Lietuviškų fizikos vadovėlių elektros ir magnetizmo terminai

Angel Institute of Lithuanian Language LITHUANIAN PHYSICS TEXTS TERMS OF ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM 1. The appearance of Lithuanian physics textbooks for secondary schools coincided with the first attempts to systematize the terminology of some scientific fields. During the 1920s, this was encouraged by the greatly intensified popular education. After the 1905–1907 Russian Revolution, Tsarism was forced to make concessions in various areas of social life. After the ban on Lithuanian press in Latin alphabet was lifted, Lithuanian was allowed to be taught as an optional subject in Lithuanian schools as early as 1906. There were more and more schools where Lithuanian was taught (Šenavičienė 1982: 86-87). When the First World War broke out and the front approached Vilnius in 1915, many Lithuanian intelligentsia withdrawn to Russia. Physics and mathematics teachers at Lithuanian gymnasiums in Voronezh took care of the preparation of Lithuanian textbooks and decided to systematize terminology as much as possible. The linguist Jonas Jablonskis, who taught Lithuanian and Latin at the Lithuanian gymnasiums in Voronezh, gladly agreed to help the mathematicians by allocating regular time for the discussion of terms. First of all, J. Jablonski had to clearly describe the essence and the main characteristics of the concept he wanted to name with that term, explain how it is used in other languages, where it originated (Rumšas 1979: 53). According to Z. Žemaitis, sometimes he came to consult on physics terminology and "Stanford University School of Physics (1966)" (PDF). He wrote the first part of the Physics textbook in Voronezh in consultation with J. Jablonskis, mathematicians Z. Žemaitis, Pranas Mašiotas, Marcelinas Šikšnis (Kaulakienė 2002: 66-77). At the time, Ignas Končius also wrote the physics textbook. As Antanas Žvironas notes in his article Fizikos terminai, “In late 1915 the author of the article [I. Končius], working as a physics teacher at the Palanga gymnasium, which was then evacuated to Verro 107 (Estonia), had the idea of writing a Lithuanian textbook of physics according to the anametic Russian gymnasium curriculum. The matter of such a textbook was already ripe, and in addition another Lithuanian gymnasium was already being established in Voronezh. With his idea Ig. On 28 December 1915, Končius reported to the Central Committee of the Lithuanian Society to help the victims of the war in Petrapili. From there received an answer (1916. I. 11): textbook akiną write; for the definition of physics terms in Voronezh was formed a “Language Commission, headed by K. Būga”! (1938: 260). The physics textbook for high schools was not printed. His 312-page manuscript is preserved in the Vilnius University Manuscripts (Kaulakienė 1994: 18-27). One-volume physics textbooks, mainly for primary school, were prepared and published by other authors (Fizikas istorija 1988: 169-175). The development of Lithuanian elementary and secondary school physics textbooks is discussed in particular detail in Jon Algirdas Martišius’ article A hundred-- year journey of Lithuanian physics textbooks, dedicated to Petro Vileišis’ textbook Populiariszkas rankvedis Fizikos šimtmečiui (Martišius 2000: 135-174). The most popular was K. Šakenio three-part textbook of physics for high schools, the first edition of which appeared in 1920; from 1920 to 1940, as many as 5 editions were issued (Kaulakienė 2002: 66). In the 1920s, Vincas Čepinskis published the first large physics textbook for higher schools, Physics Lectures (1923-1926- ), which was studied by many generations of students. Several decades later, another four-part textbook of physics was published, also for higher schools — Povilas Brazdžiūnas’ General Physics (1960-1965- ). This article discusses the terminology of magnetism and electricity in the textbooks of the three authors only from the point of view of usage. The following textbook sections or chapters are selected for its analysis: K. Šakenis. Physics. Part II. A magnet. Elektra, 1920, 77 p. (hereinafter referred to as ‘F’); V. Chepinsky. Physics lectures. Chapter VII. Magnetizmas ir elektra, 1926, 466 p. (hereinafter referred to as "Cia and elsewhere quoted texts and definitions of the textbooks analysed are given as authentic. Spelling and punctuation are not corrected. 