Daktaras Jonas Basanavičius ir jo „Medega musu tautiszkai vaistinykystai“

Palmira ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ Institute of the Lithuanian Language DOCTOR JONAS BASANAVIČIUS AND HIS MEDEGA MUSU TAUTISZKAI VAISTINYKYSTAI Kiekvienam lietuviui daktaro Jono Basanavičiaus (1851–1927) vardas yra brangus. Šis „didysis ir garbingasis lietuvis, sukūręs ištisą tautinio renesanso epochą“ (Albumas 1937: 57), visą savo gyvenimą ir sveikatą paaukojęs Lietuvai ir jos žmonių gerovei, pelnė tautos atgimimo Tėvo, Patriarcho ir Pranašo vardą. J. Basanavičius buvo ir gydytojas. Ši jo veiklos sritis labiausiai susijusi su Bulgarija, kurioje išgyveno apie 25 metus. Čia J. Basanavičius dirbo ne vien tik praktinį gydytojo darbą. Rusų medicinos laikraščiuose skelbė straipsnius. Dažnai lankėsi kaimuose, užrašinėjo, kaip ligas aiškina burtininkai ir liaudies gydytojai, kreipė dėmesį į bulgarų kalbą, būdą ir papročius (Autobiografija 1936: 33–39; Basanavičius 1994: 28; Nezabitauskis 1990: 110–114; Visockis 1992: 57–59). Lom Palankos (dab. Lomas) apylinkėse ištyrė 2116 vyrų ir 167 moteris ir sudarė jų antropologines charakteristikas. Taigi J. Basanavičius tapo antropologijos pradininku Bulgarijoje (Visockis 1992: 91). 1891 m. buvo išleista jo monografija „Материали за санитарната етнография на България“, kurioje „daug vietos skirta krašto antropologijai, archeologijai, ekonomikai, etnografijai, istorijai, medicinai, švietimui, tautosakai, net ir gamtos problemoms“ (Visockis 1992: 92). Šis J. Basanavičiaus veikalas buvo plačiai pripažintas ir aukštai įvertintas. Be to, Bulgarijos švietimo ministerijos prašymu jis parengė instrukciją antropometrinei medžiagai rinkti, kuria „vėliau naudojosi daugelis bulgarų tyrinėtojų. J. Basanavičiaus surinktą ir apibendrintą antropologinę medžiagą naudojo ne tik bulgarai“ (Visockis 1992: 113), bet ir kiti Europos mokslininkai. In 1898, in Varna, J. Basanavičius wrote a glossary of folk-medicine terms, Medega musu tautiszkai vaistinykystai, which was first printed in 1898 in Shenandoah in the newspaper Dirva, published by A. Milukas, and issued in the same year as a 32-page booklet at A. Milukas’s expense. There is also another copy of the glossary, 38 pages long and expanded by 35 terms, likewise published that same year. 103 (Bibliography 1985: 227–228). Both copies of the glossary were used in this article. In writing Medegų musu tautiškai vaistinykystai, Dr. J. Basanavičius used material sent to him in 1885 by M. Davainis-Silvestraitis and his assistant V. Bakutis: “A collection of all kinds of illnesses heard of from people, from the Raseiniai parish, Kalnujai district.” In the preface, the author writes: “The ‘Collection,’ which partly describes 159 illnesses at some length and partly gives various pathological symptoms of illnesses designated only by particular names, is important in that it often reflects the views of Lithuanians concerning etiology. Although Mr. Silvestraitis and his assistant V. Bakutis, being non-specialists, were unable to question people about everything so carefully and describe one or another illness as clearly as a physician could have done, nevertheless the material they recorded will be of considerable importance in the eyes of medical professionals themselves and, perhaps, will kindle in them a desire to investigate our national folk medicine more extensively1” (Medega 1898: 1). In addition to all the illnesses recorded by M. Davainis-Silvestraitis, Dr. J. Basanavičius also added illnesses he had recorded in 1878 in Ožkabaliai and those recorded by Dr. F. Janušis in the Biržai district. In Medega, 277 medical terms (including synonyms and variants) are listed alphabetically. Latin names are given after a dash; in some cases no Latin name is provided, and only an explanation is given or a question mark is written, e.g.: gniusas R. –?; nikstas R. –?; rožė lekiančioji R. –?; sometimes a question mark is also written after the Latin names provided, e.g.: aptaka R. – abscessus?; gervių kapojimas R. – dermatitis?; smurgylys R. – ozaena? This can be explained in the words of Dr. J. Basanavičius himself: “ <…> I took care, wherever possible, to add their [diseases’] scientific nomenclature; and alongside those Lithuanian names that I was unable to designate with scientific terms, I attach everywhere, as with the other names, Mr. Silvestraitis’s explanations of how they were recorded from the people” (Medega 1898: 1). The terms are printed in spaced type, and after each one the letters R, O, or B are written: “the letter O is to be understood as indicating the names of diseases recorded in Ožkabaliai (Suwałki Governorate), R those near Raseiniai, … 1Here and elsewhere, the authentic text of Dr. J. Basanavičius is presented. 104 B – apie Biržus (Kauno gub.)