Keletas L. Ivinskio augalų pavadinimų

Albina AUKSORILietuvių kalbos institutas ŪTĖ SOME OF L. IVINSKIO PLANT NAMES The names of plants growing in Lithuania since ancient times are common and well known to us, and they are quite well organized by botany specialists, but the plants brought in are quite often called with a litified Latin name, when no Lithuanian replacement for such a plant name is found, and sometimes it is not even searched for. This article continues the topic of the articles published in Terminologija no. 6 and 8 on flower names (Vainauskienė 2000: 98-104; Gaivenis 2001: 140-142). K. Gaivenis has written mostly on this topic and has proposed the most common newly created Lithuanian plant names (Gaivenis 1997: 46-48; 2001: 140-142). Well-composed and motivated new names could perfectly replace Latin borrowings, but it is not always necessary to create new names, it would be possible to remember the names proposed by the first Lithuanian plant names creators, such as J. A. Pabrėža, L. Ivinskis, and to propose some of them for use. This article discusses some of the names of plants created by the 19th century educator Laurynas Ivinskis, whose Latin names are now used to name them. L. Ivinskis presented a systematic list of fungi and plants in the second part of his greatest natural sciences work Prigimtūmenė, Žolėmina, in which he named more than 2520 genera (see Jankevičius, Jankevičienė 1962: 151-163; Auksoriūtė 1998a: 102-110; 1998b: 32— 40). From this manuscript the article gives the names of plants proposed by L. Ivinski. K. Gaivenis in his article „Keletas pastabų apie sistematikos terminiją“ (A few notes on systematic terminology) proposed new words to replace some Latin borrowings: Veltheimia, Pteris, Exacum (Gaivenis 2001: 141-142). However, we also find Lithuanian names for the same tribes in L. Ivinskio manuscript, e.g. : Weltheimia —zžalswiėsis ~ žalsvėsis (: žalsvas + -ėsis), Pteris —ptunksneris ~ plunksnerys (: plunksna + -erys), Exacum —sūblas ~ sūblas. The work of the latter is unclear: the base word is unknown and the formant of the work is unclear, but the work of the first two can 95 be traced, although their motivation is imprecise. The clearly written and precisely motivated names given by K. Gaivenis could enter into usage faster than the unusual names of plants given by L. Ivinskis more than 130 years ago. However, some of the names used by L. Ivinski could replace the Latinized names used today. For example: : Adiantum (Adiantum) —skarūnis ~ skarūnis (: skarti + -iinis). This fern probably got its name because of its cut leaves. The suffix -ūnis L. Ivinskis took from his native Žemaičių mudininkai dialect. In his natural history, he gave quite a number of plant names formed with this suffix. "Celosia" — (Polish: Grzebionatka, kurzy grzebien), skiauterūnas ~ skiauterinas (: skiauterė + -iinas). It is a gel of the burnoty family, whose inflorescence resembles a rooster's squealer, so the name is a motivated choice of the base word and a rather productive formant of the word. Aeonium (German: Steinkresse), anthocyanin ~ anthocyanin (: an- + cyan'stone'). The flower is grown in alpine gardens, so the motivation is clear. Heliotrope (Heliotropium) —(Len. Tomilek, storicokwiat, stonecznica, brodawnik, German. Sonnenwende), kwepéné ~ kvepené (: kvepia + -ené). The flowers of the plant are pointing towards the sun, so it would be more reasonable to name it saulėtra, which was introduced by L. Ivinskis in LBZ 1938 (: saulė + -ėtra), but it is composed with a very rare suffix -fra, although it, according to P. Skardžiaus, is probably inherited from antiquity (Skardžius 1996: 301). Tiara (Tiarella) — (Polish Ciektawka), taszūklis — dropper (: lašas + -ūklis). Ivinski probably took the base word of this name following the Polish equivalent (Polish: ciec — "flowing, dripping- ", ciekly — "liquid, flowing, paths"). The adverb -ūklis is a derivative, as is the above-mentioned -ūnis, typical of the Zemgalians (Vitkauskas 1977: 102-104). In 2000, 2001 and 2002 catalogues “Florexlit pavasaris” found many names