Iš žodžio „mokinys“ istorijos

Vincentas DROTVINAS Vilniaus pedagoginis universitetas OF THE WORDS STUDENT OF HISTORY The Veliuonosmokiniai wrote a little song for me. From Antanas Juška's "Songs" The term student is usually associated with the name of John Jablonski. After finding an example in Antanas Juška's dictionary Jautis dar mokinys, i.e. It is taught closely, and it was Jonas Jablonskis who first began to use this word not only in the meaning of “an ox trained closely”, but also in the meaning of “a child or a young man attending school” (see below). However, the student- 's path to educational terminology and current usage was not as straight and simple as it may seem at first glance. In fact, the history of this term is much older and more complex, and at the same time more interesting. A special term for children and adolescents in education was needed when youth education was institutionalized, i.e. when the first primary schools began to operate in Lithuania in the second half of the 16th century. As we know, the first school was founded in 1397 at Vilnius Cathedral. Schools were established at churches. In 1528, the Vilnius chapter called for the establishment of primary schools at the churches and for the appointment of Lithuanian-speaking vicars whose duty was to teach children. However, they were usually taught by organists or sacristans, often Poles, who had only some knowledge of Lithuanian. The students of the first schools were also church servants, sang in the church choir, etc. Initially, there were no Lithuanian terms for the pupil, the school, the teacher. Therefore, the student was called by borrowed Polish words žakas, žekas, žekelis'. First time! Turn the lights off. zak “a pupil of the church school; "Spider-- Man: Far From Home". pupil. The Polish word, like many other terms of religion, has come through the Czech language (cf. žak) from the popular vulgar Latin word diacus, diaconus. The word »cax “student of the bursa, singer” has existed in ancient Russian and Ukrainian (see @acmep Makrc. BrHuM0oJiornueckHH CJIOBapb PYCCKOTO SI3bIKA B YETHIPEX TOMAX. Tom II. U3nanue Bropoe crepeorurinoe. Mocksa: Ilporpecc, 1986, 34). 112 The term žekas is found in Martynas Mažvydas' Catechism: Hei We/patis wifily ant fmaniu sufimilkiet Kunigump fekump manes tremkiet. The loanword Zekas is widely used in the 17th-18th century handwritten and printed dictionaries of German-- Lithuanian languages of Lesser Lithuania, albeit together with synonyms, for example, Schiiler šėkas S3uilokas Lexicon Lithuanicum 77; Schiiler. Student, iO. M. 3ekas, co. M. S3ulokas, O. M. ka, os. (-ė -ės) E. Clavis Germanico-Lithvana III (495-507) and others In Lithuania, as can be seen from the examples, žekas had more synonyms: in addition to the rarer škalinis (see below), other words such as studentas, učnius (Polish uczeri) were also common. Simon Daukantas explained the hybrid Suilokas, plg. The sermons given here to Kožnam one, greatly suit, especially šuilokams (žėkams), the last time going to šuilė (iškalas) (quoted from "Lietuvių kalbos žodynas" 15, 1993, 323). Let us add here that Daukantas (so in the middle of the 19th century) had not found Lithuanian equivalents to Polish words szkofa, szkotarz, szkolnik and so on? the name of this concept. He was also a student of the Taigi lietuvių rašto paminkluose polonizmas žėkas nebuvo vieninLithuanian substitute. The word pupil is first found in Konstantinas Sirvydas- ’s first edition of the “Trijų kalby dictionary”: Zak /schola/ticus, difcipulus, 3iekas mokinys, SD, (208), cf. also šac3ek /tyro tyrunculis, 3iekielis; żakowski /scholaris, Fieku (ibid.). It was probably one of Sirvydas- 's first new creations. Although the student of the word, as his further history shows, is a regular thing, Sirvydas- ’s student was destined for a short life. Its lack of prevalence in the Lithuanian language can be seen from the fact that already in the 1642 edition of the dictionary instead of mokinis we find szkalinis: szkolny /literarius, Scholafticus, Szkalinis SD, (436), Schola [fticus (Scholaris, S3kalinis) (518), for the basis of the word see szkala: S3kola | Schola, Academia, S3kala SD, (179), S3kola | Schola, S3kala SD, (436). Here it should be added that in Sirvydo dictionary there is also the variant of the student mokytinis: Kušnierczyk /tyro huius opificij mokitinis kušnieriaus SD, (69); Malarczyk /tiro huius opificij, student of malariaus SD, (76); Embroidery | Difcipulus. Student SD, (184); Krafamowski vc3en /? Dictionary of Polish-Lithuanian Languages 3. Prepared by Giedrius Subačius, Vilnius, 1996, 174. 113 Declamator | The schoolboy- 's money SD, (128); Ve3eni / Difcipulus. 