“ (Medega 1898: 1–2). Daugiausia žodžių užrašyta apie Raseinius ir Ožkabaliuose. Tik keturi žodžiai užrašyti apie Biržus. Prie šešių Medegos žodžių nenurodyta jų užrašymo vieta. Neretai ta pati sąvoka skirtingose vietovėse yra kitaip vadinama, kartais skiriasi ir toje pačioje vietovėje užrašyti terminai, pvz.: burbuliavimas, burbulys O.; dedervinė R., diderinė O.; karsztligė, sziltinė O., karsztinė R.; klejojimas O. bludnastis R.; maras O., pavietrė R.; pagirios O., pagirio jimas R.; raup lės vėjo, vėjaraup lės R. ir kt. Nemažai terminų aiškinimų paremta tuo „aitiologišku įžvilgiu“: „Maras O. pavietrė R. – <…> Maro laike, kaip apie Gižus (Vilkaviškio pav.) pasakoja, vaikščioję po kaimus trys jaunos dailios mergos, gražiai baltai apsirengusios ilgais drabužiais ir, saulei nusileidus, vaikščiodamos išz namų į namus, nežinia ar vandeniu ar kuom, laszinušios viską. Jei tik ant ko užkrito laszelis, jau tas gyvas neizsliko. Užeje į namus jos klausė „ar yra kas namie“, nes visi nuo jų slėpasi. Jei kas atsisza ukdavo, jos sakydavo: „kas gyvas, tas teg’ ir bus gyvas“, o jei kursai ne atsiliepdavo, tai jos vėl sakydavo: „kaip nieks ne atsiszaukia, tegul ir niekad’ ne atsiszauks“ – ir tie išmirė. <…>“; „Slogutis O. – „Slogutis esąs duszia mirusio nekriksztyto kudykio; jis dienomis paėziais po akmenimis lindo jas ir kaip kada pavidale balto katino pasirodąs; naktimis jis va idinąsis ir, pavidale plaukuoto, apžėlusio vyro, sloginąs ypačiai moteris <…>“. Meanings of terms in Medega and current scientific terminology Dr. J. Basanavičius wrote in the preface to Medega: “Whoever reads the material we have gathered here, I hope, will be convinced that Lithuanians know almost all diseases and have their own, original terminology for them” (Medega 1898: 2). Not all the words in the glossary name diseases—there are also anatomical terms. These can be divided into three groups: 1) those that coincide with the terms in the “Dictionary of Medical Terms,” e.g.: belly O. – abdomen; lungs O. – pulmones; muscle O. – musculus; 2) those that partly differ from the terms in the “Dictionary of Medical Terms,” e.g.: womb O. – uterus (uterus – PNA, womb, MTŽ); joint 105 R. – articulatio (articulatio – PNA, articulation: 1. joint, MTŽ); armpit O. – fossa axillaris (fossa axillaris – PNA, axillary fossa, MTŽ); rib O. – os costae (os costale – PNA, rib bone, MTŽ); cheek O. – maxilla (maxilla – PNA, upper jaw, MTŽ); 3) those that differ entirely from the terms in the “Dictionary of Medical Terms,” e.g.: elbow R. – antebrachium (antebrachium – PNA, forearm, MTŽ); nipple O. – papilla mammae (papilla mammae – PNA, nipple, MTŽ); spleen O. – lien (lien – PNA, spleen, MTŽ); scrotum O. – scrotum (scrotum – PNA, scrotum, MTŽ); groin R. – regio inguinalis (regio inguinalis – PNA, inguinal region, MTŽ); upper arm R. – brachium (brachium – PNA, 1. upper arm, MTŽ); vulva O. – vulva (vulva – see pudendum femininum – PNA, external female genitalia, MTŽ); backbone O. – columna vertebralis (columna vertebralis – PNA, spine, MTŽ); loins O. – regio lumbalis (regio lumbalis – PNA, lumbar region, MTŽ); elbow joint R. – articulatio cubiti (articulatio cubiti – PNA, elbow joint, MTŽ); intestines O. – intestina, entera (intestina – intestines, bowel, MTŽ). Disease names in Medega are presented in groups according to their frequency. Infectious diseases: abscess R. – abscessus? (abscessus – abscess, suppuration, MTŽ); ague R. – febris intermittens (febris intermittens – intermittent fever, MTŽ); gangrene R. – gangraena (gangraena – gangrene, death of a body part, MTŽ); carbuncle R., carbuncle O. – carbunculus (carbunculus – carbuncle, malignant boil, MTŽ); typhus, typhoid O., fever R. – typhus abdominalis (typhus abdominalis – typhoid fever, MTŽ); cholera R. – cholera asiatica (cholera asiatica – Asiatic cholera, MTŽ); dysentery O., bloody flux R. – dysenteria (dysenteria – dysentery, MTŽ); epidemic O. – epidemia, epizootia (epidemia – epidemic; epizootia – epizootic, spread of contagious disease among animals, MTŽ); plague O., pestilence R. – pestis (pestis – 1. plague, MTŽ); large boils R. – furunculus (furunculus – furuncle, boil, MTŽ); rabies, hydrophobia O., R. – lyssa, hydrophobia (lyssa – see rabies – rabies; hydrophobia – hydrophobia: 2. see rabies, MTŽ); whitlow R. – panaritium (panaritium – panaritium, whitlow, MTŽ); small boils, little boils (pikutė = boil, 1. “furuncle, painful sore” LKŽ IX); lockjaw B. – tetanus (tetanus – tetanus: 1. 106 tetanus MTŽ); m a l i g n a n t p u s t u l e O. – pustula maligna, anthra (pustula maligna – malignant pustule of anthrax; anthrax – 1. anthrax MTŽ); l e p r o s y O. – lepra (lepra – leprosy, Hansen’s disease MTŽ); a n t h r a x p u s t u l e R. – anthra, pustula maligna (anthrax – 1. anthrax; pustula maligna – malignant pustule of anthrax MTŽ); s m a l l p o x R. – variola vera (variola – smallpox MTŽ); w i n d p o x, c h i c k e n p o x R. – variolois (variolois – see varioloidum – varioloid, mild smallpox MTŽ); w h i t e e r y s i p e l a s R. – phlegmone (phlegmone – phlegmon, suppurative inflammation MTŽ); m i g r a t i n g e r y s i p e l a s R. –? (? erysipelas migrans – migrating erysipelas MTŽ); r e d e r y s i p e l a s R. – erysipelas (erysipelas – erysipelas MTŽ); a b s c e s s O. – abscessus (abscessus – abscess, collection of pus MTŽ); l a r v a t e d i n t e r m i t t e n t f e v e r R. – febris intermittens larvata (febris intermittens – intermittent fever; larvatus – see latens – latent, concealed MTŽ); t y p h u s O., s c a r l a t i n a R. – scarlatina (scarlatina – scarlet fever MTŽ); b o i l O. – furunculus (furunculus – furuncle, boil MTŽ); f i l a r i a R. – filiaria hominis? (Filaria – filaria, threadworm (a family of parasitic worms of the class Nematoda); homo, inis – human being MTŽ); chickenpox (varicella – varicella, chickenpox MTŽ); fistula R. – abscessus ani (abscessus – abscess, collection of pus; anus – anus, anal opening MTŽ); s h i v e r s R. – febris? (febris – 1. fever, heat MTŽ). Skin diseases: b l a c k h e a d R. – comedo (comedo – comedone, blackhead MTŽ); b i r t h m a r k R., m o l e O. – naevus (naevus – birthmark MTŽ); r i n g w o r m R., r i n g w o r m O. – lichen (lichen – 1. med. lichen; dedervinė