of advertised plant species, whose genera are named Latin borrowings, without looking for Lithuanian substitutes. L. Ivinskis had already given Lithuanian names to some of them, so it is worth remembering them. For example: : Agapantas (Agapanthus<gr. agape —“love, hobby”, anthos — 96 ‘flower’ BVŽ 1998) — a large and ornate plant of the family Alliaceae originating from South Africa, with erect and strong stems, umbrella-shaped inflorescences and narrow, long leaves. In the 2000 catalogue, Agapanthus africanus was named the umbrella agapanth, and in the 2001 catalogue, the term African agapanth (BV Ž — skėtinis agapantas) was used to name the same species. L. Ivinskis gave this plant the name pakeltis — pakeltis (: pakelia + -tis), perhaps he named the plant so because of the inflorescences raised higher than the leaves. | Aroniniy (Araceae) The perennial plant of the Araceae family, the Italian chokeberry (Arum italicum), is popular for its beautiful green leaves with cream-coloured spikes and original flower and fruit. L. Ivinski named his genus razgitra —razgytra (: razgė + -ytras) (Polish: Obrazki, aronek). This name is composed with the already mentioned suffix -tra, and the base word is taken from the Samogitian verb razgytis "to twist, to confuse" (LKŽ XI 1978). usually beautiful flowers and leaves, it blooms all summer. After flowering, the fruit develops — a box with large dark brown seeds. Its species Indian hemp (Cana indica) is usually grown in flower beds, but can also be grown on balconies. This flower, which belongs to the Cannaceae family, was called pypyte by J. A. Daugiametis žolinis šakniastiebinis augalas kana (Canna) turi nePabrėža in LBŽ, and L. Ivinskis gave the term léndrielié ~ lendrėlė (: lendrė „cane“ (DūnŽ 1976: 172) + -ėlė) (Polish: Pociorecznik, kwiatotrzcina, trzcinokwiat), probably following the Polish equivalents (Polish: trzcina „cane“). Cleome, a flower of the Capparaceae family originating in South America, was named ponarwis ~ ponarrvis (: po- + cage) by L. Ivinskis. The motivation for the name is unclear. The catalogues advertise the Cleome spinosa, a tall summer flower, whose flowers can be white, pink, cherry red or violet, concentrated at the tops of the stems in multi-flowered, upward-growing clusters. Gompfrena (Gomphrena) — a sun-loving, undemanding meadow flower of the Amaranthaceae family, especially suitable for making dry bouquets. The annual deciduous plant has bright green leaves and one or more white, pink or red-purple flower bulbs on erect, firm stems. It is named after the locality of the same name, Săliște. The action is unclear. The most commonly cultivated is the globous gomphother (Gomphrena globosa) in the BVŽ, but this species is not called the same in all publications, for example, the translational species name ball gomphother is used (TG 1996: 112). The spelling of the species name of the plant of the family Poaceae (Gramineae) varies in publications: on one hand egg lagur (BVZ; TG 1996: 143), on the other egg lagur (2002 „Florexlit pavasaris- “). The leaves of this herb are covered with soft hairs, flat, short and dense inflorescence resembles a hare's tail. L. Ivinskis used the vague 97 word sziėwis —Sievis to name the tribe in question (Lagurus<- Gr. lagos —„hare“, oyra —„tail“ BVZ). Polyanthes tuberosa (Latin: Polianthes < Greek: polios — "white", anthos — "flower") is a perennial herbaceous plant of the agave family (Agavaceae), usually grown indoors, characterized by pleasantly fragrant flowers. The name is derived from the Greek θηλυκός (the feminine form of the masculine name) and θηλυκός (the masculine form of the feminine name). The base word may have been chosen either following the Polish name (in Polish wielki "large, great"), or because of its abundant rings, and the form -ūtvis is unusual and uncharacteristic of the Lithuanian language. The budleya shrub of the Budlejaceae family originates from China. His species David's budleja (Buddleja davidii) grows fast and almost everywhere, even in poor soil, has a peculiar shape and elongated, dense