108 FP); Mr. Brazdziūnas. General Physics. Part 11. Electricity and Electromagnetism, 1961, 405 p. (hereinafter referred to as BF). 2.Analysis of the use of terms of electricity and magnetism in physics textbooks The terms of electricity and magnetism in the textbooks can be divided into several groups. Perhaps the largest group consists of identical terms used by all three authors for the same concept. They are selected both international and Lithuanian words, borrowed from dialects or old sources. They are still used in physics terminology today, for example: ammeter F 40, FP 247, BF 175; anode F 32. FP 204, BF 268; battery F 40, FP 133, battery BF 138; particles F 18, FP 398, BF 87; law ¥ 33, FP 250, BF 183; dynamo machine FP 322, BF 181, dynamo machine F 74, FP 313; gas F 51, FP 215, BF Ol; equivalent FF 45, FP 202, BF 121: electric F 12, FP 34, BF 5: electrode F 51, FP 230, BF 113; electrolites F 44, FP 204, BF 113: electromagnet ¥ 56, FP 257, BF 207; electroscope F 15, FP 24. BF 8; element F 68, FP 220, BF 130; force F 57, FP 34, BF 158; cathode F 31, FP 387, BF 250; spark F 76, FP 114, BF 145; quantity F 45. FP 24, BF 6; body F 11, FP 3, BF 87; bow F 51. FP 143. BF 149; field F 56, FP 147, BF 6; magnet F 3, FP 3, BF 157; machine F 29, FP 71, BF 318; microphone F 70, FP 298. BF 341; engine F 75, FP 313, BF 306; surface F 17. FP 71, BF 10; plate F 31, FP 82, BF 25: plane F 6. FP 19, BF 162; polarization F 47, FP 342. BF 190; ratio F 49, FP 342, BF 153; number F 57, FP 201, BF 185; solenoid F 63, FP 249, BF 167; spectrum F 6, FP 3, BF 90: rays F 53, FP 385, BF 106; current F 56, FP 356, BF 305; intensity F 34. FP 48, BF 70; capacitance F 25, FP 243, BF 131; gap F 52, FP 387, BF 150; resistance F 39, FP 259, BF 293; unit F 39, FP 34, BF 12; voltmeter F 40, FP 201, voltmeter FP 254, BF 122; voltage F 37, FP 71, BF 20; ring F 71, FP 283, BF 99, etc. Many of the jys follow the basic dimensions of the generic terms, which are also used equally by all three authors, e.g.: quantity: electric k. F 21, FP 34, BF 6; magnet: artificial m. F.3, FP 3, BF 157; rays: X-ray s. F 53, Rontgen s. FP 390, X-ray s. BF 106; current: electric s. F 28, FP 377, BF 6; strength: electric current s. F 37, FP 377, BF 70; unit: resistance v. F 39, FP 169, BF 74, etc. 109 Another considerable group consists of synonymous terms used by the aforementioned authors, which identify the same concept: turn (These turns will make up the middle, or first, Rumkorf coil) F 66; turn (wind) (Then each turn (wind) of the wire will correspond to the whole coil) F 73; wind (So, each wind of the second coil can be considered as an independent element <...>) F 68; turn (So this primary coil must be made up of a small number of turns n, thicker insulated copper wire) FP 299; winding (262 drawing depicts a solenoid with a large number of windings, connected with a sensitive astatic galvanometer) FP 284; winding (As the electric current rolls, it tries to turn so that through its winding plane passes the greatest number of force lines) resistive force (The repulsive force acting between the magnetic poles of the same kind we consider positive <...>) BF 158; dielectric polarization of the medium, electrical polarization of the medium, which Faraday called and BF 175; which Maxwell calls electric polarization (wind) FP 343; electric polarization (Such an alternating current forms very fast variations of electrical polarization in the dielectric but FP 344; electrical conductivity, or electrical tension, or dielectric polarization (Current in a dielectric as an electrical conductivity, or electrical tension, or a variant of dielectric polarization) FP 342; electrical conductivity (<...