is pityriasis – pityriasis MTŽ); w o r m e a t i n g R. – dermatitis? (dermatitis – dermatitis, inflammation of the skin MTŽ); m a t t e d h a i r R. – plica polonica (plica polonica – archaic: plica polonica MTŽ); m a t t e d h a i r, h o l l o w R. – favus capillitis (favus capilliti – favus of the scalp MTŽ); w a r t R., w a r t O. – verruca (verruca – wart MTŽ); l i s z u n i s R. –? (liežuonis “a foot condition in which the skin between the toes becomes sore and small wounds appear” LKŽ VII); s c a b i e s O., l a r g e s c a b i e s R. – scabies (scabies – scabies MTŽ); i t c h i n g O. – titillatio; pruritus (titillatio – tickling; pruritus – itching MTŽ); c h a p p e d l i p s R. – herpes labialis (herpes labialis – cold sores MTŽ); r a s h o n t h e b u t t o c k s R. (nupuškėti “to become covered with pustules, pimples” LKŽ X; rūra (l. rura, brus. pypa < German Rohr, Röhre) 2. vulgar “buttocks, backside, anus” 107 LKŽ XI); piktszasiai R. – eczema scrophulosum (eczema – eczema; scrophulosus – scrofulous MTŽ); dandruff O. – seborrhoea capillitis (seborrhoea – seborrhea, increased secretion of the sebaceous glands; capillitium, ii – hair of the head (collectively), furfur – 2. dandruff MTŽ); scales R. – eczema (eczema – eczema MTŽ); blister O. – 2) pustula (pustula – pustule, small abscess MTŽ); swelling R. – oedema, anasarca (oedema – edema, swelling; anasarca – anasarca, dropsy of the skin, swelling of the subcutaneous tissue MTŽ); scabies, mild scabies R. – scabies (scabies – scabies MTŽ); szasnagis R. – onychia, onyx is, paronychia (onychia – onychia, inflammation of the nail bed; ony xis – see onychia; paronychia – paronychia, inflammation around the nail MTŽ); inflammation of fire O. – inflammatio, dermatitis erysipelosa (inflammatio – inflammation; dermatitis – dermatitis, inflammation of the skin; erysipelatosus – erysipelatous MTŽ); lice O., mandaviaszkos R. – morpiones, pediculi pubis (cf. morpio – see phthirius pubis – pubic louse, pediculus – 1. louse; pubes – PNA pubis, pubic hair MTŽ). Surgery and traumatology: splinter O., aksztin’s R. – corpus alienum (corpus alienum – foreign body MTŽ); prolapse R. (apoptosis – apoptosis, prolapse; defluxio – defluxion: 1. prolapse, effluvium – 2. prolapse MTŽ); inguinal hernia O., hernia R. – hernia inguinalis (hernia inguinalis – inguinal hernia MTŽ); nainvczios R. – luxatio? (luxatio – luxation, dislocation MTŽ); sprain R. –? Sprain O. – distorsio (distorsio – distortion, sprain of a joint ligament MTŽ); burn from painful fire R. – combustio (combustio – burn MTŽ); paszinas (assula – splinter; sarculus – splinter, surculus – splinter MTŽ); chilblain under the nails R. – congelatio (congelatio – frostbite MTŽ); contusion R. – contusio (contusio – contusion, bruise MTŽ); rectal prolapse R. – prolapsus ani (prolapsus ani – prolapse of the anus MTŽ); joint contusion R. – contusio articulationis, distorsio (contusio – contusion, bruise; articulatio, onis – PNA articulation: 1. joint; distorsio – distortion, sprain of a joint ligament MTŽ); rib contusion R. – contusio thoracis (contusio – contusion, bruise; thorax, acis – PNA chest cavity MTŽ); scald R. – combustio (combustio – burn MTŽ); choking R.; suffocation- 108 tion O. – asphyxia (asphyxia – asphyxia MTŽ); dropsy O. – hydrops ascites, anasarca (hydrops – dropsy; ascites – ascites, abdominal dropsy; anasarca – anasarca, dropsy of the skin, swelling of the subcutaneous tissue MTŽ); chilblain R. – pernio, congelatio (pernio – chilblain; congelatio – frostbite MTŽ). Nervous system diseases: gurgling, bubbling O. – pselismus, anarthria literalis, blaesitas (psellismus – see balbuties – stuttering; anarthria – anarthria, inability to speak clearly and articulately, anarthria literalis – literal anarthria MTŽ); hoarseness of the throat R. – aphonia (aphonia – aphonia, loss of voice MTŽ); wandering O., bludnastis R. – delirium (delirium – delirium, delusion MTŽ); screaming R. – pavor nocturnus (pavor nocturnus – night terror MTŽ); dizziness O. – vertigo (vertigo – dizziness MTŽ); cramp R. – crampus, spasmus (crampus – see spasmus – spasm, cramp MTŽ); deaf-mutism O. – surdomutitas (surdomutitas – deaf-mutism MTŽ); paralysis O., onset of paralysis R. – paralysis (paralysis – paralysis, loss of ability to move MTŽ); lumbago B. – lumbago (lumbago – lumbago, pain in the loins MTŽ); lumbar ache R. – lumbago (lumbago – lumbago, pain in the loins MTŽ); hoarseness O. – aphonia (aphonia – aphonia, loss of voice MTŽ); loss of speech R. – aphasia (aphasia – aphasia, inability to speak MTŽ); male disease R. – neuralgia spermatica (neuralgia spermatica – neuralgia of the spermatic cord MTŽ); loss of speech O. – aphasia (aphasia – aphasia, inability to speak MTŽ); hiccups O. – singultus (singultus – hiccups MTŽ); hiccup R. – singultus (singultus – hiccups MTŽ). Diseases of the digestive tract: stone disease R. – termina ventris (termina – intestinal colic; venter, tris – abdomen MTŽ); belching with vomiting R. – ructatio (ructatio – see eructatio – eructation, belching MTŽ); gastric pain R. – gastralgia, enteralgia; gastritis (gastralgia – gastralgia, stomach pains; enteralgia – enteralgia, intestinal pains; gastritis – gastritis, inflammation of the stomach MTŽ); drooping abdomen R. – enteroptosis (morbus Glenardi) (enteroptosis – enteroptosis, descent of the intestines MTŽ); gastric prolapse O., displacement R. – gastroptosis (gastroptosis – gastroptosis, descent of the stomach MTŽ); hernia O., hernia R. – ileus, volvulus, kompresis (ileus – 109 ileus, intestinal obstruction; volvulus – twisting of the intestines; compressio – compression, constriction MTŽ); heartburn R. – pyrosa (pyrosis – heartburn MTŽ); belching, eructation O., belch R. – ructus, ructitatio (ructus – see eructatio – eructation, belch, burping MTŽ); rectal spasm R. – proctospasmus? (proctospasmus – proctospasm, cramp of the rectum MTŽ); diarrhea O., dysentery R. – enteritis follicularis (enteritis – enteritis, inflammation of the small intestine; enteritis follicularia – follicular enteritis MTŽ); looseness of the bowels O. – diarrhoea (diarrhoea – diarrhea MTŽ); indigestion R. – dyspepsia interalgia? (dyspepsia – dyspepsia, digestive disorder MTŽ); vomiting O., R. – vomitus, emesis (vomitus – vomiting; emesis – emesis, vomiting MTŽ); diarrhea O. – enteritis catarrhalis, diarrhoea (enteritis – enteritis, inflammation of the small intestine; catarrhalis – catarrhal; diarrhoea – diarrhea MTŽ). Diseases of the ears, throat, and nose: ringing in the ears, tinnitus R. (sonitus aurium – ringing in the ears MTŽ); deafness O., deafness of the ears R. – surditas (surditas – deafness MTŽ); rattling R. – rhonchi sibilantes et sonores; stertor (rhonchi sibilantes – wheezing rales; rhonchi sonori – sonorous rales; stertos, oris – stertor; snoring MTŽ); choking R. – laryngitis (cf. laryngitis – laryngitis, inflammation of the larynx MTŽ); nasal catarrh O. – catarrhus nasi, rhinitis catarrhalis (cf. catarrhus – catarrh, inflammation of the mucous membrane; nasus, i – PNA nose; rhinitis – rhinitis, runny nose; catarrhalis – catarrhal MTŽ); cold R. – febris catarrhalis, influenza? (febris – 1. fever, heat; catarrhalis – catarrhal; influenza – influenza, flu MTŽ); nasal catarrh B. – catarrhus nasi, rhinitis catarrhalis (catarrhus – catarrh, inflammation of the mucous membrane; nasus, i – PNA nose; rhinitis – rhinitis, runny nose; catarrhalis – catarrhal MTŽ); choking O. – 1) angina diphtherita; 2) angina phlegmonosa (angina diphtherica – diphtheritic angina; phlegmonosus – phlegmonous, suppurative MTŽ); foul-smelling nasal discharge R. – ozaena? (ozaena – ozena, fetid rhinitis MTŽ; ozena, fetid rhinitis, foul-smelling runny nose ME II). Gynecology and obstetrics: childbirth R. – partus, puerperium (partus – childbirth; puerperium – postpartum period MTŽ); miscarriage O. – abortus (abortus – abortion: 1. miscarriage, removal of the fetus; 2. untimely (born at an untimely time); 3. premature termination 110 (of a pathological or normal process) MTŽ); convulsions during pregnancy B. – eclampsia (eclampsia – eclampsia, seizure MTŽ); hardening of women's breasts R. – mastitis (mastitis – mastitis, inflammation of the breast MTŽ); menstruation O. – menstrua, katamenia (menstrua – see menstruatio – menstruation, menses; catamenia – see menstruatio MTŽ); white menstrual discharge R. – leucorrhoea (leucorrhoea – see fluor albus – leukorrhea MTŽ); red menstruation R. – metrorrhagia (metrorrhagia – metrorrhagia, uterine bleeding MTŽ); suppressed menstruation R. – amenorrhoea (amenorrhoea – amenorrhea, absence of menstruation MTŽ). Mental illnesses: alcohol intoxication R. – alcoholismus acutus (alcoholismus – alcoholism; acutus – acute (of an illness) MTŽ); drunkenness O. – alcoholismus chronicus (alcoholismus – alcoholism; chronicus – chronic, long-lasting MTŽ; alcoholismus chronicus – see chronic alcoholism; chronic alcoholism (alcoholismus chronicus) TPTŽ); gluttony R. – bulimia, akoria (bulimia – bulimia, ravenous hunger; acoria – acoria, insatiable appetite MTŽ); sadness R. – melancholia (melancholia – melancholia MTŽ); sleepwalking R. – somnambulismus (somnambulismus – somnambulism, sleepwalking MTŽ); epileptic seizure R., epilepsy O. – epilepsia (epilepsia – epilepsy MTŽ); hangover O., being hungover R. (hangover TPTŽ); mental derangement R. Eye diseases: inflammation of the eyes R. – keratitis (keratitis – keratitis, inflammation of the cornea MTŽ); clouding of the eyes O. – cataracta (cataracta – cataract, clouding of the lens MTŽ); eye disease R. – conjunctivitis (conjunctivitis – conjunctivitis, inflammation of the conjunctiva MTŽ); eye inflammation R. – conjunctivitis (conjunctivitis – conjunctivitis, inflammation of the conjunctiva MTŽ); stye O., stye R. – hordeolum (hordeolum – stye, purulent inflammation of an eyelid margin sebaceous gland MTŽ); night blindness O., night blindness R. – hemeralopia (hemeralopia – hemeralopia, night blindness MTŽ); poor eyesight R. – asthenophia, myopia (asthenopia – asthenopia, visual weakness; myopia – myopia, nearsightedness MTŽ). Respiratory diseases: consumption O. – phthisis pulmonum? (phthisis – obsolete. 1. see tuberculosis – tuberculosis, consumption; pulmo, onis – PNA lung MTŽ); cough R. – tussis (tussis – cough MTŽ); lung- 111 inflammation R. – pneumonia crouposa (pneumonia crouposa – lobar pneumonia MTŽ); pulmonary gangrene R. – gangraena pulmonum? (gangraena – gangrene, death of a part of the body; pulmo, onis – PNA lung MTŽ); nightmare, oppression during sleep O. – asthma nocturnum; succubus et incubus (asthma – asthma; nocturnus – nocturnal; oneirodynia passiva – nightmare, a state of fear and labored breathing during sleep, often occurring after eating heavily MTŽ); wheezing cough R. – asthma, dyspnoe (asthma – asthma; dyspnoea – dyspnea, shortness of breath MTŽ). Children's diseases: thrush R. – soor, aphthae (soor – see candidamycosis – candidiasis; aphtha – aphtha, small ulcer MTŽ); worms, worm disease O., helminthiasis R. – helminthiasis (helminthosis – helminthiasis, worm disease MTŽ); prolonged cough O., whooping cough R. – tussis convulsiva (tussis – cough; convulsivus – convulsive; pertussis – whooping cough MTŽ); croup O., croup disease R. – croup, laryngitis crouposa (croup – croup, croupous laryngitis; laryngitis crouposa – croupous laryngitis, croup MTŽ). Diseases of the teeth and oral cavity: toothache O., tooth pain R. – odontalgia (odontalgia – odontalgia, toothache MTŽ); tooth erosion R.; tongue disease R. – glossitis (glossitis – glossitis, inflammation of the tongue MTŽ). Diseases of the heart and blood vessels: fainting R. – collapsus, syncope, shoc (collapsus – collapse: 1. acute insufficiency of vascular function; syncope – fainting; shock – shock MTŽ); pounding heart R., heart palpitations, beating O. – palpit atio cordis, stenocardia? (palpit atio cordis – strong and rapid heartbeat; stenocardia – stenocardia MTŽ; angina pectoris, stenocardia ME I); heart pain R. – gastralgia? (cardialgia – cardialgia: 1. heart pain MTŽ). Venereal diseases: syphilis R. – syphilis (syphilis – syphilis MTŽ); chancre R. – ulcus venericum molle, chancre? (ulcus venereum – see ulcus molle – soft chancre, chancre, (venereal) ulcer MTŽ); gonorrhea R. – urethritis blenorrhagica (urethritis – urethritis, inflammation of the urethra; blennorrhagia – see blennorrhoea – blennorrhea: 3. see gonorrhoea – gonorrhea, urethritis gonorrhoica – gonorrheal urethritis MTŽ). 112 Metabolic and endocrine gland diseases: obesity O. – obesitas (obesitas – obesity MTŽ); dropsy R. – diabetes insipidus, polyuria (diabetes insipidus – diabetes insipidus; polyuria – polyuria, excessive urination MTŽ); goitre O. – struma (struma – struma, goitre MTŽ). Joint diseases: tendon pain R. (tendon pain 1. “aching of bones and joints, rheumatism” LKŽ XII); rheumatism O., ramatiza R. – rheumatismus muscularis (rheumatismus musculorum – joint rheumatism MTŽ). Oncology: tumor O. (neoplasma – neoplasm, tumor; atheroma – atheroma, accumulation of fat [lipoids]; myoma – myoma, muscle tumor MTŽ); cancer R. – carcinoma (carcinoma – carcinoma, cancer MTŽ). Urological diseases: stone disease O. – cysto lithiasis, calculus vesicae, c. urethrae (cystolithiasis – cystolithiasis, bladder stone disease; calculus – stone; vesica, ae – bladder; urethra – urethra MTŽ). Avitaminoses: scurvy R. – scorbutus (scorbutus – scurvy MTŽ). In addition, there are names for disease symptoms, e.g.: sneezing O. – ptarmus (cf. ptarmus – sneezing MTŽ); trembling R. – tremor (tremor – tremor, trembling, shaking MTŽ); drooling R., drooling O. – sialorhoea, ptyalismus, salivatio (sialorrhoea – sialorrhea, drooling; ptyalismus – see sialorrhoea, salivatio – 2. see sialorrhoea MTŽ); aching R. – dolor (dolor – pain MTŽ); medical-technology terms, e.g.: bathhouse B. – balneum (balneum – bath, bathhouse MTŽ); cupping glasses O. – cucurbitae siccae et cruent es (cucurb itula – cupping glass, bloodletting cup MTŽ); terms denoting other medical concepts, e.g.: hunch, hump O. – gibbus (gibbus – hump MTŽ); face O. – physiognomia (physiognomia – physiognomy, facial expression MTŽ); madness R. – amnesia? (amnesia – amnesia, loss of memory MTŽ); death O. – mors (mors – death MTŽ); ulceration O. – exulcerare (exulcerans – ulcerating; exulceratio – exulceration, ulceration MTŽ); wasted away O. – inanis (inanis – emaciated MTŽ); numbness R. – anaesthesia (anaesthesia – anesthesia: 1. loss of sensation, numbness; 2. anesthesia MTŽ); bald forehead – calvities, phalakrosis (calvities – baldness; phalacrosis – see 113 alopecia – alopecia: 2. baldness MTŽ); greying O. – canities, poliosis (canities – greying; poliosis – greying MTŽ); pus O. – pus (pus – pus MTŽ); gooseflesh O. – cutis anserina (cutis ancerina – goose skin MTŽ). In Medega there are polysemous terms, e.g.: colic O., digulis R. – colica, neuralgia (colica – colic; neuralgia – neuralgia, nerve pain MTŽ); diminicija R. – mastitis, parotitis (mastitis – mastitis, inflammation of the breast; parotitis – parotitis, inflammation of the parotid gland MTŽ); shortness of breath R. – bronchitis, catarrhalis chron, emphasema pulmonum (bronchitis – bronchitis, inflammation of the bronchi; emphysema pulmonum – pulmonary emphysema MTŽ); pain R. – arthralgia, chirargia, omodynia, omalgia (arthralgia – arthralgia, joint pain; chiralgia – chiralgia, arm pain; omodynia – see omalgia – omalgia, shoulder pain MTŽ); menstruation R. – menstruatio, dysmenorrhoea (menstruatio – menstruation, menses; dysmenorrhoea – dysmenorrhea, menstrual disorder MTŽ); blister O. – 1) vesica urinaria; 2) pustula (vesica urinaria – PNA urinary bladder; pustula – pustule, small abscess MTŽ); smilkul is R. – myalgia? neuralgia? (myalgia – myalgia, muscle pain; neuralgia – neuralgia, nerve pain MTŽ). A small cluster of Medega terms lacking Latin equivalents should be distinguished. They cannot be compared with the data in the “Medical Terminology Dictionary,” e.g.: drigantligė R. –? (? satyriais – satyriasis, excessive male lust MTŽ); knistelėjimas R. (knystelėjimas → knystelėti 1. “to startle with fright” LKŽ VI); pagara-vimas, striking through vapours (? intoxicatio – intoxication, poisoning; vapor carbonis – carbon monoxide MTŽ; pagaruoti “to become intoxicated by vapours” LKŽ III); bewitchment R., bewitchment O. (pakerėjimas → pakerėti “to bewitch,” užkerėjimas → užkerėti 1. “to cast a spell on someone” LKŽ V); being struck by thunder R. (perkūnas 1. “thunder,” pritrenkimas → pritrenkti 1. “to stun with a blow”: One