inflorescences. The name of the genus is derived from the Latin term sajstris —saistris (:? saistė "tied, secured, hung" + -ris). The motivation for the name is unclear. Cryptomeria japonica (Japanese Cryptomeria japonica) is a tree of the Taxodiaceae family, named after the Japanese botanist L. Ivinskis, who named the genus nėrtis ~ nertys (:? nerti + -tys) due to the unclear origin and motivation of the word. The names of the species are derived from Latin borrowings, as in the catalogues. Four more plants are not in the aforementioned dictionary, and in the Florexlit spring these plants are also called Latin borrowings. L. Ivinskis presented his own names for them in Prigimtūmena. 98 Cardiospermum is an annual vine with decorative heart-shaped blades up to 3 cm in diameter that last from July until frost. It is suitable for balconies, wall landscaping, making dry bouquets. To name this plant, L. Ivinskis gave a beautiful Lithuanian name —szirdoklė —širdoklė (: heart + -oklė) (Polish: Serdusznik, serduszek). The -oklis noun derivatives of the adverb are rare, they are only slightly known in common language as plant names (LKG 1965: 358). Catalogues advertise two types of bulbous eucommia: bicolor eucommia (Eucomis bicolor) and autumn eucommia (Eucomis autumnalis), which can be grown in nurseries. The book „Flowers in our home“ describes another species of this plant — Eucomis comosa (GMN 2001: 30), which is mentioned only by its Latin name. It is a bulbous plant with fleshy, pale green leaves and erect, dense clusters of flowers that bloom in late summer and rest in winter. L. Ivinskis called the genus of the discussed plant the term proplaukis ~ proplaukis (: pro-+ plaukas) (Polish: Warkocznica) perhaps following the Polish term (Polish: Warkocznica). warkocz — „kasa“, but the promotion of the prefix is unclear. The delicate molecella is an annual flower, suitable for growing in flowerbeds and making dry bouquets. In this case, the name is given to the inner part of the mouth, the nasopharynx (nasopharynx). The verb form -ėtis could be distinguished, but the base word is unknown. The Lithuanian name suggested by L. Ivinskis could be called callicarpa (Callicarpa bodineri, plg. gr. kallos — „beauty- “, warpos — „fruit“) — a shrub planted because of densely growing, beautiful, beautifully colored berries, which remain on the bush even after the leaves fall. The name of the plant in question grazutas —gražulas (: gražus + -ulas) L. Ivinskis composed with the suffix -ulas, which "mainly means a specific result of an action, a tool or some other object" (Skardžius 1996: 184). It is worth mentioning a few more house flowers described in the books Flowers in our house and House flowers, named by their latinized names. In Prigimtūmena, L. Ivinskis presented his own composed words to name them. Achimenes (GMN 2001: 26, 34; KG 1997: 130) (Achimenes<gr.a — „no“, cheinon —„winter“ BVZ) —is a genus of Gesneriaceae (Ges99 neriaceae) family, containing several species, flowering in all shades of pink, and in niais, purpuriniais, geltonais ir baltais žiedais. Žiemą jų stiebas nuspring turns green again. L. Ivinskis gave this flower the name žiblonis —žyblonis (:? žibliotis „to light up“ (LKŽ XX) + -onis) (Polish: Ogniptoni) perhaps following the Polish name (Polish: ognicz sie — „to burn, to flame; to flash“), but the meaning is not quite clear. The term szwółnas —miękki (: soft + -as) is given in the natural name for the genus Cineraria. The species of the genus mentioned in the book Flowers in our home is called misrigja cineraria (GMN 2001: 75). It blooms from winter to spring, the large leaves grow in a scrotum, over which long-lasting large sunflower-like flowers of various colors emerge. The species Gardenia jasminoides (KG 1997: 183) is presented without a species name — only gardenia. It blooms with large, full-blown white or cream flowers in a dense evergreen bush. L. Ivinskis called this tribe by the word kūmpotris —kumpotris (:? kumpas "bend, curve" + -otris). Stephanotis (Greek: stephanos — "crown, crown", oys, otos — "ear" BVZ) is a vines