Tarptautinis botanikos nomenklatūros kodeksas ir lietuvių terminologija

INTERNATIONAL CODE OF BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE AND LITHUANIAN TERMINOLOGY Currently, science knows about 300,000 fossil and about 1,800,000 living organisms, among which about 400,000 species consist of traditionally named plants, i.e. algae, mosses, spore vessels, flowering plants, lichens, etc. (Kutorga 1997: 7). As research expands, previously unknown organisms are discovered, described and named. Therefore, botanical nomenclature is subjected to high demands when giving new names to plants and regulating the use of the names of already existing taxa. The names of plants help to find knowledge about one or another plant, its properties and use for human needs. Botanical nomenclature is particularly important for international scientific communication, helping to maintain the uniformity and consistency of scientific names of plants. Only by following the same standards of nomenclature can all botanists use the same unambiguous names for the same taxon. Without stable and universally accepted scientific names for plants, scientific communication would become impossible. During the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, Latin became the dominant language of the world's scholars and scientists. It was used to write scientific works in various fields, create botany terminology and plant names. This tradition has survived to our days. Latin names of plants are necessary in scientific and special works; only they are considered true terminology, and terms in national languages — only national variants. The systematics of botanical nomenclature is regulated by the Codex Nomenclaturae, a set of rules for nomenclature. The following codes of nomenclature for living organisms are currently used in biology: 1. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. ' Taxon (Greek taxis —arrangement, arrangement) —systematic unit (species, genus, family, class, type) (BTZ 1965: 438). 130 2. International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants.? 3. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 4. International Code of Bacterial Nomenclature. Virus nomenclature is not based on a formal code, but on sets of rules. These codes have many similarities (all of them are based on numbered rules and recommendations; to help systematists understand the requirements of the rules and recommendations, the codes provide many specific examples- ), but they differ in terms of terminology, nomenclature procedures and the procedure for their adoption. The International Union of Biological Sciences (IUBS) is working to unify the terms used in the different fields and the nomenclature procedures applied, and to create a single common code of nomenclature for biology, which could be used by all biologists in the future. The National Library of Lithuania has three International Codes of Botanical Nomenclature (ICN) published in Russian. The oldest of them was published in 1959 (this code was adopted at the VIII International Botanical Congress in Paris in 1954). The 1974 edition is based on the material of the 11th Congress of Botanists in Seattle in 1969; The third codex was printed in 1980 (adopted at the XII International Botanical Congress held in Leningrad (now St. Petersburg) in 1975). The national library does not have previous or recent editions of the Codex. The Laboratory of Flora and Geobotany of the Institute of Botanics currently has the most recent International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Tokyo Code), published in English in Königsberg (Germany) in 1994 (International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Tokyo Code)). This code was adopted and approved at the XVth Botanical Congress in Yokohama and is called the Tokyo Code." ? The International Code of Nomenclature of Cultural Plants, published in Russian in 1969, has been discussed in detail by J. Klimavičius (a linguistic examination of the motivation for naming varieties, morphology of names, transliteration and translation, quotation marks and capital letters) (See Kalbos kultūra 37, 26—33). 3 The Institute of Botanics also provides the latest version of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP or Cultivated Plant Code). UC, 1995. 131 It was founded by the Swiss botanist A. P. de Candolle, who was the first to establish the Lois de la Nomenclature Botanique (Lois of Botanical Nomenclature). In his work, he established important principles and rules (e.g., the priority principle for the publication of names; a taxon can only have one correct name, etc.). This set of nomenclature rules was approved at the International Botanical Congress in Paris in 1867. In 1900, another congress of botanists was held in Paris, which is officially considered the first; Congresses were then held every five to six years. Starting with the rules of A. P. de Candolle, 15 editions of the code have been published. For convenience, the codes are named after the cities where the botanical congresses were held. The most recent international congresses of botanists have been held in Sydney (Australia) in 1981, Berlin (Germany) in 1987, Yokohama (Japan) in 1993, and St. Louis (USA) in 1999. This article is about the so-called Tokyo Code. Each new code is published with the aim of making it as accurate and perfect as possible. Each code is constantly amended and supplemented, but the changes are not radical, usually only the points of individual articles are adjusted (this can be seen by comparing, for example, the 1974 Seattle and 1980 Leningrad codes; they differ only in the amendments of individual articles). The 15th Congress of Botanists was held in Japan in 1993. In order to ensure the stability of botanical nomenclature, the Congress recommended not to change the names of