„Varantieji ratai“

Jonas KLIMAVIČIUS Lithuanian Language Institute VARANTIEJI WHEELS When discussing the contradiction ir of the driving force and the driving force in technical terminology, one often stumbles on two stones at the very beginning, one of Lithuanian — language, the other of Russian language, with — which Lithuanian su language technical terminology has been linked for the longest time. Somehow, it always starts with the car, ir jo Technics (non-terbe minal, although still 1959 m. PolŽ, Koneco — wheel, tekinis) stops all wheels of the machine. So starts well: if the SUV ne (all its wheels/axles/axles are driven), one wheel/axle/axle is driven. How is the need for an inactive participant based? Torque from the engine is transmitted to a pair of wheels/axles/axles via a cardan drive. They are iš actually driven, so why not called driven? But the goal — ne drive them, the o whole car. Although gears are self-propelled, they drive the car and are therefore called driven: Transmission ir connects the engine to the driven wheels su LTE I 506. The driving wheels’ thrust is transmitt- (...) ed to the drive axle and further to the ir frame; so — the car drives VairV 144. Theoretically, these wheels are propeller wheels. (tractor — tracks, ship, aircraft —screws). O other car wheels? They are not connected to the su drivetrain. Therefore, terminologically sometimes referred to as su the negation: The front (non-driving) axle of cars with wheel suspension is made up of a two-way cross-sectional beam (...) VairV 147. Sometimes the name driven is also jų not unjustified: they are driven by the car itself, traction. However, one should jo not draw large conclusions from the fact that in some iš dictionaries of technical terms the reasons for the absence of the drive wheel here may be quite irrational. — Antai ALPolŽ does not have a nė driving wheel, although there is a driving axle, as well as a driving gear (drive gear); TechZ also does not have a nė drive wheel, although there is a ir driving, ir driving axle (eedymas ir eedomas oco), as well as drive shaft ir (eedywuii ir eedombiūi an); ir PolŽ, there is only a driving 18 wheel (eedymee Koneco), although there is both a driving and a driving axle, a driving, a driving shaft. More significantly, ir the wheel in ir the dictionaries of terms may not necessarily be the wheel of the car, the axles even in the car are not necessarily the ones on which the wheels run. — In dictionaries, of course, more careful use of technical marks is required, kų but even The AutoservZ ir driving wheel does not say anything exactly. Now a different designation of non-driving wheels and axles has appeared — their opposite of the be negative member: the driving wheel (12. 2), Russian. 6edywee Koneco, angl. driving wheel, vok. Drive wheel, drive wheel, pranc. wheel drive, wheel coupled, > free-riding wheel rus. (12.4), Koneco ce06000noeo eépawjenusi, angl. free rolling wheel, vok. Tragrad, Pranc. bearing wheel PAutŽ; driving axle (12. 6), Russian. 6edymjas oc, angl. driving axle, live axle, vok. Drive axle, drive axle, pranc. essieu moteur <> free axle (12. 8), Russian. ceo600nas oce, angl. dead axle, vok. Tragachse, pranc. axle, drive axle PAutZ. So such a terminological triplet is a compound freely rolling, semantiSkai ne be free axis of ambiguity. But it is possible. Deceptive rus. xo1eco it — can be ir 3y6uamoe koaeco (although there is ir gybuamka, ir wecmepus), o it lit. — potato arate (Because, ir angl. wheel, vok. Rad — ir wheel, ir cogwheel, although cogwheel is — angl. gear-wheel, vok. Gear). In Russian, the notation 3y04amoe of the compound term is often omitted, simply the hyperonym Koseco is used, thus in Lithuanian translations no longer gear, just wheel, then in ir non-English texts, e.g. : — o ir The dual main drive transmits the rotation through two pairs of gears: one consisting of bevel gears, the other jų 2 — 2 Cylindrical (pav.) Gear ratio with dual main gear (the ratio - of the speeds of the gear and the drive wheel) is greater than LTE VIII 402. The gears are clearly visible in the picture. Ir still here: The single main drive consists of two bevel gears: the driving small gear iš turns the large gear, so the wheels rotate the cardan shaft slower, the torque is higher uz o LTE VIII 402. Say the driving gear turns LTE VIII engine 402, turns the wheels <...