> such electrical conductivity in a dielectric is related to the resistance of electrical elastic forces <...>) FP 343; dielectric polarization of a material (When a non-polar material is placed in an electric field, the elementary electric charges of the molecules of the material affected by the latter shift out of equilibrium: positive charges —in the direction of the electric field, and negative charges —in the opposite direction. This phenomenon is called the dielectric polarization of the material) BF 42-43; electric power (potential) (Amount of electricity, electric power (potential) and the capacitance of the conductor for electricity) F 21; electric power, or potential (Also, in the case of electricity, we have to distinguish the capacitance of the conductor for electricity from the electric power, or potential) F 22; electric potential (All this <...> can be applied to the electric field, whose properties in terms of quantity we can express by means of the electric potential) FP 67; electric potential (Then the voltage of the electric field we call its electric potential) BF 21; electric blood (The electricity from the rod will pass into the ball, and the more times we are touched by the 110 electrified rod, the greater the electric blood in that ball will be) F 13; electric charge (The amount of electricity in the body we call the body's electric charge) BF 9; ion velocity (lony transport numbers and their absolute velocity) FP 201; Leiden capacitor battery (He [Galvani] considered that the muscle is a kind of Leiden capacitor battery, which is constantly awakened by the brain) BF 7; Leyden capacitor battery (This combination is called the Leyden capacitor battery <...>) FP 90; non-conductor (We say this because glass and rubber do not allow electricity to pass through, so they are non-conductive to electricity, and such objects or bodies we call non-conductors) F 12; insulator (The non-conductors that we use to separate electrifiable bodies from the ground are called insulators, and the separation itself is insulation) F 13; insulator or non-conductor of electricity (<...> and other bodies, such as glass, resin, sulfur, varnish, hard resin, etc. Gray called insulators or non-conductors of electricity <...>) FP 35; insulator (So it is clear that insulators form very great obstacles to the movement of electricity) FP 44; dielectric, or insulator (The first bodies are called conductors of electricity, and the second dielectrics, or insulators) BF 245 insulator (The best insulators are amber, quartz, feldspar, ebonite and all gases of normal state) BF 24; osmotic pressure (That is, the osmotic pressure of the ions of such metals in the electrolyte is greater than their ionization voltage <...>) BF 124; volt arc (These vapours shine such a white light that the eyes usually do not see it) FP 224 111 can't look at her. This light is called a volt arc) F 51; Volta's arc (electric arc) FP 187; electric arc or Volta's arc (Therefore this phenomenon was called an electric arc or, by Davy, who wanted to honor Volta, a Volta's arc) FP 189; Volta's arc (In other words, under the action of the Volta's arc the gap between the ends of the coals increases, the Volta's arc increases, and finally, when the gap is sufficiently increased, the Volta's arc is interrupted) FP 190; electric (Volta's) arc (Depending on the external conditions, we can obtain several forms of gas self-discharge: spark, silent, roaring discharges, electric (Volta's) arc) BF 143; electric, or Volta's arc (Such discharge was first observed by Petrov, and later by Devis; this discharge is usually called an electric, or Volta's, arc) BF 147; electric arc (An electric arc radiates very strong light, so it is a good source of light) BF 148. Differently used compound terms with the general elements dkt. electric originator or derived adjective with