Номенклатура versus терминология (три подхода к выделению номенклатурных наименований)

HOMEHKIJIATYPA VERSUS TEPMHHOJIOTHZA (pu riogxoia K BBIZIC/TEHIIO HOMEHKJIATYPHBIX HAHMEHOBaAHHH) CEPTEK WENOB Hucmumym sazvikos u Kyžiomyp umenu /Ivsa Toscmoezo AHOW M3 XapaKTePHBIX IIPUMET Hallero BpeMeHM SB/LSeTCHA OYpPHbIN pocT 0OMeHa SKOHOMHUYECKOH, aIMUHICTPATHBHON HH KOMMEPUIECKOU uH(pOpMaIzei O TOBapax H yCIyTraxX, OKA3bIBAEMbIX Ha MEK TyHAPO/ THOM H HAllMOHATBHOM YPOBHAX. B 3TOU CBA3M 3aCHyXxHBaeT HpHCTA/IbHOTO BHHMAaHHA Ta 4acTh 0DO3HAUeHMM, HCIIO/Ib3Yye Ma B COOTBETCTBYIONHIHX JOKYMEHTAX, KOTOPasl Ha3bIiBaeT OGbeKThI MHpa TOBAPOB, YCIIYT, TOKAIBHBIX H HalHLHOHAa/IbHbIX peanuž. YacTo nojgjoOHbie OG603HaUeEHHS5 TPAKTYIOTCS KaK HOMEHK/IaTYpHbIE HAHMEHOBAHHH, OJTHAKO CTATYC MOO0HBIX 0DO3HAYCHUH B HAYYHBIX TYO/IMKAIIMAX H B TEDMHHOJIOTHUECKHX MCC/IEJJOBAHHAX JJANIEKO He ompejiesieH. B oro CB53H HacTOsIIAs pabOTA CTABUT CBOEH HEJIbIO HAMETUTD OCHOBHBIE, Hanboee paCIIpoOCTpaHeHHbIe JIMHTBHCTHUEeCKHe TOUKH 3PEeHUA Ha TOHSATHe 'HOMEHK/IATYPHbIX HAHMEHOBAaHHH“, “HOMEHKIATYphl H BBIICHUTH OOlilee H pa3/IMUHOE( B HUX. Bo-11epBbIX, MbI IIOI1IbITae MCS IPEJCTABUTD Ype3BBIYAHO KpaTKHUŪ 0030p OCHOBHBIX HCTODHUECKH CJIOKHUBIIUXCS TOUEK 3PEHUA IO ITOMY BOIIPOCY. Bo-BTOpBIX, MBI IPE JJIOKUM, KaK IIPe/ICTABILETCH, TOCTATOYHO aK TYAIBHOE 71 A3BIKO3HAHUS COOCTBeHHOE pelleHHe BOMPOCa O COCTaBe HOMEHKJIaTYPHBIX HAUMEHOBAHUU. Pemenue aro pactpocTpaHsieTcss Ha COTHH TBHICSY H MWITHOHBI BeChbMa PasHOOOPA3HBIX HOMEHK/IATYPHBIX e/IMHUI] (B YACTHOCTH, OUOIOTUYECKUE U TEXHHUECKHE noMmenni). Kpome Toro, OHO HO3BOJISET COXpaHWTh BHYTPEHHIOIO I[€/IBHOCTh HOMEHK/IATYPhl KaK TEOpETHUECKOTO NOHATHSA H Ha TOM OCHOBE YCTAHOBUTH MCCTO HOMEHKJ/IATYPHI B CHCTEME CIIeIIHAIBHON HAaYUHOTEXIIHUECKOH /IEKCHKH H NPEeIJIOXKUTD OOIIesSI3bIKOBbIe KPUTEPUHN BbLICICHUSI “HOMEHK/IATYPhl Kak 0cODOro Kj1acca CrelnanbHbiX HauMEeHOBAHUN (OpHueM KDHTEDHH OCTAIOTCH eMHBIMH JŲISI CAMBIX PA3/IMYHBIX HAYUHBIX TUCTIUTUINH H TEMaTHUeCKHX obmacreit). HakoHen, OHO COXpaHseT CBA3U C HEKOTOPhIMU TPpajĮMHIUKOHHbIMH ITIOJĮXOJĮAMH K HOMECHK/IATYPHBIM HAMMEHOBAHH SIM. Terminologija | 2006 | 13 33 Yrniorpebjnenue cnoBa HoMenKnkJiamypa u3BecTHO B3anonro Ho K. Jluuues (1707-1778) u A. Jlasya3be (1743-1794), npocyuiecTBOBaNIO HECKOJIbKO BEKOB H B 3TOM 3HaUeHHH JOIIJIO 0 HAILIMX JHE (IIO CBUIETEIbCTBY A. JI. XaioTuHa, cJI0BO HOMEHKIAMYPa NOABAACTCH B €BPOTIEUCKUX A3bIKAX yxe B XVI—XVII ss. [Xarorun 