person was killed by thunder, one was stunned Žemoji Panemunė LKŽ XVI); pleura R. – obsolete:slogutis; seizure R., seizure O. (priepuola see priepuolis 2. “a nervous illness or abnormal mental state occurring in severe episodes; an occurrence of such a state”: He got frightened; he may have a seizure Daukšiai. She is often seized by fits of fright Aukštadvaris; 3. “epilepsy” LKŽ X); dry disease R. (sausli- 114 gė 2. “consumption, tuberculosis” LKŽ XII); skurda R. (skurda 2. “illness, wasting, emaciation” LKŽ XII); sprandak aulis R. (sprandak aulis see sprandikaulis “cervical vertebrae” LKŽ XIII); sukata R. (²sukata 1. see 2 sukatos “pulmonary tuberculosis, consumption”; 2. “rickets” LKŽ XIV); susna R. –? (susna 1. “a skin disease caused by a fungus, favus, scabies”; 2. “consumption,” “pain, disability” LKŽ XIV); šal tligė ir ražulis R. –? “These illnesses occur together: you are always cold and shivering, and even when you sit down by the fire, you feel cold. It is not ague, but another illness” (šal tligė “flu” LKŽ XIV; ržulys “stretching, writhing” LKŽ XI); szunpis R. –? (šumpis 2. “spine” LKŽ XV). To summarize this section, it should be noted that some of the words in Medega can be found in the Dictionary of Medical Terms, for example: shivering, consumption, childbirth, deafness, cramp, stye, obesity, hangover, abdomen, lungs, muscle, heartburn, hiccups, and so on. There are also variant terms, for example: mirys – death; gimtinė – womb; apgama, apgamos – mole; visztakis, visztupis – nyctalopia. However, it is clearly evident that many terms in Medega do not correspond to the entries in the Dictionary of Medical Terms. Some of them now denote other anatomical concepts, for example: elbow – antibrachium (now antebrachium – forearm, while elbow is cubitus), pancreas – lien (now lien – spleen, while pancreas is pancreas), the meanings of some terms have narrowed, for example: measles, scarlet fever – scarlatina (now scarlatina means only scarlet fever, whereas measles is morbilli), and some terms now designate entirely different diseases, for example: ringworm – lichen (now lichen means lichen planus, while ringworm is pityriasis), smallpox – lepra (now lepra means leprosy, while smallpox is variola). Many terms in Medega can be considered equivalent to medical terms in current use, and in individual cases even better (because some are Lithuanian, and thus vivid, while others are shorter and more convenient). Terms from Medega such as these, for example, could have suited contemporary scientific medical terminology: akstinas, paszinas – (now thorn); aptaka, skaudulys – (now abscess, suppuration); klejojimas – (now delirium, delusion); klyksmas – (now night terrors); nugarkaulis – (now spine); strėnos – (now lumbar region); pusiaušopa, strėninis digulis – (now lumbago, lower-back pain); putmena – (now edema, swelling, puffiness); springulis – (now laryngitis, inflammation of the larynx); szasznagis – (now onychia, inflammation of the nail bed); 115 sziurpułys – (now gooseflesh); szlapdrugys – (now intermittent fever); žado nustojimas – (now aphasia, inability to speak), and so forth. It should be noted that Medegoje also contains many other good and beautiful Lithuanian words, in place of which the Dictionary of Medical Terms now uses international (or hybrid) terms, for example: užtroszkimas – (now asphyxia); likava – (now epidemic, epizootic); gimys – (now physiognomy, facial expression); pleiskutės – (now eczema); nikstas – (now distortion, sprain of a joint ligament); liudnumas – (now melancholia); krokulys – (now croup, croupous laryngitis); vandeninė liga – (now diabetes insipidus), and so forth. Thus, comparing Medegą with the Dictionary of Medical Terms, one may conclude that the terminology in Dr. J. Basanavičius’s glossary is undoubtedly more Lithuanian, more vernacular, and thus more vibrant than today’s scientific medical terminology, which is excessively compressed. Dr. J. Basanavičius also expresses his appeal to listen closely to living folk speech at the end of the glossary’s preface: “Leaving this work to our future physicians, I would only like to express here the hope that our healers, living among the people, would listen more attentively to their opinions about illnesses and treatments and write down everything that they find worth reporting on this subject” (Medega 1898: 2–3). In writing this glossary, he was undoubtedly also concerned with the purity of scientific medical terminology. On this occasion, mention should be made of Prof. Habil. Dr. Gintautas Česnys, who, on the 150th anniversary of Dr. J. Basanavičius’s birth, wrote an article about two of the Patriarch’s works—Medegą, which he characterizes as “the beginning of our medical nomenclature” (Česnys 2001: 16), and the manuscript “Anatomy and Medical Nomenclature.” The author observes that Dr. J. Basanavičius’s contributions to medicine are “unjustly forgotten, or entirely unknown” (ibid.). Yet Dr. Basanavičius was one of the intellectuals who, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, stood “at the cradle of Lithuanian medical nomenclature” (Česnys 2001: 16). Medical terminologists, then, certainly have much to reflect on. Medega and the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language Comparing the words in Medegos with the data in the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, it is apparent that most of them are included in the aforementioned dictionary. 