established taxa; The new term phylum was introduced, which can be used as a synonym for the term divisio. Since January 2000, new taxonomic names have been registered in the services of the International Plant Taxonomy Association, which also maintains databases of newly described plants and changes in taxonomic names. These services provide information on taxonomic lists or descriptions. The official texts of the ICC are published in English, French and German, and are then translated into national languages by individual countries. No one of the codes has been translated into Lithuanian, our botanists and terminologists have to use Russian or English codes. The rules of the ICBN must be followed by all scientists who use common or create new scientific names for plants. Of course, these rules are based solely on the general and voluntary agreement of scientists and have no legal status, but scientists who do not follow the rules are usually ignored by the scientific community: 132 In addition to the 100-member staff, there are about 100 volunteers working on the project. This is a large and fruitful work, because each researcher no longer has to create new names individually. The International Association of Plant Taxonomists plays a key role in the approval of the CBT, with committees working on plant groups. The International Congress of Botanists is the highest authority in the name of which the CIB is printed. Individual nomenclature committees work in sections where proposals for improving the code are discussed. The decisions adopted in the sections are proposed for approval at the plenary meeting of the Congress. All nomenclature committees form the International Union of Biological Sciences Commission on Botanical Nomenclature. How is the ICC set up? Each code begins with a preamble stating that botany requires a precise and simple system of nomenclature that can be used by botanists in all countries. The names of TBNK plants are given by taxons. This is not done to show their characteristics or history. The aim of the TAC is to demonstrate methods of creating nomenclature of plant systematic units based on taxa. By applying appropriate methods and having stable patterns, incorrect and meaningless names are avoided, which would only cause confusion in plant science. Other criteria (e.g., sounding of the name, complete grammatical correctness, respect for the person who described the new species, etc.) are considered less important. The botanical nomenclature system is based on the six principles that make up the first part of the CBN (the principles are listed immediately after the preamble): 1. The botanical nomenclature shall be independent of the zoological and bacteriological nomenclatures. The TAC applies equally to all living and fossil plant taxa. 2. Taxonomic names shall be based on nomenclatural types. 133 3. Taxonomic nomenclature shall be based on the publication priority principle. 4. Each taxon may have only one correct scientific name. 5. The scientific names of taxa must be Latin. 6. The rules of nomenclature shall enter into force upon adoption. The second part of the TAC consists of rules and advice (recommendations). The most important statements of rules and tips are presented in separate numbered articles. The rules are universally binding. Their aim is to introduce a strict order in botanical nomenclature for the naming of taxonomic groups. Names that contradict any of the rules are categorically rejected. The statements in the advice sections are not binding. They help to create more accurate, clearer titles. If a plant name does not comply with the guidance statements, it cannot be rejected, but it cannot be used as a model for other names. The ICC is full of examples illustrating the rules and recommendations. The rules specify that each individual plant must belong to a specific taxon, which differ in their rank and scope. Taxons with a narrower scope are of lower rank; the wider the scope of the taxon, the higher the rank. The taxonomic classification system of the IUCN has seven main taxonomic ranks (kingdom, division, class, order, family, genus, species) and five secondary ranks (tribe, section, variety, and form). Thus, with the exception of fossil plants, each species belongs to a genus, the genus to a family, the family to a line, and so on. The basic unit of taxonomy is the species, the larger unit is the genus. One genus can contain from one to several dozen species. The number of ranks can be increased by adding the suffix subto the above-mentioned terms, for example: subclassis, subfamilia, subgenus, subspecies, etc. In the following sections, the Code sets out the rules for the classification of plants. The suffixes and endings of many taxonomic names are standardized, so that it is possible to identify exactly which taxon the plant name belongs to. The rules of the ICZN specify that species names are binary derivatives, consisting of the name of the genus and the name of the species. 