Lietuviškų ir tarptautinių fonetikos terminų sinonimija

Gita KAZLAUSKAITĖ Vilnius Pedagogical University SYNONYMY OF LITHUANIAN AND INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC TERMS This article discusses the prevalence of one type of synonymous terms distinguished by origin in separate works on phonetics in the 20th century, as well as trends in their development. The research material was collected from the most important specialized phonetics studies and linguistics works of this century that also address phonetic matters in one way or another1. When discussing synonymy between Lithuanian and international terms, both one-word and compound terms are meant. It should be added that hybrids are also classified here as international terms, i.e., terms or their components that contain both international and Lithuanian elements. In this respect, two types of synonymy between one-word terms can be distinguished: 1) synonymy between a Lithuanian and an international term (e.g., sambalsis || hiatas), 2) synonymy between a Lithuanian term and a hybrid (e.g., minkštumas || palataliskumas). In compound terms, the synonymous elements may be the head elements (the words being modified) or the dependent elements (modifiers). Analogously to one-word terms, synonymy between a Lithuanian and an international term can be distinguished here (e.g., balsių vienodėjimas || balsių asimiliacija, minkštasis balsis || palatalusis balsis), as well as synonymy between a Lithuanian term and a hybrid (e.g., fonetinis balsiškumas || fonetinis vokališkumas, gomurinis priebalsis || palatalinis priebalsis). In addition, there are cases of synonymy between Lithuanian and international terms in which the synonymous set comprises terms of different structures, for example, a one-word term || a two-word term (degeminacija || priebalsio praleidi- 1 The list of sources and abbreviations is provided at the end of the article. Roman numerals indicate the volume, Arabic numerals the page. Usually, the first occurrence of a term in a source is recorded. 25 mas), a one-word term || a three-word term (afrikata || grynasis priebalsinis dvigarsis), a two-word term || a three-word term (priebalsių metatezė || priebalsių susikeitimas vietomis). Incidentally, the very concept of synonymy is understood in different ways both in linguistics generally and in terminology. Alongside the term “synonyms,” the term “doublets” is also used. Sometimes these two terms are understood as synonyms: “Terms—synonyms (doublets)—are two or even several terms denoting the same concept” (TD, 9). The Russian linguist O. Akhmanova does not equate these terms, and calls words “doublets (triplets, etc.)” when they “are linked by a special terminological relation to the same scientific object. Therefore, they are regarded not as words as such, but only as a consequence of the impossibility of discerning a difference between the objects they denote” (Akhmanova 1969: 13). In the linguist’s view, these doublets are wrongly called synonyms. This difference of opinion is related to the concepts of absolute and ordinary synonyms. In general language, absolute synonyms are considered to be “those synonyms whose meanings are identical. Because their meanings are identical, they are also called doublets” (Jakaitienė 1980: 51). Ordinary synonyms are “those synonyms whose one or more meanings are not absolutely identical, but only similar” (Jakaitienė 1980: 52). In terminology, one can speak only of absolute synonyms (doublets). Synonymous terms of the type under discussion should undoubtedly be regarded as absolute synonyms, or doublets. Their meanings are identical—their expression alone differs. Before discussing the aforementioned type of synonymous phonetic terms, it is worth briefly addressing the concept of phonetics itself. Contemporary linguistics almost universally holds that speech sounds are studied by the science of phonetics (in the broad sense), which consists of two relatively independent branches: pure (“narrow”) phonetics and phonology (DLKG 15; Pakerys 1995: 5; Girdenis 1995: 23). Prosody is generally distinguished as a component of phonology (DLKG 15, Gaivenis, Keinys 1990: 163). Morphonology is considered an intermediate subject linking phonology and morphology (DLKG 17). Thus, in this respect, terms of pure phonetics, phonology, prosody, and morphonology should be distinguished. 