in these compounds is irregular (it would be dailia-). But the stability of the norm is more important than blind systematicity, especially since there are quite a few similar exceptions—and precisely with an adjectival first component—mostly, in fact, with -y-: dail yraštis is Jonas Jablonskis’s form, although dailiaraščio (Jurgis Šlapelis) and dailarašystės (F. Kuršaitis’s dictionary) have also been recorded, as have dailymolis RŽ and dailysuolis LzP (and sunkymetis, brangymetis, pigymetis, karštymetis; fewer with -i-: šaltibarščiai, žalibarščiai, žalitvorė). In dialects there is also dailimalkės in Alksnėnai (dailimalkės in Kazlų 48 Rūda), but these are neither standard-language words nor terms, so no contradiction with dailylentė and dailyjuostė was found. The last point is the silliest, but cannot be left unmentioned. As early as 1954, LE II explains baguette as a kind of wooden slat. Sometimes this is like buttering butter, and sometimes even greasing it... It gets more complicated when plastic cladding boards appeared too, LA 1995 247 21. When indoor football appeared, the ordinary kind remained football. When beach volleyball appeared, the ordinary kind remained volleyball. In the past, when table tennis appeared (incidentally, instead of ping-pong), for a while it was called tennis – lawn tennis, but now it is once again just tennis (not always on the l a w n!). And amid the din of timber-industry advertising we find... wooden cladding boards LA 1998 37 20, wood cladding boards LA 1998 162 12. Unnecessary and unacceptable! Are we really going to get wooden boards? Conclusions The word decorative board, recorded in 1948, did not enter normative and terminology dictionaries for quite a long time. The term decorative board could have competed with it, but finish board (wall board) never became established in any sense. At first, decorative board belonged in the category of battens or mouldings, but much later, with decorative trim having become established (although it too was recorded in 1948), decorative board entered the category of boards or planks. A century-long process is drawing to a close. This is part of a broader terminological process whose results include the aforementioned wall board, floorboard, parquet board, wagon board, roof board, tongue-and-groove board, side board, attic board, partition board, and the recently terminologized thick board and thin board, as well as moulding, batten, frame strip, skirting board, ceiling trim, glazing bead, cover strip, gap strip. Greater systematicity means clearer terms. But consistency of the norm is more important than blind systematicity—a point that applies to the linking vowel in decorative board and decorative trim: irregular, but quite characteristic and firmly established. Received 1999 08 31 49 Abbreviations DŽ – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas: DŽ₁ – I leid., V., 1954. DŽ₂ – II leid., V., 1972. DŽ₃ – III leid., V., 1993. EL – “Hey, hello.” LA – “Lietuvos aidas” [The Echo of Lithuania]. LE – Lietuvių enciklopedija. Bostonas, 1954, T. 2. LKŽ – Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language. V., 1968, Vol. 1, 2nd ed. 1947, Vol. 2, 1st ed. 1966, Vol. 7. 1984, Vol. 13. 1986, Vol. 14. 1991, Vol. 15. Abbreviations from this dictionary are also used in the article. MedŽ₁ – Aiškinamasis medienos apdirbimo terminų žodynas. V., 1971. MedŽ₂ – Aiškinamasis medienos terminų žodynas / Ats. red. B. Papreckis. K., 1998. PolŽ₁ – Russian–Lithuanian Polytechnical Dictionary / Ed. A. Novodvors-kis. V., 1959. PolŽ₂ – Rusų–lietuvių kalbų politechnikos žodynas / Sudarė G. Daugėla. V., 1984. PrekŽ – Pričinauskas J. Rusų–lietuvių kalbų prekių žodynas. V., 1996. RŽ – Lietuvių kalbos rašybos žodynas. K., 1948. StatŽ – English–Lithuanian Dictionary of Construction Terms / Compiled by A. Kudzys, A. Rosinas, B. Kudzienė. V., 1993. TechŽ – Novodvorskis A. Techninis žodynas. K., 1949. TTŽ – Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas: K., 1936. V., 1985. Throughout, numerals indicate years, numbers (Roman numerals indicate volumes), and pages. DAILYLENTĖ (SARKING) AND DAILYJUOSTĖ (FILLET) Summary The word dailylentė, standardized in 1948, was for a long time absent from dictionaries of the standard language and terminology. (Apdarinė) sienlentė (lining) might have competed with dailylentė, but it did not become established in any meaning. Initially, dailylentė was classified as lentjuostės (lath, slat) or medjuostės (fillet). Much later, when dailyjuostė (also standardized in 1948) became established, dailylentė came to be classified as lentos (boards) or lentelės (slats). A process lasting fifty years was drawing to a close. This was part of a broader terminological development, whose results include the above-mentioned term sienlentė (lining), as well as grindlentė (floorboard), parketlentė (parquet block, wood block), vagonlentė (wagon board), stoglentė (shingle), spraustlentė (matchboard), the newly terminologized stor lentė (batten, deal), plonlentė (board), and medjuostė, lentjuostė (plank, lath), rėmjuostė (fillet, moulding), grindjuostė (skirting, skirting board, skirting plate, plinth), lubjuostė (ceiling plank), etc. Greater systematization (components -lentė and -juostė) yields clearer terms. 50