134 a marker, e.g. : Anemone nemorosa (white-flowered anemone), Callendula officinalis (medicinal calendula). The Swedish naturalist Carl von Linné proposed two Latin names for plant species in the 13th century. The genus name is always written in capital letters, and the species epithet in lowercase. If the full name of the species has already been mentioned in the text, it can be abbreviated by leaving only the first letter of the genus name (if this does not cause ambiguity), e.g. : A. nemorosa, C. officinalis. Species epithets can be taken from a variety of sources and denote a plant's morphological or anatomical feature (e.g. Plantago lanceolata- ), color (e.g. Viola tricolor), size (e.g. Arctium minus), smell (e.g. Anthoxathum odoratum), taste (e.g. Ranunculus acris), medicinal or ecological properties (e.g. Betonica officinalis), growth or flowering time (e.g. Primula veris), etc. Genus names in Latin are represented by the singular noun vowel, e.g. : Rosa (rose), Stellaria (rosehip). Genus names are chosen according to various criteria: according to the distinctive characteristics of the plant (e.g., Fumaria — sparrow; Latin fumus — smoke; plant juice eats the eyes like smoke), according to similarity to other objects (e.g., Gladiolus — sword; Latin gladius — sword; leaves like swords), according to mythological or ancient sources (e.g., Mentha — mint; in Greek mythology, the nymph Minthe was transformed into mint), according to the names of scientists (e.g., Dahlia — a jurgin; Andreas Dahl — a Swedish professor of botany), etc. The TBN allows for the free creation of names by taking words from a variety of sources, only requiring that they have Latin forms. Family names have the Latin ending -aceae, e.g. : Rosaceae (pink). Eiliy (Ordo) names have the Latin ending -ales, e.g. : Polygonales (herbaceous plants). In order to be accurate, the name of the taxon is accompanied by the name of the author and the bibliography where the given name was first published. Citations of authors and bibliography are not part of the scientific name of a taxon, but they give the name nomenclatural accuracy. The author of the name is the person who first published the scientific name of a taxon. The name of the author is quoted immediately after the taxon name, e.g. : Phylicidia, P. boliviensis, P. sovediiformis (Miller Argoviensis, Flora, 63: 286 (1880)). As shown in the example, the date of publication of the taxon name is written in parentheses, sometimes, as in this example, other bibliographic data (publication title, number, page) are also given. The author's name may be abbreviated, e.g., (L.) —Linnaeus. The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature is used by botanists worldwide. For example, in 1980, the Flora of the Lithuanian SSR was finished in six volumes. It describes all 129 families of plants growing in Lithuania. It is a more or less standardized 135 terminology, discussed in 1966-1972 by the Botanical Dictionary Commission headed by J. Dagio. The plants in the flora of the Lithuanian SSR are classified according to the phylogenetic classification system of A. Engleris, the new names are harmonized with the latest literature and the requirements of the TBNK. In this publication, plants are classified and described according to generally accepted taxonomic ranks: divisions are divided into classes, these into families, families into genera, genera into subgenera, and the latter into individual species. The smallest systematic units described in the flora of the Lithuanian SSR (e.g., subgenus, subspecies, subfamily, etc.) usually do not have Lithuanian equivalents, because such ranks are usually used in specialized scientific literature and scientists are satisfied with the Latin name alone. The nomenclature of Lithuanian names is not legalized by an official code, but, as it appears, it is based on certain principles of the TBN and the rules of the Lithuanian language. Compared to the terminology of other fields of science, Lithuanian botany terms are created systematically. Here we tend to designate units of one rank with derivatives of one type or close types, e.g.: -ūnai derivatives named divisions, -ainiai —classes, -ringai —subclasses, -iečiai —orders, -iniai —families; Pinophyta division, Pinatae class, Pinales order, Pinaceae family, Pinus genus, Siberian pine (Pinus sibirica) species. As can be seen from the given examples, the general structure of Lithuanian species names differs from the structure of Latin species names. The first character of the Latin species names is the genus name, and the Lithuanian species name. There are only a few exceptions, e.g. : 136 Eguisetum prarense, Betula nana, etc. The origins of Lithuanian tribe names are very diverse. Some names are taken from the living language, others are translated from Latin or Greek, and so on. In the living language, the genus may have several or even dozens of names (synonyms), for example, the common convalarium (Convalaria majalis) in Miežiškiai (Panevėžys region) is called hare’s tear, in Darbėnai (Kretingos region) — hare’s ear, in Klaipėda — goat’s ear, in Panevėžys — squirrels, etc. And vice versa — the same name in one dialect can be used for one plant, in another — for another, e.g.: hearts in the dialect of Biržai are called beautiful earrings (Dicentra spectabilis); In Kazitiškės (Ignalina region) this is the name of the marsh mandrauninke (Parnassia palustris), in Akmena — of the chowder (Thlaspi) and the triangular starfish (Capsela bursa pastoris). However, in scientific literature, each plant has only one approved name. The terminology of plant systematics differs from the terminology of other fields of science in strict uniformity of taxa. Our botanists notice that some plants (especially recently introduced in Lithuania) do not have Lithuanian names yet. Their development is continuing, but it can be said that Lithuanian botanical terminology is harmonious, systematic and complies with the requirements of the TBN. LITERATURE BTZ - Dictionary of Botanical Terms. Red. J. Dagys. Wilkinson 1965, pp. 438. Gaivenis K. 1958: Lietuvos augalų ir genčių pavadinimai. —Problems of Lithuanian Linguistics: Problems of Scientific Language Culture and Terminology 24, 165-178. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Tokyo Code), Königsberg, 1994. Klimavičius J. 1975: Linguistic approach to the nomenclature of varieties. Kutorga E. Nomenclature of botany and mycology, Vilnius, 1997. —Lietuvių kalbos kultūra 37, 26-33. Flora of the Lithuanian SSR, Vilnius, 1959-1980. The Ancient Mythology of the Greeks, 1995. Aurelija GENELYTĖ Aurelija GENELYTĖ Received 2001 10 16 Lithuanian Language Institute Antakalnio g. 6, 2055 Vilnius 137