suffix -inis, -ė, i.e. electric, -ė, in the aforementioned textbooks there are more, for example: electric voltage BF 119 and electric voltage F 24; electric spark BF 145 and electric spark F 26; electric furnace BF 87 and electric furnace FP 187; electric arc BF 149 and electric arc FP 187; electric field strength BF 13 and electric field strength FP 82; electric potential BF 21 and electric potential FP 59; electric capacitance BF 29 and electric capacitance FP 59. Species elements of such compound terms should probably be regarded as variants. In their mentioned physics textbooks there are various. In addition to the already discussed composite terms, the species elements, which are made up of dkt. the originator or derived adjective of the suffix -inis, -ė, cf. also: Joule heat BF 87 and Joule heat BF 202; galvanic element F 30, FP 133, BF 123 and Galvani's element FP 133; cathode rays BF 153 and cathode rays F 52; concentration element BF 123 and concentration element FP 223; magnetic storm BF 164 and magnetic storm F 11; magnetic force FP 3 and magnetic force F 3; magnetic field FP 313, BF 6 and magnetic field F 56; magnetic meridian FP 19 and magnetic meridian F 10; natural magnet F 3 and natural magnet FP 3; ball lightning BF 6 and ball lightning FP 127; in textbooks it is possible to detect compound terms, whose specific adjectives are variants of the suffixes -iskas, -a And -inis, -ė, e.g.: chemical equivalent FP 202 and chemical equivalent BF 121; adjective of the suffix izkas, -a and so on. originator, e.g. electric shock FP 342 and electric shock FP 202; d. adjective and noun form, e.g.: electric force BF 90 and electromotive force FP 230; traction force FP 82 and traction force F 8-9; ordinary and noun adjectives, e.g. : Faraday's dark space FP 387 and Faraday's dark space BF 150; soft iron F 9, BF 313 and soft iron F 9, negative electricity FP 385 and negative electricity F 20; normal element FP 232 and normal element BF 128; dry element FP 146 and dry element F 32 and so on. In the textbooks of the 112 aforementioned authors it is possible to detect related variant terms that differ in prefix, e.g.: demagnetization FP 263 and demagnetization F T, applications BF 86 and applications FP 361; suffix, e.g.: electromagnetism FP 247, BF 7 and electromagnetism F 56; circuit F 36, BF 113 and circuit F 25, chain F 36; thunder BF 143 and thunder F 76, FP 128; tube: Crooks v. FP 385. Geisler v. FP 385, X-ray v. BF 87 and tube: Kruks v. F 52, Geisler v. F 52, X-ray v. F 53; limb (especially many such international terms), e.g.: abscisa FP 324 and abscisé BF 108; battery F 48, battery FP 238 and battery BF 130; amplitude FP 362 and amplitude BF 107; electrolysis F 43 and electrolysis FP 201, BF 120; formula F 40, FP 419 and formula BF 110; grammomolecule FP 418 and grammomolecule BF 119; coordinate FP 437 and coordinate BF 302; line F 4 and line FP 59, BF 58; molecule FP 206 and molecule F 9, BF 116; ordinate 324 and ordinate BF 78, etc. A considerable part of these textbooks consists of surname variant terms, which differ in the spelling of the names of scientists, e.g. : Biot-Swartz law FP 147, Bio-Savour law BF 168; Daniel element F 31, Daniel element FP 145, BF 123; Joule law F 49, Joule law FP 187, Joule law BF 86; Clark element FP 232, Clark element BF 128; Crooks dark space FP 387, Crooks dark space BF 150; Leclanché element F 31, Leclanché element FP 146; Lenzo law FP 283, Lenz law BF 226; Maxwell's electromagnetic theory FP 1, Maxwell's electromagnetic field theory BF 325; Ohm's law F 39, BF 72, Ohm's law FP 167; Peltier effect 113 FP 187, Peltier effect BF 258; X-rays X-rays F 53, no BF 258, X-rays FP 385; Tesla transformer FP 308, Tesla transformer BF 317; Thomson effect FP 187, The Thomson effect BF 218; The Wheatstone Bridge FP 167, Wheatstone bridge BF 83; Zeeman effect FP 361, Zeeman effect BF 159, etc. Iš analysis it can be observed that synonymous terms for the same concept are used only in the textbooks of ne