453 pp. (PDF). Krafomow [fstwo | Krafomow [ka nauka | Rhetorica, Eloquentia. Gra3y language | gaufi language (also). Mokytinis (mokintinis) is recorded from Mažvydas’ writings until the middle of the 20th century, and is especially often found in 17th-18th century handwritten and printed dictionaries of Lesser Lithuania, for example, Junger. Pafuntinnis, i6. M. Mokintinnis 11 503, Lehrling mokintinis Lex (58); E. Pretorijaus Lehrjung Mokintinnis, et. (=io.-V. D.) M. II (654), in the 1728 manuscript German-Lithuanian dictionary (Halle) Mokintinis (59,,), Mokintinis (listed next to Jungfer, Jumprowa Prowa (134,,), Lehrling Mokintinis (150,); J. Brodovskio Lehrjung Mokintinis (762), Jiinger Chrifti (discipulus) Mokitinis, Pafuntinis, Jiingerin Mokintinė (764); Lehrjung- 's Student (860), Lehr Migdlein's Student (860); P. Ruigio Mokitinis, ino, m der Lernende, Schiiler, Lehrburfch (89), Jūnger, Klaujytojis, ojo m. 11 (217), Lehrjung, Mokintinis, nio, m. II (241), cf. also K. G. Milkaus dictionary. This word is also transferred into Nesselmann's "Lietuvių kalbos žodynas" (1851), and is also found in E. Kuršaitis' dictionaries, for example: Jiinger, der Lehrling. disciple, die J. Christi, Christ's disciple (1870, 672); apprentice, who, mokintinis, io at the craftsman; also burch (1874, 18); pukitinis, -io Sbst. Apprentice. Schiiler; in the Bible the Jiinger Christi, Johannis (1883, 260). It is interesting to note that in the 18th century handwriting of Lithuania Minor in St. In the Krauzes dictionary, next to Di/cipel student (123), Lehrling student (323,) we also find the word student: Jager Jung. The student of Jiegerjung (278). This is the second, next to the dictionary of K. Sirvydas, recording of this word. However, the student did not spread because it could not resist the competition of student, student and non-Lithuanian synonyms. Therefore, it is hardly possible that pupil, because of its infrequency, fits next to the names of characters with the adjective affix *-nokalinys, kurtinys, pasiuntinys, which, according to specialists in historical word formation, were widely used from the 16th-17th centuries. *Ambrazas S. The development of noun construction. 1993, 127-128. 114 As the further history of this Lithuanian term shows, pupil, preserved in the pages of dictionaries, was practically unknown and not used from the first half of the 17th century until the end of the 19th century. At the end of the 19th century, the Lithuanian word mokinys (pupil) emerges before our eyes again. Jonas Jablonskis made a great contribution to its revival, finding this word in Antanas Juška's dictionary of Lithuanian language and in his "Lietuviškos dainos" (Lithuanian songs). Here, in the material of the “Dictionary of Lithuanian Language” presented by Jablonski, we read: mokinys, mokinį 1) Veljūnė, Vilnius student (yaenuku) wrote J. d. 2) about an ox taught close 3) He is still a student of SI. OHb eI COCTOHTb Bb VYUEHHKH (does not know how to work yet, learns with others, is not used to working well, etc.). * The most extensive source in the catalog of the Lithuanian Language Dictionary is probably the songs of Antanas Juška: Mokinej gieda, vargonai gaudžia J.d. 1216. Why do you need cakes? To feed the pupils. The school is written in creole. 1560) (d. The students of Veliuona wrote messages. J. D. 712. He wrote a letter from Vilnius school. J. D. 963. The student of Veluna told me that. J. D. 1012. Plg. also With kunįgėlejs, with mokinélejs, with margajs vargonėlej's [laidosiu]. J. D. 1216. The appearance of a pupil near Veliuona is understandable, knowing that Veliuona had one of the oldest schools in Lithuania, founded by the Jesuits probably in 1579 near the church built in 1421. More examples from A. Juška's dictionary: Pupil, pupil, m.; -nė, -nės, -f. yuenukre, yuenuua; učen, uczenica Kurs teaches science, that pupil Taurus still that pupil, i.e. jin teaches close. The pupil is a fool who doesn't sew himself yet. "Kup" (in Polish). *Jablonskis J. Material for the Lithuanian language dictionary. Lithuanian Academy of Sciences. Manuscripts Department. F 99-5. 115 From the dictionary of Mykolas Miežinis (1894): mokinys, v. mokitinis, m. č. f. killer, e, pupil-, -ica, terminator. y4eHHUK. Thus, the word student was already quite common in the second half of the 19th century: a rarely used word would hardly become the lyrics of a song. The noun pupil was probably quite widely known not only in the places mentioned in the songs, although, as we have seen, it had not yet managed to displace žeko and other foreign words, on the other hand, it was somewhat hindered by the synonymous use of mokytinis. But how and when did the word “disciple” come into use? Usually, A. Juška wrote down the words he heard from the living people’s language. Therefore, the word "disciple" was probably used by the people themselves. Janusz Jablonski has written about the word student at least twice. In 1904, he published the