26 In total, more than 1,700 terms were examined. The variety of terms denoting the same concept is evidenced by more than 300 synonym sets, of which 173 sets (55.1%) represent a different type of synonymy involving Lithuanian and international terms or hybrids2. Terms of pure phonetics make up about 52% (905 items) of all phonetics terms, including nearly 170 synonym sets. The type of synonymy under discussion accounts for 94 synonym sets (56%). In the first half of the 20th century, it was not particularly common. Slightly more such synonymous terms occur only in the works of K. Būga and M. Durys, e.g.: affricate BRR III 168‖compound consonant BRR III 631, vowel assimilation BRR II 492‖vowel assimilation BRR II 492, sound science BRR II 217‖phonetics BRR I 408, rounded vowel DKP 94‖labialized vowel DKP 94, soft vowel DKP 126‖palatal vowel DKP 126, etc. In the mid- and late 20th century, from E. Mikalauskaitė’s works on phonetics to “Grammar of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language,” the number of synonymous terms of the type under discussion increased considerably. E. Mikalauskaitė’s works on phonetics contain 23 such synonym sets, e.g.: accommodation MFD 67‖adjustment MFD 67, diphthongoid MFD 59‖false diphthong MFD 59, secondary diphthong MFD 55‖secondary diphthong MFD 55, sandhi MFD 33‖hiatus MFD 33, etc. A. Pakerys also makes use of synonymous terms of this type (15 synonym sets), e.g.: affricate PF 175‖pure consonantal diphthong PF 175, diphthongized vowel PF 67‖diphthongized vowel PF 67, softness PF 100‖palatality PF 100, semivowel PF 94‖sonorant PF 96, etc. In A. Girdenis’s works (16 synonym sets), synonymy of the type under discussion most often arises because the same concept is named differently in “Phonology” and “Theoretical Foundations of Phonology,” e.g.: murmured vowel GF 6‖reduced (“murmured”) 2For comparison, quantitative data for other types of synonymy can be provided: synonymy of Lithuanian terms—84 synonym sets (26.8%); synonymy of international terms or hybrids—57 synonym sets (18.1%). 27 vowel GFP 88, intervocalic consonant GFP 116||intervocalic consonant GF 83, etc. Such synonyms are also used in “Grammar of the Lithuanian Language” (the author of the “Phonetics” chapter is V. Vaitekvičiūtė) and “Grammar of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language” (the authors of the “Phonology” chapter are K. Garšva and A. Girdenis; A. Girdenis wrote the section on “Morphological phenomena”) (25 synonym sets), e.g.: degemination LKG I 115||consonant deletion LKG I 115, diphthong LKG I 57||diphthong LKG I 57, hardening DG 48||depalatalization DG 48, velar consonant LKG I 57||guttural consonant LKG I 71, triphthong DG 22||triphthong DG 22, etc. The spread of synonymy between Lithuanian and international terms (or hybrids) in the second half of the 20th century can be explained by the growth of phonetics as a science, which created a need for new terms. In many cases, terms already in use abroad were adopted, or Lithuanian equivalents were sought for terms already in use. Phonology terms make up about 19% (320 items) of all phonetics terms, including more than 50 synonym sets. The first works on Lithuanian phonology appeared only in the 1960s. Thus, phonology terms are essentially used only in works from the second half of the century. The terminology of Lithuanian phonology is developed most extensively perhaps in A. Girdenis’s “Phonology,” “Theoretical Foundations of Phonology,” and “Grammar of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language.” About 230 terms are used there, i.e. two-thirds of all phonology terms. In the terminology of phonology, as in that of pure phonetics, synonymous terms of the type under discussion are particularly widespread (25 synonym sets—45%), e.g.: distinctive function PF 9, GF 20||delimitative function PF 9, GF 20, soft consonant phoneme GF 168||sharp consonant phoneme GF 168, neutralization MFD 67||consonant alternation MFD 67, neutralization position GF 98||weak position GF 98, distinctive feature PF 9, DG 15||distinctive feature PF 9, DG 15, etc. Although a monograph devoted specifically to theoretical and methodological problems of prosody appeared only in the 1980s (A. Pakerys. “Prosody of Standard Lithuanian” (1982)), these questions had been of interest since the mid-19th century, and along with them 28 Terms are coined to name concepts in this field. In the works examined, about 400 prosody terms are used in total, i.e. about 23% of all phonetics terms; of these, nearly 60 synonym series (27 of the speech type). Synonymy between Lithuanian and international terms or hybrids in prosody terminology became more widespread in the second half of the 20th