116 The vast majority of the words in Medegos are widely used, for example: groin, spine, hangover, corn, abdomen, bladder, muscle, smallpox, scabies, heartburn, painful swelling, aching, nape, lower back, typhoid fever, shivering, rib, boil, measles, diarrhea, vomiting, cancer, diarrhoea. However, some words in Medegos are used very narrowly, for example: kerpės R. – soor, aphthae (kerpė 12. “a coating that appears in the mouth due to illness (fever)”: The mouth has grown full of plaques Sasnava LKŽ V); likava O. – epidemic, epizootic (lykava, likava 1. “plague; epidemic” Eržvilkas LKŽ VII); patranka R. – contusio (patranka 3. “a bruised sore” Rudamina LKŽ IX); pažandės R. – adenitis submaxillaris, diphteritis faucium (pažandė 4. anat. “a gland located beneath the lower jaw” (glandula submaxillaris) Daukšiai, Karsakiškis LKŽ IX); sausligė R. (sausligė 2. “consumption, tuberculosis” Antanas Tatarė LKŽ XII); szlapdrugys R. – febris intermittens larvata (šlapdrugys 1. “fever, chills with sweating, ague” Šatės LKŽ XIV); szaltligė R. –? (šaltligė “flu” Marijampolė LKŽ XIV). The locations of use given by Dr. J. Basanavičius for some words in Medegos can be precisely traced in the LKŽ, for example: nikstas R. –? (nikstas 1. “a slight displacement of a joint” Raseiniai LKŽ VIII); pirdukulis O. – os coccygis (pirdukulis Bartninkai LKŽ IX); plautis O. – catarrhus nasi, rhinitis catarrhalis (²plautis 1. “runny nose” Bartninkai LKŽ X); riaugulis R. – ructus, ructitatio (riaugulys Raseiniai LKŽ XI); slunktas B. – catarrhus nasi, rhinitis catarrhalis (slanktas “inflammation of the nasal mucosa, runny nose” Biržai LKŽ XII); smil kulis R. – myalgia? neuralgia? (smilk uly[s] “a gnawing pain” Raseiniai LKŽ XIII); suskus R. – scabies (suskis Raseiniai LKŽ XIV). Some characteristic expressions from Medegos are also known from somewhat more distant locations, for example: kaltūnas kiaurasis (cf. A perforated scalp ringworm—when it breaks open, it does not heal for a long time Sasnava LKŽ V); rožė lekiančioji (cf. The spreading erysipelas will throw itself over the whole body Girdiškė. The spreading erysipelas leapt from the hand to the shoulder Kuliai LKŽ XI); gervių kapojimas (cf. Aptaka, šąs-nagis, perauga, “crane pecking” also disappears with similar treatment Raštai LKŽ XIV). Many words from Medegos that are absent from the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language are used there in other forms, for example: angsz t ira R. – comedo (cf. narrow- 117 ra, ankštaras, ankštera, ankšteras, ankštiras LKŽ I); besotis R. – bulimia, akoria (cf. besotė, besotybė, besotystė, besotiškumas, besotumas LKŽ I); digulis R. (cf. diegulys, dyğulys LKŽ II); kraujatriznė O. – dysenteria (cf. kraujatryda LKŽ VI); nuomirys O. – epilepsia (cf. nuomaris, nuomirinis, nuomirilis, nuomirnis LKŽ VIII), and so on. Several words should be distinguished whose meanings in the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language differ from those given in Medega, for example: gružas R. – arthralgia, chirargia, omodynia, omalgia (cf. 1gružas 1. “a gnawed-off piece, a nibble,” 2. “a hollowed-out place,” 3. see gružė 1 zool. “a small fish of the carp family,” 4. “hard soil, subsoil”; a closer match is 1grizas 1. “pain with creaking in a joint that has become stiff or overworked; grating, grinding” LKŽ III); kvailastis R. – amnesia? (cf. kvailastis “foolishness” LKŽ VI); nibrė O. – vulva (cf. 1nibrė 1. “muzzle (usually of a pig)”; 2. “the end or toe of a bast shoe”; 3. “a leap across one branch, catching up a rope” LKŽ VIII); smurglys R. – ozaena? (cf. smurglys see smurgas; smurgas 1. “snot” LKŽ XIII); uolektis R. – articulatio cubiti (cf. 1uolektis 1. “a measure of length…”; 2. “a tool for measuring length”; 3. “ancient measurements of a person’s head”; 4. “the handle of a plough” LKŽ XVII). Medega contains words not recorded in the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, for example: traukpirdė R. – proctospasmus?; kurksz tena R. – brachium (i.e. 1. upper arm) (cf. kukštera 1. “the upper back at the nape, between the shoulder blades; back, hump” LKŽ VI); drigantligė R. –?; padmotai R. – tylosis callositas; skurmun’t’s R. – scorbutus. There are also many unrecorded phrases, for example: clouding of the eyes R., veiling of the eyes R., tooth corrosion R., hoarseness of the throat R., tongue disease R., inflammation of the lungs R., taking on of fire O., male disease R., and so on. Terminological expression in Medega Most of the glossary terms are single-word terms—78.3%. Most of them are Lithuanian. Many Lithuanian terms are simple words, for example: alkunė, karpa, kasa, kerpės, kirmėlės, kupra, miežis, plaučiai, raumuo, sprandas, vėžys, žandas and so on. Quite a few Lithuanian single-word terms are derivatives, mostly formed with suffixes: -imas (action 118 names), for example: apalpimas, burbuliavimas, klejojimas, nutirpimas, pagaravimas, pasiutimas, užtroszkimas, viduriavimas and so on; -ulys / -ulis (names for the result of an action), for example: cžiaudulys, įgulis, drebulys, kosulys, kvaitulys, nuomirulis, ražulis, skaudulys, žiogulis and so on; the suffix -inė occurs in five derivatives, for example: žiltinė, vandeninė, gimtynė, while -umas, -utė, -lys each have two derivatives, for example: liudnumas, pikutės, dieglys and so on; some suffixes are represented by only one derivative, for example: kvailastis, girtuoklysta, klyksmas, susna, putmena, rauplės and so on. The glossary includes a dozen or so nouns formed by endings, for example: mirys, priemetis, prietvaris, žlibis; džiova, aptaka, patranka, priepuola