1972: 6--7]), Ho aurnuūšckuū dunocod H HCTODHK HayKu V. Yoens (1794-1866), no-Bujiumomy, Gb 1iepBbIM, KTO ITIOMBITA/CH TEODETHUECKH OCO3HATh JTOT K/IaCC HAYUHOM /EKCHKH B ero HpOTHKBONOCTAB/IEHHH TEepMHHO/OTHH. Y. YoBejb, H3BECTHbIŪ CBOHMM paboraMH B 0baCTH METOJOJIOTHHU HU MCTODHH ECTECTBEHHbIX HayK (B riepByro ouepejįb — OHoO/IOTHH, XHMHH, MAHEPANOTHH ), HEOJHOKPATHO KacaeTcs HEKOTODpbIX TIIpOD/1EM A3bIKa HayKH H, B YaCTHOCTH, TEDMHHOJIOrun. CojtepxaHune uan6oree 4acTo nuTupyeMoro tpakrata “@unocodus MHIYKTUBHBIX HAayK, OCHOBaHHas Ha UX UCTOPHUU IO3BOJSIET C HOCTATOUHOU JOCTOBEPHOCTHIO YTBEPXKJATh, UTO B HOMEHKIATYPY XUMUUECKUX H buonorudeckux Hayk V. Y9Benb BKJIOYAeT Ha3BaHHS CHUCTeMAaTHKH (pa3YMEeTCs, COBpEMEHHON eMy, V. YaBe/o) pacTUTEIBHOIO H XUBOTHOTO Mupa. YMECTHO B 9TOU CBA3M IIPUBECTH HEKOTOPbIE BHICKA3bIBAHMS aBTOPA. “Homenxknartypa xraccuQpuKallMOHHON HayKH — 3TO cobpaHue nmeH Bunos, Poo H gpyrux nogpaspenenuit” [Whewell 1967: 462] (srigeneno Hamu — C. Il). “ HanoMHHM, 94TO TEDMHHO/IOTHA — JTO S3bIK IA OHHCaHHSA OOBEKTOB, HOMEHK/IATypa — COOpaHUe UMEH CAMHX 00beKTOB” [Whewell 1967: 535]. K noMexnxzarype VY. Yapernb OTHOCHT He TOIBKO UMeHa BUJOB, HO H MHOTHE APYrue Ha3BaHUs IIPeCTaBUTEIeN Pac TUTEIBHOTO #1 >)KUBOTHOTO Mupa. XMMHUYECKYIO0 HOMEHK/IATYPYy NpH TAKOM TOAXOJle COCTABISAIOT pa3HO06pa3Hbie HAHMEHOBAHHSA BENIECTB H COeJMHEHUHN (TaKKe COBEpINeHHO He3AaBHCHMO OT UX IOJIOXeHMH B TaKCOHOMHHK). C 3TOH TOUKH 3peHHSs XUMUUYECKHe Hampull, (dmop, x10p, duazomeman, ayemamboi, CmeapuHosas KUCTIOMQ, O/teunosas KUCTOMA, OUMEMUZIIUOKCUM — HOMEHBI, a, CKaXkeM, amomHylll HOMep, cmabusbHble u3zomonbi, GO0Mayus K T. A. — TEPMUHBL. B To xe Bpems pu OHpOTHMBOTNMOCTAB/IEHHH “TEDMHHO/IOTHSH — HOMEHK/1aTypa” nosunua Y. YoBe/ns ABOMCTBEHHAS, a HOTA H HDOTHBOpeuHBas. B caMoM pene, ¢ oqHON CTOPOHBI, B ero paborax MMEIOTCS Kak 0yaro IpsiMble BbICKA3bIBAHHA O TOM, UTO HOMEHK/IATYpa OrpaHUYMBAECTC SI Ha3BaHHAMH BUIOB. C Opyroi CTOPOHBL, IIDH IOTUKO-CEMAaHTHYECKOM 00CYK/1eHHH MPOTUBOIIOCTAB/ICHUA "TEDMHHO/IOTHSA — HoMeHKatypa Y. Yopens yale BCero BO3BpaniaeTcs K TPAKTOBKE HOMEHKIIATYPBhI, COTIaCHO KOTOPOU 34 Cepreit leno | Homenkiamypa versus mepmMuHOIo2us. .. B Hee BK/IIOYAIOTCA TaKXe Ha3BAHHS JIPYTHUX OHO/IOTHUECKHX TAKCOHOB — POIOB, CEMEKCTB, OTPAHOB H T. II. JTa TPAKTOBKA CBA3aHa C pa3/IMUuKMEM MEXIy S3bIKOM OIMcaHusi obbekTa (cam Y. VYaBernb MHOT/IA HCIfO/Ib3yeT TepmuH descriptive language, onucarenbHbIū S3BIK) U SI3BIKOM, KOTOPBIN