J. Balčikonio kalbotyros terminų antonimai

Ramunė ANDRIUŠKAITĖ Vilnius m. 3-iasis apygardos teismas J. BALČIKONIS ANTONYMS OF TERMS IN THE WORDSCHAFT OF J. BALČIKONIS The theory of terminology has long prevailed that common lexicon is not affected by usual semantic processes. Even the requirements for terms — the unambiguity, accuracy, clarity of the term — are intended to prevent the emergence of semantic categories such as polysemy and synonymy in the system of terms. Nevertheless, in the theory and practice of terminology there is an obvious contradiction: in a strictly defined system of terminology, semantic processes typical of general lexicon often take place. In terms of semantic terminology, the question of the nature of the term is important. First of all, a term is a word—a sign denoting a certain concept. Therefore, the question arises whether it has the same characteristics in the language system as other words, performs the same functions, or whether it functions in the terminology system according to its own laws, characteristic only for it. In the opinion of V. P. Danilenko, the nature of the term actually contradicts the asymmetry of the sign and the signicant, and the synonyms and polysemantic words that occur in terminology are a phenomenon of the functioning of the terms, rather than a matter of their nature (Įlanujenxro 1977: 55). This phenomenon is greatly influenced by another side of the nature of the term—its verbal nature. All common language words obey certain rules of their use. Terms, like words, also yield to these laws, under the action of which they may either acquire term twins, or themselves become the representatives of two concepts. Thus, in terms of functioning, terms are not alien to polysemy, antonymy, or homonymy — they behave like words, and terminology — like lexicon with all its characteristic laws of semantic development. However, due to the differences in terminology and lexical systems, all semantic properties of the lexical unit are perceived somewhat differently in the special lexicon. Many terminologists distinguish similar semantic processes inherent in terms. Their range is most widely studied by Russian terminologists. 65 V. P. Danilenko (Ylanuyenko 1977: 65-81) and A. V. Superanskaya, N. V. Podolskaya and N. V. Vasilyeva (Cyriepanckras, ITogonbckasi, BacnjiseBa 1989: 40-55) discuss the polysemy, homonymy, synonymy and antonymy of terms. * * * In the study of semantic processes of terminology, of all semantic categories, antonym is the least discussed. This phenomenon is not of interest to terminologists, because it has little to do with the problems of the use of terms, it should be considered more as a phenomenon of the organization of the terminology system, and its expression in terminology is very similar to the antonym of the general lexicon. In Lithuanian linguistics, the category of antonyms is defined in various works of lexicology and stylistics, a little more extensively various types of it were examined in her dissertation by I. Ermanytė, who prepared a “Dictionary of Lithuanian language antonyms”. In all these works, the concept of antonyms is perceived quite unequivocally. The basis for their assignment is considered to be an opposition of meaning. In modern lexicology, there is a distinction between true antonyms and converses. According to I. Ermanytė, converses show the inverse relationships of the antonym pair, i.e. the same situation is represented from the point of view of its various participants as the reverse (Ermanytė 1995: 10). In semantics, there are also other relations of opposite antonyms: contradictory opposition (when the antonyms denote extreme concepts of the harmonized set), vector opposition and contradictory opposition (Ermanytė 1995: 9-10). In this article, the classification of antonyms according to their expression is more relevant — what means of language are used to create their opposite. In this regard, it is customary to divide antonyms into root and adjective. In Lithuanian terminology literature, the antonym of terms is almost not mentioned. Only in the last decade has K. Gaivenis’ article “Some cases of antonyms in Lithuanian terminology” appeared. A little earlier, about the antonym of terms began to be spoken in Russian terminology. Among other semantic 66 terms, it is mentioned by V. P. Danilenko, A. V. Superanskaya, N. V. Podolskaya, N. V. Vasilyeva in their works. However, even in these works, antonyms are given much less attention than other semantic processes of terminology, they are limited to presenting a general theory of antonyms, not delving into the peculiarities of terminological antonyms. Such