Keletas L. Ivinskio augalų pavadinimų

Albina AUKSORIŪTĖ Institute of the Lithuanian Language A FEW PLANT NAMES BY L. IVINSKIS The names of plants that have grown in Lithuania since ancient times are familiar and well known to us, and have been quite systematically organized by botanical specialists. However, imported plants are quite often called by Lithuanianized Latin names when no Lithuanian equivalent for the plant can be found—or sometimes even sought. This short article continues the topic of flower names discussed in articles published in Terminologija nos. 6 and 8 (Vinauskienė 2000: 98–104; Gaivenis 2001: 140–142). K. Gaivenis has written most extensively on this subject, proposing newly coined Lithuanian plant names (Gaivenis 1997: 46–48; 2001: 140–142). Well-formed and well-motivated coinages could readily replace Latin borrowings, but it is not always necessary to create new words: one could also recall names proposed by the creators of the first Lithuanian plant names, such as J. A. Pabrėža and L. Ivinskis, and recommend some of them for use. This article discusses some plant names coined by the nineteenth-century Samogitian educator Laurynas Ivinskis for plants now referred to by Lithuanianized Latin names. In the second part of his greatest work on natural sciences, Prigimtūmenė, entitled Žolėmina, L. Ivinskis provided a systematic list of fungi and plants, naming more than 2,520 genera (see Jankevičius, Jankevičienė 1962: 151–163; Auksoriūtė 1998a: 102–110; 1998b: 32–40, for more). The plant names proposed by L. Ivinskis are presented in this article from that manuscript. In his article “A Few Remarks on the Terminology of Systematics,” K. Gaivenis proposed coinages to replace some Latin borrowings: pluoštažiedė (Veltheimia), papartūnas (Pteris), žiedūnėlė (Exacum) (Gaivenis 2001: 141–142). Yet Lithuanian names for the same genera are also found in L. Ivinskis’s manuscript, for example: Weltheimia – žalsviėsis ~ žalsvėsis (:žalsvas + -ėsis), Pteris – plunksneris ~ plunksnerys (:plunksna + -erys), Exacum – sūblas ~ sūblas. The formation of L. Ivinskis’s last name is unclear: its base word and derivational formant are unknown, but the formation of the first two can be traced, although their motivation is imprecise. 95 The names proposed by K. Gaivenis, whose formation is clear and whose motivation is precise, could enter usage more readily than the unusual plant names proposed by L. Ivinskis more than 130 years ago. Nevertheless, some names used by L. Ivinskis could replace the Lithuanianized Latin names used today. For example: Maidenhair fern (Adiantum) – skarūnis ~ skarūnis (: skarti + -ūnis). This fern was probably named so because of its divided leaves. L. Ivinskis took the suffix -ūnis from the subdialect of the Samogitian ūnininkai, his native dialect. In Prigimtmėneje he gave quite a number of plant names formed with this suffix. Celosia (Celosia) – (Polish Grzebionatka, kurzy grzebień), skiauterūnas ~ skiauterūnas (: skiauterė + -ūnas). This is a flower of the amaranth family, whose inflorescence resembles a rooster’s comb; thus, the base word was chosen with good motivation, and the derivational formant is quite productive. Aethionema (Aethionema) – (German Steinkresse), antkuolis ~ antkūlis (: ant- + kūlis “stone”). The flower is grown in rock gardens, so the motivation is clear. Heliotrope (Heliotropium) – (Polish Tomilek, slońcowkwiat, slonecznica, brodawnik; German Sonnenwende), kwepenė ~ kvepenė (: kvepia + -enė). The plant’s flowers smell sweet and turn toward the sun, so L. Ivinskis’s coinage sulėtra, recorded in LBŽ 1938 (: saulė + -ėtra), would be more aptly motivated, although it is formed with the very rare suffix -tra, which, according to P. Skardžius, was probably inherited from antiquity (Skardžius 1996: 301). Foamflower (Tiarella) – (Polish Ciekawka), tasžuklis ~ lašūklis (: lašas + -ūklis). L. Ivinskis probably took the base word for this name from the Polish equivalent (Polish ciec – “to flow, to drip,” cie-ky – “liquid, flowing, fluid”). Derivatives with the suffix -ūklis, like those with the aforementioned -ūnis, are characteristic of Samogitian (Vitkauskas 1977: 102–104). The 2000, 2001, and 2002 catalogues “Florexlit Spring” listed the names of many advertised plant species whose genera were designated by Latin borrowings, with no Lithuanian equivalents sought. L. Ivinskis had already given Lithuanian names to some of them, and so they are worth recalling. For example: Agapanthus (Agapanthus < Greek