plant of the Aclepiadaceae family, for which L. Ivinskis used the vague term stapas — "stage". Its species Stephanotis floribunda (GMN 2001: 25) blooms in spring and summer in bunches of intoxicatingly fragrant, star-like white and pink flowers, its leaves are rounded, shiny. In the above mentioned book Kambarinės gėlės only the Latin name of this genus Stephanotis floribunda is given (KG 1997: 236). Thus, more than 130 years ago, Laurynas Ivinskis from Žemaitija used his own Lithuanian terms to name some plants, which today are referred to as Latin borrowings in various literatures. L. Ivinskis’ novelties discussed in the article can be divided into three groups, some of them of unclear action and/or motivation (sūblas, sagluvys, šievis, saistris, nertys, domėtis, stapas), so it is doubtful whether they could replace the Latinized names already in use today. The composition of the second group of plant names is quite clear, only their motivation is imprecise (žalsvėsis, plunksnerys, antkūlis, kvepenė, pakeltis, ponarvis, proplaukis, žyblonis, kumpotris), these names are interesting examples of individual work of L. Ivinskis. The third — clearly constructed and 100 motivated novelties of L. Ivinskis (skarūnis, skiauterinas, saulétra, lašūklis, širdoklė, gražūlas) — could replace the Latin borrowings used today. There are also two other names for the plant, only changed and adapted ir to the common language: razgytras >raizgytras lendrėlė >Lendrel. ; Thus, both specialist botanists and translators of the field in question should browse the manuscripts of L. Ivinskis or J. A. Pabrėža, where you can find interesting and valuable things, rather than go the easiest way and borrow Latin names. Auksoriūtė A. 1998a: Manuscripts of Laurynas Ivinskis in Krakow. —Terminologies. Auksoriūtė A. 1998b: The terminological legacy of Laurynas Ivinskis. —Lithuanian Linguistics Questions 40. 1998: Dictionary of Botanical Names. South. R. Jankevičienė, Vilnius. 1976. "The Northeast Indian Languages: A Dictionary". Gaivenis 1997: We offer several Lithuanian names of flowers. —Speech Culture 69. Gaivenis 2001: Some remarks on the terminology of systematics. —Terminology 8. GMN 2001: Roy Lancaster, Matthew Biggs. Flowers in our house, Vilnius. Jankevičius K., Jankevičienė R. 1962: Some new data on L. Ivinskto works in the field of Lithuanian botany terminology. —Botany Questions 2. KG 1997: Peter McHoy. Indoor flowers, Vilnius. 1938: A Dictionary of the English Language. Red. J. Dagys, Kaunas. LKG 1965: Lithuanian Grammar 1, Vilnius. LKŽ 1978: Lithuanian Language Dictionary 11, Vilnius. LKŽ 2002: Lithuanian Language Dictionary 20, Vilnius. Skardžius P. 1996: Selected papers: Lithuanian language word making, Vilnius. TG 1996: Halina Heic. Among flowers: balcony flowers and large plants, Vilnius. Vainauskienė D. 2000: About the names of flowers, their colors and other things. — Terminology 6. Vitkauskas V. 1977: Some Morphophonemic Dialectisms of North-Eastern Žemaites Mudmen. —Lithuanian Linguistics Questions 17. A FEW OF LAURYNAS IVINSKIS’ NAMES OF PLANTS Summary The paper deals with a few plants, which in various writings are named using Latin borrowings. Laurynas Ivinskis, an educator of the 19th century, in his manuscript Prigimtūmenė had named the mentioned plants using Lithuanian neologisms. This article also discusses the names given by Ivinskis. Some of names used by Ivinskis have uncertain formation and motivation (domėtis, 101 nertys, saistris, segluvys, stapas, sūblas, šievis), other names have clear formation, but motivation is inexact/inaccurate (antkūlis, kvepenė, kumpotris, pakeltis, plunksnerys, ponarvis, proplaukis, razgytras, žalsvėsis, žyblonis), and the third group of names have both formation and motivation clear (gražulas, lašūklis, lendrelė, saulétra, skarūnis, skiauteriinas, širdoklė). The names of the latter group could replace the Latin borrowings used at the present. Albina AUKSORIŪTĖ Received 2002-09-16 P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-2055 Vilnius E-mail albinaa(dktl.mii.lt Lietuvių kalbos institutas 102