indifference to this question is justified by the fact that the phenomenon of antonym in terminology is no different from the same phenomenon in the general lexicon (/ĮaHuJIeHKO 1977: 79). V. P. Danilenko states only their quantitative difference — in her opinion, antonyms are even more common in terminology than in common language. This is due to the very nature of scientific concepts. Human thinking is so organized that concepts usually appear in pairs (Janunenko 1977: 79). In the opinion of A. V. Superanskaya, N. V. Podolskaya, N. V. Vasilyeva, antonym in terminology is important in that it helps to identify the extreme points of the field of terms, to review the logical possibilities of the system of terminology (Cyriepanckxas, IIonoibckasi, BacnjibeBa 1989: 54). The aforementioned article by K. Gaivenis is slightly more oriented to the specifics of terminology antonimy. The author also emphasizes that antonyms in terminology are related to the dichotomy of concepts, more precisely, to the relationship between the concepts of properties, states, processes (Gaivenis 1989: 100-101). In his opinion, when determining antonyms in terminology, it is necessary to take into account their correlational, hyponymous and hyperonymous relationships. Antonyms can be considered only those terms that are correlates — belong to the same category (hyperonym), but are opposed by some essential characteristic (Gaivenis 1989: 101). In addition, the term "anthropomorphism" is used in the context of the term "anthropomorphism", which is not necessarily synonymous with the term "anthropomorphism". In other words, the neutralization of common language antonyms can occur in the scientific language. The opposite is also possible: words that are not used in common language acquire the opposite meaning in terminology. Such terms and nomenclatural names as antonyms are perceived only by specialists. This article discusses in more detail the terms antonyms used in J. Balčikonis' writings. The material for the study was collected from J. Balčikonis’s “Collected Writings” and the manuscript translation of J. Otrembski’s “Gramatyka jezyka litewskiego, tom III, Nauka o formach” (Gramatics of Lithuanian Language, vol. 67 In J. Balčikonis- ’s terminology of linguistics, 142 pairs of antonyms can be distinguished. The opposite of the meaning of these terms is created in two ways — lexical and constructive. Lexical antonyms are formed by using the roots of words of opposite lexical meaning. In this context, the term "anthropomorphism" is used to refer to a group of humans who have an anthropomorphic, rather than an anthropomorphic, identity. The opposite of their meaning is not reflected in the expression. They have neither affixes nor roots of the opposite meaning. Most of the antonyms in terminology are formed by means of word formation. The types of antonyms in Balchikoni- 's terminology are summarized in the first diagram. Diagram I Types of antonyms in J. Balčikonis terminolo40% M gy 15% CE] lexical E] antonyms adjective antonyms terminological antonyms 1. Lexical antonyms Lexical antonyms in J. Balčikonis terminology account for 40.28% of all antonyms. They are considered those pairs of terms that are made up of words of opposite lexical meaning. In lexicology, these types of antonyms are also called root or non-root antonyms. Antonyms of this type can be divided into two parts. The antonyms of the first part are related by contradictory relations of opposition (65.5296). These are mainly dichotomous terms, e.g.: vowel length Otr LKG 262 —vowel shortness Otr LKG 321, capital letter Balč RR I 58 —lower case letter Balč RR 1 58, muffled consonant Balč 68 RR II 8 —acid consonant Balč RR II 8, final syllable Otr LKG 12 —frontal syllable Otr LKG 39, long diphthong Otr LKG 40 —short diphthong Otr LKG 66, long syllable Otr LKG 13 —short syllable Otr LKG 13, long vowel Balč RR I 180 —short vowel Balč RR I 180, hard vowel Balč RR II 6 —soft vowel Balč RR II 6, hard consonant Otr LKG 68 —soft consonant Balč RR 1357, ascending vowel Balč RR I 233 —falling vowel Balč RR I 233, negative vowel Balč RR II 134 —positive sentence Balč RR II 135, consonant hardness Otr LKG 61 —adjective softness Otr LKG 279, compound tense Balč RR I 42 —singular tense Balč RR II 45, compound noun Balč RR I 336 —singular noun Balč RR I 336, verb at the end of an action Balč RR 1377 —verb at the beginning of an action Balč RR I 377. The basis of the antonym of many of these terms are words used antonymically in common language. This group of antonyms includes international terms of opposite meaning, e.g.: active Balč RR II 46 — passive Balč RR II 46, analytical