> LTE I 506 semantically very inaccurate: if motor, a-drive, 19 var-ytuvas, it drives, although it turns (and the wheels are turned by the steering wheel when it makes a po-turn). Change value 3. “to make work (about machinery)” (steam drives machines, electric driving force) was legalized as early as 1954 D.J.,. The meaning is from the living language (dialects) —see 8. „to cause to act, move, turn, push (mechanisms)“: Water turns these various wheels and drives the mills Antašava. Water mill powered by water Ragainė. And finally there was a horse-drawn, horse-powered Kartena. Ones were driven by the wind, with a tekini such as Ylakiai. The engine is powered by electric Kernavė (LKŽ XVIII 210). Only in 1949 TechŽ still had a meaning borrowing: eedymas oco —driving axle (although ocb eedywan —driving axle), eedymuū wkue —driving pulley, 6eedombiū wKue —driving, driving pulley. In the 1968 German-Lithuanian LRKŽ V varyti 1. the meaning is also illustrated by the following compounds: driving mechanism, wheel —Triebwerk, -rad, drive belt, pulley —Triebriemen, -scheibe, driving axle, device —Triebachse, -werk. The German equivalents indicate that here means "driver" (if they were not there, a common language user, even a technical specialist, would understand that "driver"). When the contradiction of the term pair is ignored, there are no terms left. Here is only a dialect sentence presented as LKŽ XVIII 210 at the 8. meaning of varyti: Zen y[ra] ratelio šnyūras [i.e. virvelé] varomasis Kintai. It is no secret that some people like to draw the participants of the non-active type into terminology (such as: computing machines, control systems,...), although specialists are very afraid of them. There is no lack of ingenuity among the proponents. Here, you hear, there is only a driving string, and there is no driving, and just as the one who drives is called the driving, so also the wheels of the car that drive must be driving. For fifty years they were the drivers, and their opposite was the driven. In fact, the spinner drives the spindle—the spindle drives the wheel, the wheel drives the rope, the rope drives the pulley, and with the pulley the reel rotates and pulls the yarn. The rope is thus both wheel-driven and pulley-driven. It has already been said that the wheels of the car are both driven by the gearbox and drive the car, but the term —driving, because this is more important: they perform the most important action — drive the car. There are two ways to look at those wheels, but you have to see both them and the whole car. Scientifically naming the concepts, 20 regard is chosen the one that is relevant, chosen by ir jį linguists, ne specialists in the subject. o More importan- — tly, the ir terminology of science and technology is not a homework. There is so-called folk terminology, but there are no folk Lithuanian ar (or even Žemaitijos) mechanics principles of gear transmissiar on systems ir terms concept — systems are international as the science itself. By the way, the driving string does not nė contradict the science just — like the belt drive PolZ, (pemennbiū npueod) drive belt, although it is already more commonly called the drive belt PolZ,, VLAutZ — TUS. nPUBOOHOU pemenb PolZ,, RPTechS, link. pas napedo wy (:naped — gear) RPTechS, vol. Drive belts (:drive — pavara), drive belt (:Turning — gear) PAutZ, angl. drive [transmission J] belt RAPolS, pranc. belt de control [transmission] RFPolS. Here is a single name in all languages. But it does not mean anything to the binary concepts, which are also mentioned in all languages (although there are ir different motivations synonymy than „varyti“, but in ir these cases the contradiction is present): lit. varantysis ratas <> varomasis ratas rus. gedyujee Koneco <> 6e0omoe Koaeco lenk. koto napedzajgce <> koto napedzane koto napedowe koto aktywne <> kolo pasywne vok. Drive wheel <> Output wheel Drift wheel, Drift wheel angl. drive wheel <> driven wheel pranc. 1. drive wheel drive wheel <> drive wheel drive wheel drive wheel <> drive wheel drive wheel 2. (krumpliaratis) gear motor gear receiver <> barbotin liet. drive shaft <> drive shaft rus. 6edymjuū 8an <> 6e00Mblli 6an polk. wat napedzajqcy <> wat napedzany wat czynny <> wat bierny drive shaft driven shaft driving shaft pranc. motor 21 vok. Drive shaft <> Output shaft Drive shaft angl. shaft drive shaft driven <> shaft driving shaft menė shaft control shaft driven shaft «> <> de <> (data iš RPTechS, VLAutZ, RAPolS, RFPoIS). Ir in multilingual automotive terminology (PAutZ) The ši contradiction is consistently maintained, although the separate terms for driving are: «<> drive shaft drive shaft (72.10 «<> 67.3), Russian. 6edymuiū ean <> 6edombiū ean, angl. output [=input? ! — J. K.) shaft <> output shaft, turbine shaft, runner, vok. Output shaft [=Drive shaft? ! — J. K.] <> Output shaft, pranc. shaft output de shaft <> receiver; turbine shaft; de gearbox drive gear gearbox drive gear <> (31.5 <> 31.6), Russian. 