and so on, and only three derivatives with the prefixes be- and pa-, for example: besotis, pažastis, pažandės. In addition, several dozen compounds are given, for example: akmenligė, geltligė, karstligė, nugarkaulis, szonkaulis, plikkaktis, dantagėla, seilėtakis, sausgėla. Besides Lithuanian terms, Medega contains borrowings, for example: gangrina, gniusas, kolera, paralyžius, szankerįs, szkarletina, triperus, macica, mandaviaszkos, prancai, valasnikas, žyvatas and so on, as well as hybrids, for example: drigantligė, krupīgė, naktinyczios, narinyczios, smauginýczia and so on. Compound terms, mostly two-word terms, make up only 21% of Medega. More than half of them are phrases with an uninflected modifier, for example: veiling of the eyes, covering of vapors, heartache, taking on of fire, tongue disease, winter frost, hell’s scab, loss of speech and so on. Phrases with an agreeing modifier are much less common. Modifiers are expressed by definite adjectives, for example: long cough, small scabies, white erysipelas, ugly blister and so on, but a few modifiers are expressed by adjectives with the suffixes -inis and -iškas, for example: lumbar digulis, water disease, male disease and so on. Only two three-word terms were found, for example: burn from a painful fire, hardening of women’s breasts. Concluding remarks In terms of meaning, Medegos terminology is quite broad and highly varied. Often, two or three synonymous terms are given for a single disease. To quote Dr. J. Basanavičius himself, Lithuanians recognize almost all diseases and have their own Lithuanian words to name them. Thus, the terms in Medegos are more Lithuanian, more colloquial, and more vivid than today’s scientific medical terms. 119 Comparing Medegą with the data in the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language shows that the vast majority of the words are widely used, but there are also words with limited distribution, as well as words (or meanings) and word combinations not recorded in the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language. Most of Medegos consists of simple words. Derivatives and compounds follow the word-formation patterns of modern Lithuanian, including those used to form terms. Although Medega mūsų tautiškai vaistininkystai was published at the end of the 19th century, it is significant for the history of Lithuanian medical terminology and undoubtedly has enduring value, especially today, when Lithuanian terms are often overshadowed by foreign words. The booklet’s distinctive feature is precisely the Lithuanian character of its terminology. So should our medical professionals not also take note of this? ŠALTINIAI LKŽ – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 1–20, Vilnius, 1941–2000. ME – Medicinos enciklopedija 1–2, Vilnius, 1991, 1993. MTŽ – Medicinos terminų žodynas, Vilnius, 1980. TPTŽ – Trumpas psichiatrijos terminų žodynas, Vilnius, 1996. LITERATŪRA Albumas 1937: Lietuvos atgimimo patriarcho d-ro Jono Basanavičiaus vaizdų albumas su biografija, Kaunas. Autobiografija 1936: D-ro Jono Basanavičiaus autobiografija, Vilnius. Basanavičius 1994: Jonas Basanavičius gydytojas ir mokslininkas, Vilnius. Bibliografija 1985: Lietuvos TSR bibliografija: Knygos lietuvių kalba [1862–1940] 2 (1), Vilnius. Česnys G. 2001: Jonas Basanavičius prie lietuviškojo medicinos vardyno ištakų. – Mokslas ir gyvenimas 11, 16–17. Medega 1898: Medega musu tautiškai vaistininkystai, Shenandoah, PA. Nezabitauskis A. 1990: Jonas Basanavičius, Vilnius. Visockis A. 1992: Bulgarija. Basanavičius. Lietuva, Vilnius. 120 DOCTOR JONAS BASANAVIČIUS AND HIS MEDEGA MUSU TAUTIŠKAI VAISTININKYSTAI (MATERIAL FOR OUR NATIONAL MEDICINE) Summary The article discusses the dictionary of folk medicine Medega musu tautiškai vaistininkystai (Material for our national medicine) written in Varna (Bulgaria) in 1898 by the patriarch of Lithuanian national rebirth doctor Jonas Basanavičius (1851–1927). The terms in this dictionary are discussed according to their meaning and expression and compared to contemporary dictionaries Medicinos terminų žodynas (Dictionary of medical terms) and Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (Dictionary of Lithuanian language). An abundance of terms is the characteristic feature of names of infectious, skin, nervous and alimentary canal diseases and also surgery and traumatology. Basanavičius’ terminology is more Lithuanian and popular than contemporary scientific terminology of medicine, which is too internationalised. In respect of expression, the majority of terms are one-word terms. Many Lithuanian terms are common words, for instance, drugys, plautis, vilkas. Quite a large part of Lithuanian one-word terms are derivates. There are some borrowings and hybrids. The number of complex terms is significantly smaller. After comparing terms from Medega with terms in Lietuvių kalbos žodynas the conclusion is drawn that the majority of words from Medega are widely used, though there are some words (or their meanings) and some word-combinations, which are narrowly spread and not fixed. Therefore, Medega is important for the history of Lithuanian medical terminology and it undoubtedly still has value today, because its exceptional and main feature is the Lithuanian origin of most of its terms. Palmira ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ Gauta 2002-10-07 Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-2055 Vilnius E. paštas [email protected] 121