agape – “love, affection,” anthos – 96 “flower” BVŽ 1998) – the garlic family (Alliaceae), a large and ornamental plant native to South Africa, with upright, sturdy stems; its inflorescence is umbrella-shaped, and its leaves are narrow and long. The names of this plant’s species are given inconsistently in catalogues: in the 2000 catalogue, the species Agapanthus africanus is called umbellate agapanthus, whereas the 2001 catalogue uses the term African agapanthus for the same species (BVŽ – umbellate agapanthus). L. Ivinskis gave this plant the name pākēltis ~ pakeltis (: pakelia + -tis); perhaps he named the plant under discussion this because its inflorescences are raised above the leaves. The arum family (Araceae) includes the perennial plant Italian arum (Arum italicum), prized for its beautiful green leaves with cream-colored veins and its unusual flower and fruiting structure. L. Ivinskis named its genus razgūtras ~ razgytras (: razgė + -ytras) (Pol. Obrazki, aronek). This name is formed with the suffix -tra mentioned earlier, and its base is the Samogitian verb razgytis, meaning “to braid, become tangled” (LKŽ XI 1978). The perennial herbaceous rhizomatous plant canna (Canna) has exceptionally beautiful flowers and leaves and blooms throughout the summer. After flowering, it produces a capsule containing large, dark brown seeds. Its species Indian canna (Cana indica) is most often grown in flowerbeds, but can also be grown on balconies. J. A. Pabrėža called this flower, which belongs to the canna family (Cannaceae), pypytė LBŽ, while L. Ivinskis proposed the term lėndrielė ~ lendrelė (: lendrė “reed” (DūnŽ 1976: 172) + -ėlė) for it (Pol. Pociorecznik, kwiatotrzcina, trzcinokwiat), probably following the Polish equivalents (Pol. trzcina “reed”). The caper family (Capparaceae) flower cleome (Cleome), native to South America, was given the name pōnarwis ~ ponarvis (: po- + narvas) by L. Ivinskis. The motivation for the name is unclear. Catalogues promote the species spiny cleome (Cleome spinosa), a tall summer flower whose blossoms may be white, pink, cherry-red, or violet, clustered at the tips of the stems in upward-growing, many-flowered racemes. Gomphrena (Gomphrena) – a sun-loving, undemanding meadow flower of the Amaranthaceae family, particularly suitable for making dried-flower bouquets. This annual, downy-leaved plant has bright green leaves and one or several white, pink, or reddish-purple flower heads. 97 on erect, sturdy stems. In Prigimtūmenė, the name sèghuwis ~ segluvys is given for it. The word formation is unclear. The species most commonly cultivated is Gomphrena globosa (dobilinė gomfrena) BVŽ, although this species is not named consistently in all publications; for example, the translated specific epithet rutulinė gomfrena is also used (TG 1996: 112). The spelling of the species name of the plant belonging to the Poaceae (Gramineae) family varies across publications: in some it is kiaušininis lagūras (BVŽ; TG 1996: 143), in others kiaušininis laguras (2002 “Florexlit pavasaris”). The leaves of this grass are covered with soft hairs and are flat; its short, dense inflorescence resembles a hare’s tail. L. Ivinskis used the word of unclear formation szièwis ~ šievis for the genus under discussion (Lagurus<, Greek lagos “hare,” oyra “tail” BVŽ). The perennial herbaceous plant of the Agavaceae family, the fragrant tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa, Latin Polianthes<, Greek polios “whitish,” anthos “flower” BVŽ), most often grown indoors, is characterized by pleasantly fragrant flowers. In Prigimtūmenė, the name gausūtvis ~ gausūtvis (: gausus + -ūtvis) is given (Polish Wielotka). The base word may have been chosen either by following the Polish name (Polish wielki “large, great”) or because of its abundant flowers; the derivational formant -ūtvis is unusual and uncharacteristic of Lithuanian. Perennial herbaceous plants of the family Agavaceae (Agavaceae), the fragrant tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa, Lat. Polianthes<, Gr. polios – “whitish,” anthos – “flower,” BVŽ), usually grown indoors, are characterized by pleasantly fragrant flowers. In Prigimtūmenė, the name gausūtvis ~ gausūtvis (: gausus + -ūtvis) is given (Pol. Wielotka). The base word may have been chosen either by following the Polish name (Pol. wielki “large, great”) or because of its abundant flowers; the derivational formant -ūtvis is unusual and uncharacteristic of Lithuanian. The shrub buddleia, of the family Buddlejaceae (Buddlejaceae), buddleia, is native to China. Its species, David’s buddleia (Buddleja davidii), grows rapidly and almost anywhere, even in poor soil; it has a distinctive shape and elongated, dense inflorescences. L. Ivinskis proposed the term sājstris ~ saistris (:? saistė “bound, fastened, clung” + -ris) for naming this plant genus. The motivation for the name is not very clear. Cryptomeria (Cryptomeria<, Gr. kryptos – “hidden, protected,” meros – “part,” BVŽ) is a tree of the family Taxodiaceae (Taxodiaceae), widespread in East Asia; its species, Japanese cryptomeria (Cryptomeria japonica), is also cultivated here. L. Ivinskis named the genus with the word nèrtis ~ nertys (:? nerti + -tys), whose formation and motivation are unclear. The plants discussed are included in the Dictionary of Botanical Names, in which they are named, as in the catalogs, using Latin loanwords. Four other plants are absent from the dictionary mentioned above, and in “Florexlit pavasaryje” these plants are likewise called by Latin loanwords. In Prigimtūmenė, L. Ivinskis supplied names of his own devising for them. 98 Cardiospermum (Cardiospermum) is an annual climbing plant whose decorative bladder-like, heart-shaped membranes, up to 3 cm in diameter, persist from July until the first frosts. It is suitable for decorating balconies and trellises, and for making dried bouquets. L. Ivinskis gave this plant a beautiful Lithuanian name – szirdoklė ~ širdoklė (: širdis + -oklė) (Polish Serdusznik, serduszek). Nominal derivatives with the suffix -oklis are rare; they are somewhat familiar in the standard language only as plant names (LKG 1965: 358). Catalogues advertise two bulbous flower species of Eucomis: two-coloured pineapple lily (Eucomis bicolor) and autumn pineapple lily (Eucomis autumnalis), which can be grown in gardens. Another species of this plant, Eucomis comosa, is described in the book “Flowers in Our Homes” (GMN 2001: 30), where only its Latin name is given. It is a bulbous plant with a rosette of fleshy, pale-green leaves and upright, dense flower clusters that bloom in late summer; in winter the flower is dormant. L. Ivinskis called the genus of the plant under discussion by the term prōplaukis ~ proplaukis (: pro- + plaukas) (Polish Warkocznica), perhaps following the Polish term (Polish warkocz means “braid”), but the motivation for the prefix pro- is unclear. Gentle molucella is an annual flower suitable for growing in flower beds and for making dried bouquets. In Prigimtuomenė, this genus is given a name of unclear formation: dōmetis ~ domėtis (Molucella). The derivational formant -ėtis could be identified, but the base word is unknown. One could call the beautiful-fruited plant, one of the Lithuanian names proposed by L. Ivinskis, Callicarpa (Callicarpa bodineri; cf. Greek kallos, “beauty,” karpos, “fruit”)⟧ – a shrub planted for its densely growing, ornamental, brightly coloured berries, which remain on the bush even after the leaves have fallen. L. Ivinskis formed the name of the plant under discussion, gražulas ~ gražulas (: gražus + -ulas), with the suffix -ulas, which “mostly denotes a concrete result of an action, an instrument, or some object” (Skardžius 1996: 184). A few more houseplants described in the books Flowers in Our Homes and Houseplants should be mentioned; their names are Lithuanized forms of Latin names. In Prigimtuomenė, L. Ivinskis provided words of his own coinage to name them. Achimenė (GMN 2001: 26, 34; KG 1997: 130) (Achimenes<gr. a – „ne“, cheinon – „žiema“ BVŽ) – tai gentis, skiriama gesnerijinių (Ges- 99 neriaceae) family, comprising several species that flower in shades of pink, purple, yellow and white. In winter their stems die back, and they sprout again in spring. L. Ivinskis gave this flower the name žyblonis ~ žyblonis (:? žibliotis “to catch fire” (LKŽ XX) + -onis) (Polish Ognipłoń), perhaps following the Polish name (Polish ognić się means “to burn, blaze; to flash”), but its formation is not entirely clear. In Prigimtūmenė, the term swėtnas ~ švelnas (: švelnus + -as) is given for naming the genus Cineraria. A species of the genus is called mixed cineraria in the book Flowers in Our Homes (GMN 2001: 75). It flowers from winter to spring; large leaves grow in a rosette, above which rise long-lasting, large, multicoloured daisy-like flowers. Gardenia jasminoides (KG 1997: 183) rūšis pateikta be rūšinio pažyminio – tik gardenija. Žydi dideliais pilnaviduriais baltais arba kreminiais žiedais, išsimėčiusiais tankiame