6edywjas wecmephs <> 6edomas wecmepHs, angl. crankshaft timing gear (pinion) <> camshaft gear-wheel (driven), vok. Crankshaft gear <> Camshaft gear, pranc. pignon de distribution <> roue de distribution; drive pulley drive pulley <> (85.2 <> 85.8), Russian. 1998. <> driving pulley, primary pulley <> driven pulley || input pulley <> output pulley, vok. Drive Pulley, driving Pulley «> Output pulley, pranc. drive shaft, depressuria zation <> variator receiver shaft. Ir summarized paZyminiy contradiction presented: <> driven driven (202.27 <> 202.28), Russian. eedymui, npueodnoii, 08UNCYUULL <> eedombiū, NPUeodJumbiū, angl. driving, actuating <> driven, vok. floating (-es Organ) <> powered (-es Organ), pranc. entrainant <> entraine, actionne // menant <> mene, mis marche, en commandeé. The contradiction of the wheels of the car is obvious, although the second member is so far named differently non-rolling, driven, — free-rolling wheels. Even when the passive member of a similar antagonism is not named, the active member can only be represented by a participant of the active kind. Let's say there is no name for the concept ‘provisional con22 strukcija’, but “which time” means the — supporting structure. PAutŽ is named the opposite drive wheel free rolling wheel, drive <> axle free axle. «> However, although the inactive bridge is not named, the active one is the driving bridge. (62.13), eedywuii mocm, engl. rigid driving axle, vok. starre Drive axle, pranc. drive axle. Thus, the car's drive wheels remain as part of a larger system contradiction terminologically must be unambiguous. — O when there is no contradiction, even if it is logically ji impossible, in the terminology are widely used participants of the passive type of generalized meaning, except for the direct performers of the action (shooting particle, shooting star,...). Abbreviations ALPolZ — Novodvorskis A. English-Lithuanian Polytechnic Dictionary. Vilnius, = AutoservZ 1948. — Rusy-lietuviy language car service terms dictionary / Compiled by R. Lapinskas. Vilnius, DZ, 1989. Dictionary — of Contemporary Lithuanian Language. Vilnius, 1954. LKZ — Dictionary of the English Language. Vilnius, 1997, T. 18. LRKŽ — Dictionary of the English Language. T. 5 / Compiled by A. Senn'as ir A. Salys. Heidelberg, 1968. Germany — Soviet Encyclopedia. Vilnius, 1976, T. 1. 1981, T. 8. PAutŽ — Five-language dictionary of automotive terms | Prepared by R. Katalynaitė, Klibavičius, A. Kvietkauskas, A. Lapinskas, R. Paliulis. G. Vilnius, PolŽ, 1995. Rusy-lietuviy — polytechnical dictionary of languages | The editorial board: A. Novodvorskis (chairman), L. Kumpikas, J. Mikuckas, J. Stanaitis, S. Vasauskas, J. Vidmantas. Vilnius, PolŽ, 1959. Russian-Lithu- — anian Polytechnic Dictionary | Compiled by G. There are many. = Vilnius, 1984. RAPoIS — Pyccko-anenuiickuii nonumexnuyeckuti caosaps. Mocksa, 1980. RFPolS — Pyccko—gppanuyysckuii nonumexnueckuti caosaps. Mocksa, 1980. RPTechS — Great Russian—Polish technical dictionary. Mocksa — Warsaw, 1973. TechZ — Novodvorskis A. Short Russian-Lithuanian technical dictionary. Kaunas, 1949. Lithuania — Klenikovas V., Ilyin N. Car: First class driver's jo manual. Vilnius, 1976. VLAutZ = Zitkuté A. German—Lithuanian, Lithuanian—German automotive terms dictionary. Vilnius, 1996. Numeri žymi metus, tomus (Romans), pages. 23 GUARANTEE WHEELS (DRIVE WHEELS) Summary The name of vehicle drive wheels in Lithuanian includes the active participle. The driving wheels (drive wheels) the cara vehicle of are named after their essential characteristics they drive — (var) car. a In other respects they are “varomieji”, i.e. they could be described using a word combination with the passive participle, because they are driven the gearbox. by In scientific nomination the essential, topical characteristic chosen. is And it is chosen not linguists, by but the specialists by that particular of field. Scientific and technical terminology is not matter a house-keepiof ng. Systems of concepts are international. Binomial opposition of “varantis” «> “driving” of pair systems such wheels as (wheels), axles (ends), axes (axles), also krumpliaraciai (tooth-wheel), skriemuliai (pulleys) and velenai (shafts) is present in terminology of all languages. Even those in cases when the passive member not named, the active member named the active is participle (laikancioji konstrukcija). Jonas KLIMAVICIUS is Received by 10/10/2000 Lithuanian Language Institute Antakalnio g. 6 L'T-2055, Vilnius 24