first edition of his book, "A Study of the Language of the Peoples of the World", which was published in 1906. Jablonskis had to correct this word for the second time almost a quarter of a century later in a review of Viktor Kamantauskas’ dictionary®. Therefore, everyone who read Jablonski- 's corrections to the language and who respected them, came to the measured conclusion that the student is not only a word legitimized by Jablonski, but may even be created. In the years of independence, the student became established as a school term and became widespread. The difference between the pupil and the teacher and the latter's use of the word intelligent has been discussed by later linguists in the sense of intelligent." Now the pupil will have replaced the teacher in the language of the church." “Jablonskis J. Language Matters (Criticism of Written Language- ). —Collected Writings 2, Vilnius, 1959, 62. *Jablonskis J. Subjects of the vocabulary of our language. Separate observations on V. Kamantauskas’s “Dictionary of the Irregularities and Barbarisms of Trump’s Speech” (Kaunas, 1928). —Ibid., 485-486. By the way, there is also a discussion of the meanings and use of the words apostle and teacher. 7 "<...> teacher, -ies especially St. In the scripture there is a disciple of Christ. This is what we call the "intelligence of the moment- ". —A language advisor. Prepared by L. Dambrauskas, edited by A. Salys and Pr. Coffins. New York: The American Philosophical Society, 1939. Translations of the New Testament into Lithuanian. —Lituanistikas darbai 4, 1979, 65-110; also his Selected Works 3: Common Language Culture, Vilnius, 1998, 519-566. 116 In recent decades, this version of its origin has been establislonskio mokslinio paveldo tyrinėtojas ir, skyrium imant, jo leksikos hed by the popularizer of Jabtaisymai Algirdas Sabaliauskas. He reconstructed Jablonski’s dialogue with a poet from Panevėžys area, from whom the linguist heard the word pupil used in the meaning of an ox being trained close by, and began to use it in the meaning of “a child or young man attending school”. According to Sabaliauskas, the pupil, like the school, can be said to be the words of our great promoter of the language John Jablonski’. Thus, Jablonski did not really need to correct the word teacher into student, as Arnoldas Pirockinas claims: student has been documented in our dictionaries for almost three hundred years...Jablonski has quoted "old Daukšas- ", Sirvydas and other authors on several occasions, but he may not have known the early writings of the word student. Old, especially manuscript, Zodynas were difficult to access for him, and, as we know, Jablonski himself considered the living, spoken language of people as the most important source of language corrections. Therefore, we should not reproach Jablonski for his ignorance of the history of this one word, let alone condemn him or attempt to deprive his student of the right of primacy of authorship. After all, Jablonski separated the meanings of the words teacher and student, legalized the use of the word student, warned against the inappropriate tendency to use teacher in the meaning of "intelligent" and thus contributed to the establishment of the word intelligent. Do we know today the first writings of all the words used in the present language, the changes in their meaning, etc.? It is only regrettable that in the Lithuanian Language Dictionary (8, 1970, 322) the history of the word pupil is presented only from the dictionary of A. Juška, i.e. from the second half of the 19th century. After all, by ignoring the initial period of the existence of this word, a much older word of our language is made perceptible, and at the same time, as in other similar cases, the picture of the real life of the word is somewhat distorted. The history of the term pupil is yet another reminder of how useful in such cases would be various manuscripts of old authors, such as Zo- "Sabaliauskas A. Where do they come from? 226-227; Sabaliauskas A. Zodžiai keliauja, Kaunas, 1993, 100-102. "Piročkinas A. Jono Jablonskio kalbos pataisymai, Kaunas, 1986, 62. 117 the study of dynian lexicon, finally, as necessary historical (old writings) dictionary and other historical lexicological studies. It is usually assumed that the term mokinys was first recorded by Antanas Juška in the second half of the 19th century and that it was approved by Jonas Jablonskis. This article provides some data that the word mokinys was already given in the dictionary of Konstantinas Sirvydas in the 17th century and in the manuscript of the dictionary from Lithuania Minor, the so called German-Lithuanian dictionary of Krause in the 18th century. Vincentas DROTVINAS Received 2001 10 11 Sevéenkos g. 31, 2009 Vilnius E-mail [email protected] Vilniaus pedagoginis universitetas 118