century. From the first half of the century, only a few such synonymous terms used in the works of K. Būga, M. Durys, and J. Žiugžda are worth mentioning (7 synonym series), e.g.: acute accent BRR III 45||falling tone BRR III 45, sonority ŽG 12||tone ŽG 12, stressed syllable DKP 158||accented syllable DKP 158, acute accentuation BRR III 45||acuteness BRR III 45, and so on. Later, terms of this type became more numerous (18 synonym series), e.g.: acute accent PF 319, LKG I 128||right-hand sign PF 319, LKG I 128, extension GF 193||continuing tone GF 193, stress GF 173||accent GF 173, quantitative stress PF 313, GF 175, LKG I 127||quantitative stress PF 313, GF 175, LKG I 127, correction GF 193||abrupt tone GF 193, inherent prosody GFP 216||non-functional prosody GFP 216, and so on. Although the study of morphonological phenomena is not a direct object of phonetics (and phonology), phoneticians and phonologists often have to draw on morphonological regularities as well. In the sources examined, about 100 morphonology terms are used in total, i.e. about 6% of all phonetics terms; among them are more than 30 synonym series. The type consisting of Lithuanian and international terms or hybrids accounts for 28 synonym series (i.e. more than 90%), e.g.: aphesis LKG I 118|| loss of a consonant LKG I 118, dissimilation LKG I 93||dissimilation of sounds LKG I 94, epenthesis DKP 129||insertion of a vowel DKP 129, fusion DKP 124||contraction DKP 124||contraction DKP 124, proximal metathesis DKP 131||“contact” metathesis DKP 131, and so on. The synonymy of speech-type morphonology terms is distinguished by synonym series whose members have different structures (26 of the 28 synonym series are of this kind). Thus, from what has been said, it is clear that synonymy between Lithuanian and international terms is probably the most widespread of all types of synonymous terms distinguished by origin. Comparing the beginning of the 20th century with the en- 29 ding, it becomes clear that instances of this kind of synonymy are steadily increasing. This trend will probably continue in the future, since the development of the sciences, including phonetics, is currently proceeding very rapidly. International terms reach Lithuania first; equivalents are sought for them there, and in usage both variants are usually offered. Šaltiniai BRR – Būga K. Rinktiniai raštai. Vilnius, 1958. T. 1; Vilnius, 1959.T. 2; Vilnius, 1961. T. 3. DG – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos gramatika / red. V. Ambrazas. Vilnius, 1994. DKP – Durys M. Kalbos mokslo pagrindai. Kaunas, 1929. GF – Girdenis A. Fonologija. Vilnius, 1981. GFP – Girdenis A. Teoriniai fonologijos pagrindai. Vilnius, 1995. LKG – Lietuvių kalbos gramatika / vyr. red. K. Ulvydas. Vilnius, 1965. T. 1. MFD – Mikalauskaitė E. Lietuvių kalbos fonetikos darbai. Vilnius, 1975. PF – Pakerys A. Lietuvių bendrinės kalbos fonetika. Vilnius, 1986. ŽG – Žiugžda J. Lietuvių kalbos gramatika. Kaunas, 1966. D. 1. Literatūra 1. Achmanova 1969 – Ахманова О. Словарь лингвистических терминов. Москва. 2. DLKG – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos gramatika / red. V. Ambrazas. Vilnius, 1997. 3. Gaivenis, Keinys 1990 – Gaivenis K., Keinys St. Kalbotyros terminų žodynas. Vilnius. 4. Girdenis 1995 – Girdenis A. Teoriniai fonologijos pagrindai. Vilnius. 5. Jakaitienė 1980 – Jakaitienė E. Lietuvių kalbos leksikologija. Vilnius. 6. Pakerys 1995 – Pakerys A. Lietuvių bendrinės kalbos fonetika. Vilnius. 7. TD – Terminologinis darbas. Vilnius, 1973. SYNONYMY OF LITHUANIAN AND INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC TERMS Summary This paper analyses synonymy of Lithuanian and international phonetic terms of the 20th century. Hybrids are considered as one type of international term. One-word and compound terms are taken into consideration. 30 The most frequently occurring type of synonymy is Lithuanian and international terms. There are 173 such synonymy lines - about 55 per cent of all synonymic phonetic terms. If we compare the beginning and the end of the 20th century, we would see that the number of such synonyms is increasing continually. Most likely this tendency will remain in the future, because the development of sciences is occurring rapidly. International terms come to Lithuania first. They are gradually changed into Lithuanian equivalents, but both versions are used in phonetic works. Gita KAZLAUSKAITĖ Gauta 2000 11 06 Vilniaus pedagoginis universitetas Lituanistikos fakultetas Lietuvių kalbotyros katedra T. Ševčenkos g. 31 LT-2009, Vilnius 31