language Balč RR II 83 — synthetic language Balč RR II 83, archaism Balč RR 1219 — neologism Balč RR I 163. The second group of lexical antonyms consists of terms linked by the ratio of contrary opposition (34.48%). They usually denote the boundaries of the field of terms, e.g.: Highland dialect Balč RR II 55 —Žemaičių dialect Balč RR I 72, plural Balč RR I 156 —singular (including the plural Balč RR I 156), right-handed accent Balč RR II 8 —left-handed accent Balč RR II 8, right-handed accent Balč RR I 40 —left-handed accent Balč RR I 40, feminine gender Balč RR I 266 —masculine gender Balč RR I 248, feminine form Otr LKG 164 —masculine form Otr LKG 7, female stem Otr LKG 178 —male stem Otr LKG 178, Eastern Highland dialect Balč RR I 350 —Western Highland dialect Balč RR I 233, Eastern Highland dialect Balč RR II 147 —Western Highland dialect Balč RR II 147. Antonyms of the common language are also taken to form these terms. However, in some cases, the terms neutralize the opposite of their meaning. For example, the ethnonyms Altaičiai and Žemaičiai were formed by opposing the peculiarities of the area inhabited by these people, but the linguistic terms Altaičių and Žemaičių dialektas have already practically lost this oppositional relationship. Panashi 69 The neutralization of the antonym has also occurred in the terms eastern and western highland dialect. The words east and west mean opposite countries of the world, but there is no basis for opposing dialects named on the basis of this geographical difference. 2. Verb antonyms Adjective antonyms are the most abundant type of antonyms in terminology. They make up 44.44% of all the antonyms used by J. Balčikonis. Verb antonyms have a common root. The opposite meaning is given to them by the elements of the verb—usually prepositions. In addition to the adverbial antonyms, I. Ermanytė distinguishes compound words, each of which has one root with an antonym meaning (Ermanytė 1985: 6). 1) PREFIX NOT-ANTONYMS Most (59,37596) of the constructive antonyms are made with the negative prefix ne-. Non-conjugates of the prefix indicate the opposite of the thing said by the base noun (DLKG 1994: 147), e.g.: personal form Balč RR II 16 —non-personal form Otr LKG 285, conjugation mark Balč RR I 360 —inconjugation mark Balč RR II 105, extended sentence Balč RR II 96 —unextended sentence Balč RR II 90, derived verb Balč RR I 300 —non-derived verb Otr LKG 373, nominative form Balč RR I 72 —inconjugated form Balč RR II 103, variable part of speech Balč RR 1274 —variable part of speech Balč RR I 274, variable word Balč RR II 74 —variable word Balč RR I 303, mobile conjugation Balč RR I 202 —immovable conjugation Balč RR 1202, comparative degree Balč RR II 1265 —incomparable degree Balč RR II 144, palatal answer Otr LKG 71 —non-comparative answer Otr LKG 66, constant conjugation Balč RR I 95 —invariable conjugation Balč RR I 233, transitive verb Balč RR II 43 —intransitive verb Balč RR II 43, full sentence Balč RR II 89 —incomplete sentence Balč RR II 89, prepositional verb Balč RR I 377 —non-prepositional verb Balč RR I 377, compound verb Otr LKG 313 —non-compound verb Otr LKG 418, jumping inflection Balč RR II 222 —non-jumping inflection Balč RR I 372, direct language Balč RR I 362 —indirect language Balč RR II 49, direct consequence Balč RR I 361indirect consequence Balč RR II 93, direct verbe 70 Balč RR II 96 —indirect verb Balč RR II 96, true preposition Balč RR II 75 —false preposition Balč RR II 75, word to be used Balč RR I 135 —word not to be used Balč RR I 134, active verb Balč RR II 73 —inactive verb Balč RR II 72, active form Balč RR 1302 —inactive form Balč RR I 209. 2) ANTONYMIES OF THE PREFIX beAdjective antonyms can also be formed with the prefix befor negation and lack. The prepositions of this prefix are not entirely identical to the prepositions of the non-prefix. They indicate the lack of the thing said by the reference word, but at the same time they indicate a characteristic opposite to the characteristic described by the main word (LKG 1954: 431). In J. Balčikoni- 's terminology of linguistics, this type of antonym was found five times less — only 10.94%, e.g.: personal form Otr LKG 359 — impersonal form Balč RR II 139, personal sentence Balč RR II 89 — impersonal sentence Balč RR I 261, personal verb Balč RR I 338 — impersonal verb Balč RR II 137, formal word Balč RR I 182 — unformal word Balč RR II 86, conjugated form Otr LKG 59 — non-conjugated form Balč RR II 91, intermediate control Balč RR II 98 — interlocutory control Balč RR II 98. These pairs of antonyms, like the ones discussed earlier, are characterized by the fact that one term has the characteristic of being marked with a generic sign, and the other one does not. Thus, their opposition is based on the relationship of having and not having. Antonyms are not only adjectives, but also adjectives with adjectively used participants, for example, the conjugated form Otr LKG 75 — the non-conjugated form Balč RR II 91. 