višžaliame krūmelyje. L. Ivinskis šią gentį vadino žodžiu kūmpotris ~ kumpotris (:? kumpas „lenktas, kreivas“ + -otris). Stephanotis (Stephanotis <Greek stephanos, “wreath, crown,” oys, otos, “ear” (BVŽ)) is a climbing plant of the Asclepiadaceae (Asclepiadaceae) family, for which L. Ivinskis used the unclear term stąpas ~ stapas. Its species floriferous stephanotis (Stephanotis floribunda) (GMN 2001: 25) blooms in spring and summer with clusters of intoxicatingly fragrant, star-shaped white and pink flowers; its leaves are rounded and glossy. The book Houseplants gives only the Latin name of this genus, Stephanotis floribunda (KG 1997: 236). Thus, more than 130 years ago, the Samogitian Laurynas Ivinskis used Lithuanian terms of his own coinage for some plants that are today referred to in various literature by Latin-derived loanwords. The neologisms of L. Ivinskis discussed in this article can be divided into three groups. Some are of unclear formation and/or motivation (sūblas, segluvys, šievis, saistris, nertys, domėtis, stapas), so it is doubtful that they could replace the Lithuanized Latin names already in use today. The formation of the second group of plant names is fairly clear, but their motivation is inaccurate (žalsvėsis, plunksnerys, antkūlis, kvėpenė, pakeltis, ponarvis, proplaukis, žyblonis, kumpotris); these names are interesting examples of L. Ivinskis’s individual word formation. The third group consists of L. Ivinskis’s neologisms that are clearly formed and motivated (skarūnis, skiauterūnas, saulėtra, 100 lašūklis, širdo klė, gražūlas) – could replace the Latin borrowings used today. Two more plant names may be added to these, but in an altered form adapted to the standard language: razg ytras > raizg ytras and lendrelė > lendrelė. Thus, both botanists and translators working in the field under discussion should consult the manuscripts of L. Ivinskis or J. A. Pabrėža, where interesting and valuable material can be found, rather than taking the easiest route and borrowing Latin names. LITERATURE AND SOURCES Auksoriūtė A. 1998a: Lauryno Ivinskio rankraščiai Krokuvoje. – Terminologija 5. Auksoriūtė A. 1998b: Terminologinis Lauryno Ivinskio palikimas. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 40. BVŽ 1998: Botanikos vardų žodynas. Sud. R. Jankevičienė, Vilnius. DūnŽ 1976: Vitkauskas V. Šiaurės rytų ūnininkų šnektų žodynas, Vilnius. Gaivenis 1997: Siūlome kelis lietuviškus gėlių pavadinimus. – Kalbos kultūra 69. Gaivenis 2001: Keletas pastabų apie sistematikos terminiją. – Terminologija 8. GMN 2001: Roy Lancaster, Matthew Biggs. Gėlės mūsų namuose, Vilnius. Jankevičius K., Jankevičienė R. 1962: Kai kurie nauji duomenys apie L. Ivinskio darbus lietuviškos botanikos terminijos srityje. – Botanikos klausimai 2. KG 1997: Peter McHoy. Kambarinės gėlės, Vilnius. LBŽ 1938: Lietuviškas botanikos žodynas. Red. J. Dagys, Kaunas. LKG 1965: Lietuvių kalbos gramatika 1, Vilnius. LKŽ 1978: Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 11, Vilnius. LKŽ 2002: Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 20, Vilnius. Skardžius P. 1996: Rinktiniai raštai: Lietuvių kalbos žodžių daryba, Vilnius. TG 1996: Halina Heic. Tarp gėlių: balkono gėlės ir stambliejų augalai, Vilnius. Vainauskienė D. 2000: Apie gėlių, jų spalvų pavadinimus ir kitus dalykus. – Terminologija 6. Vitkauskas V. 1977: Šiaurės rytų žemaičių ūnininkų kai kurie morfoneminiai dialektizmai. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 17. A FEW OF LAURYNAS IVINSKIS’ NAMES OF PLANTS Summary The paper deals with a few plants, which in various writings are named using Latin borrowings. Laurynas Ivinskis, an educator of the 19ᵗʰ century, in his manu 101 script Prigimtūmenė had named the plants mentioned using Lithuanian neologisms. This article also discusses the names given by Ivinskis. Some names used by Ivinskis have uncertain formation and motivation (domėtis, nertys, saistris, segluvys, stapas, sūblas, šievis); other names have a clear formation, but their motivation is imprecise or inaccurate (antkūlis, kvepenė, kumpotris, pakeltis, plunksnerys, ponarvis, proplaukis, razgytras, žalšvesis, žyblonis); and a third group of names have both clear formation and motivation (gražulas, lašūklis, lendrelė, saulėtra, skarūnis, skiauterūnas, širdoklė). The names in the latter group could replace the Latin borrowings used today. Albina AUKSORIŪTĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-2055 Vilnius E. paštas [email protected] Received 2002-09-16 102