all three authors, cf. still phenomenFP 24 ir on phenomenon F 76, BF 5; dedamoji FP 9 ir component BF 162; conductor, or conductor conductor FP 35 ir F 13, BF 89; matter FP 385 ir substance BF 153; stipine FP 65, radishes Radius FP 68 ir (spindle) BF 136, but still in everyone's ir same jų textbook. There are about 10 such synonymous terms in each author’s textbook, where there are either both Lithuanian synonyms, or one Lithuanian, another —borrowing or international, or both international synonyms, e.g.: elektriniai svyravimai, or vibracijos elektriniai virpesiai BF 307 ir BF 309; Galvanometer (current meters) F 34, galvanometer, or current meter F 34 ir galvanometer F 34, galvanometer or instrument for measuring currents FP 157 ir galvanometer FP 157; influence or secondary current F 65 ir influence current F 65; polynomial poles F 64 ir unevenly (various pronouns) poles F 5; spark, or breakthrough, potential spark BF 144 ir potential BF 144; capacitors, or thickeners but flat thickener F 24, F 24, plate thickener F 24, flat thickener F 26; residual magnetism, or remanency residual BF 200 ir magnetism BF 200; field (external) resistance F 37 ir external resistance F 37; medium (intermediate) FP 342 ir medium FP 343; meridians (daily) F 10 ir meridian F 34; continuous (spontaneous) polarization BF 57 ir constant polarization BF 57; angle of inclination F 10 ir angle of inclination, or angle of inclinatiF 10, on angle of inclination F 10; waffle, or audion waffle-audion FP 383, FP 385 ir washlet FP 384; diluted gas FP 385 ir Recombination of gas in diluted state, FP 386; or molization of BF 116 and recombination of BF 139; spin or mixture BF 204 ir spines BF 204; thermal (disorder) motion BF 94 ir thermal motion BF 107; a short circuit, or Short-circuit FP 241 and short-circuit FP 241; source F 49 and source EF 50; single-mode or positive electricity F 25 and single-mode electricity ¥ 19; single-poles F 5 and single-poles F 6, etc. It can be seen that 114 the textbook authors, in order to describe the concept discussed for the first time in more detail, usually use synonymous terms, and in the following pages usually only one term is chosen, e.g.: electric vibrations BF 309, 311, 312, etc. ; galvanometer F 34, 37, 39, etc. ; medium FP 343, 344, 348 etc. ; permanent polarization BF 57, 58, etc. This shows the authors' attempt to systematize terms. A slightly smaller group consists of terms used by individual authors, e.g.: covering: electrometer covering BF 36; surrounding, -¢: second surrounding theorem FP 342, first surrounding theorem FP 342; distance: transmission of electric energy to distance FP 313; running: electric running or drift F 29; rail: electric current rail F 29; invention: Volta's invention F 29; curved: demagnetization curve FP 257; magnetization curve FP 257; magazine: resistance magazine FP 167; nuémuo: medal nuemuo (copy) F 46; observation: Galvani's observation FP 133, Oersted's observation FP 147; perturbation: perturbed current FP 344; washlet "valve": three-electrode washlet FP 383, thermionic washlet FP 361; auxiliary, -ė: auxiliary resistance FP 293, lateral auxiliary resistance FP 293, thunder wadelés F 77, thunder conductor FP 122 "super-thunderguard"; pores: astatic magnetic pair FP 151, reconstructable force pair FP 16, elastic torque pair FP 253; motion: electromagnetic motion FP 342, electric motion FP 24; cones: light cones FP 114; current: energy flow BF 330; glass: Leiden glass F 25; straight, -é: straight conductor FP 155; zigzag FP 379 "network". 3. Conclusions 1.The largest group of terms of electricity and magnetism in the physics textbooks of K. Šakenis, V. Čepinskis and P. Brazdžiūnas consists of identical terms used by all three authors for the same concept, which have survived to this day. 2.Often textbook authors, having first named a term by synonyms or alternative terms, continue to use only one of them. 3. The authors of physics textbooks (especially K. Šakenis and V. Čepinskis) 115