3) ANTONOMIES OF OTHER PREFIXES In J. Balčikonis’ terminology of linguistics there was only one case where the opposite of terms is formed by two prefixes of opposite meaning — raising the accent Otr LKG 39 raising the accent Otr LKG 44. The following antonyms are linked by a vector opposition ratio (the direction "forward —backward"): There are many antonyms made in terminology with international prepositions of negative meaning. In J. Balčikonis' terminology, antonymal international terms were used with four international prefixes of opposite meanings. The following terms are used for the traditional creation of international antonyms, e.g.: assimilation Balč RR I 382 —disassimilation 71 Otr LKG 181, thematic form Otr LKG 308 —atematic form Otr LKG 334, thematic ending Otr LKG 308 —atematic ending Otr LKG 316, thematic verb Otr LKG 288 —atematic verb Otr LKG 290. Two international linguistic terms are formed with different Latin prepositions of opposite meanings — preposition Balč RR I 315 — postposition Balč RR I 315. In Lithuanian, they correspond to the antonymal prepositions before and after. The international antonyms include two Latin terms verbum transitivum Balč RR I 182 — verbum intransitivum Balč RR I 182. 4) COMPOSITED TERMS WITH ANTONYME ROOTS The last group of constructive antonyms consists of compound terms with one root of opposite meaning, e.g.: polysyllabic form Otr LKG 82 monosyllabic form Otr LKG 237, polysyllabic root Balč RR I 202 —monosyllabic root Balč RR I 183, polysyllabic stem Otr LKG 159 —monosyllabic stem Otr LKG 227, polysyllabic word Balč RR I 99—monosyllabic word Balč RR I 358, terminal consonant Balč RR II 10 —initial tongue consonant Balč RR II 10, strong-talé basso Balč RR II 160 —firm-talé basso Balč RR II 160, strong-talé intonation Balč RR II 181 —firm-talé preposition root Balč RR I 101firm-talé root Otr LKG 101, strong-talic length Balč RR I 100 —strong-- talic length Balč RR I 100, strong-talic consonant Balč RR 140strong-talic consonant Balč RR II 147, strong-talic syllable Otr LKG 142 —strong-- talic syllable Balč RR I 202. According to semantics, these antonyms are close to lexical antonyms. Their opposite is created by words of opposite meaning, not by affixes. The variety of verb antonyms is reflected in the second diagram. 3. Antonyms of terminological meaning The last group of antonyms in J. Balčikoni- ’s terminology consists of terms that are opposed by their thermal meaning. These terms are composed with roots of different meanings, but in the general lexicon their meanings are not opposite. These terms acquire an antonym relationship only in the system of linguistic terminology. All of them denote concepts separated by a dichotomous principle. 72 ; Figure 2 Types of verb antonyms El Prefix non-antonimes Prefix MI beantonimes: Dl other prefixes J 59% Antonyms compound antonyms Some of this kind [ of antonyms have synonyms or Lithuanian equivalents, whose expression allows them to be considered as antonyms of the general lexicon, e.g.: akūtas Balč RR I 248 —circumflexas Otr LKG 180, acute ending Otr LKG 5 —circumflexe ending Otr LKG 56, acute prefix Balč RR 1375 —circumflexe prefix Balč RR 1375 (cf. tvirtagalė —tvirtapradė), secondary form Otr LKG 46 —primary form Otr LKG 502, secondary stem Otr LKG 71 —primary stem Balč RR I 38, secondary verb Balč RR II 64 —primary verb Balč RR II 64 (cf. derived —non-derived), nominative adjective Balč RR I 315 —ordinary adjective Balč RR I 302 (cf. non-derivative adjective), active form Balč RR II 46 —passive form Balč RR II 46 (cf. inactive form). Other antonyms of terminological significance simply name dichotomous concepts, e.g.: secondary part of sentence Balč RR II 96 —main part of sentence Balč RR II 90, general noun Balč RR I 200, name Balč RR I 73, word Balč RR I 389 —real noun Balč RR I 200, name Balč RR I 324, word Balč RR I 390, action Balč RR I 361 —action of event Balč RR 1361, image of current action Balč RR II 51 —image of action of event Balč RR I 51, written language Balč RR I 120 —oral language Balč RR I 265, main sentence Balč RR I 146 —side sentence Balč RR I 146. The discussed antonyms are somewhat close to contextual antonyms. They are used only in the scientific work of linguistics as antonyms. But it is this kind of antonyms of terms that is the support that allows 73