MOXHO ObIZIO OBI Ha3BaTh A3BIKOM Ha3BIBAHUA OOBekTa. IlepBsiū x obpa3yeT TepMUHOJIOTUIO HAayKH, BTOPOU — ee HOMeHK/arypy. “Crebnu, nucTbA, IĮBETBI YU IVIOJIbI PACTEHUN HH OTHOCSHIOHMECA K HUM UaCTH MOTYT ObITb CTOJIb pa3HOOOpa3HbIMH, UTO OOM S3bIK COBEpINEHHO HEJfOCTATOUEH Is BbIpaxKEHHS OOIIĮeTO H pa3/IMUHOTO B HHX, — nuuter V. VaBenb. boranuka HODTOMY HYXKJĮAaE TCS He TO/IBKO B OTIpe/Ie/IeHHONM CUCTeMe Ha3BaHH0 pacTeHUI, HO H B BbIpaxeHusx (phrases) /yist OMMCaHUS UX YUaCTEHM: He TO/IbKO B HOMEHKJ/IaType, HO H B TEDMHHO/IOTHH (Bblieneno apropom — C. 111)” [Yosens 1869: 495]. Ilpu aTOM, roBopa o HoMeHKNIaType, V. YoBenb HEOJHOKPATHO MO YepKUBaeT ee bomee NPAMYIO COOTHECEHHOCTD C AeNCTBUTEIPHOCTHIO, HETIOCPeICTBEHHYIO JAaHHOCTb 3HAUeHUS HOMEHOB B MO3HAHUU. B COOTBETCTBHH C 3TUM HOMEHbI H TEDMHHBI [IO-PAa3HOMY BBOJITCS B HaVUHbIH OOHXOLL. 3HaueHue HOMEHOB, COrnacHO V. Yaseio, He CTO/IbKO Gpukcupyercs neduHHLIMEeH, KOTOpas YCTaHABIMBAET ETO TpaHHIĮbI, CKOJIBKO HUTIOCTPHPYETCS KaKMM-M0O THIIMYHBIM npeicraBuTeneM. OHO He CTOIBKO OMEPUUBAETCH CHapyxH, CKO/IbKO MPeAbIBAASTCA CBOCH IeHTPAIbHOU TOUKOK; OHO OITHCBIBACTCSH HE TeM, YTO HeU3DEeXKHO HCKIIIOYAeTCs, a TeM, UTO HEH3MEHHO BKJIFOUaeTCsl B Hero. B NpoTuBOIONOXHOCTD 3TOMY TEpMHHOOTHHA Gonee OpHEeHTHPOBAHA Ha AepUHHUIIHIO, Ha JJOTOBOPEHHOC Tb. Wrak, c o1HOM CTOPOHBI — HOMEHK/IATyPa Kak BCe Ha3BAHHSI CHCTEMATHKH paCTHTe/IbHOTO H JKMBOTHOI'O MUPA, BCE HA3BAHMSI ITPUPOIHBIX OpraHH3MOB, 0cODeM HU UX COBOKYITHOCTEH, C APyrou — “HasBanus, obmajaronjue HEIOCPEeICTBe HHO JIAaHHOCTBIO UX 3HAYEHHS B [TO3HAHUM . 3aMeTUM, 4TO DTM Ba I10JIX0/la BHYTPEHHE, B paMKaX €IMHOTO TEOpeTHYEeCKOTO B3IVIAIJa Ha SI3pIK HayKH BOOOINHE, ECTECTBEHHBIX HAYK H OHO/OTHH, B YACTHOCTH, IVIOXO COBMECTHMBI. MHTepecHO, TO npu 3TOM HBOKCTBEHHAaS MO3UIIUS V. VoBens o0ycmoBuna pasnauduHble IIOHHMAHHS HOMEHKIIATYPhI B ĮĮa/IbHeZInmeM. Tak, CymecTBeHHO HOBbIŪ Tall B CTAHOB/IEHHH HAyUHBIX GHO/IOTHYECKHX Ha3BAHHH Ob CBS3aH ¢ jesrenbHocTbio K. /lnnunes. Cuuraerca, aro B ero Kjaccudeckon pabore “Species PlantarumTM (1753 r.) 6butH 3anOxeHbI OCHOBBI TaK Ha3bIiBaeMOM OmmapHOW (MHa4Ye — OUMHOMMANBHOU, GHHOMHTerminologija | 2006 | 13 t tn Ha/IbHOZ) HoMeHKJNaTYphI — 0003HAUEHHe BIJIOB pacTenui (NnOJ/9epKHeM: TO/IbKO BH/4ĮOB) uepe3 POJIOBOe HA3BAHUE H HEKOTOPHIA THII BHHOBOTMO ornuumsa. BeccnopHbIM HpejiCTaB/ISeTCS Tot (paKT, UTO B COBPEMEHHOU OoraHHuueCcKOH H 300/IO0TMUECKON HOMEHK/IAType, OCHOBAHHOU Ha pa60Tax K. Jlunnes, Ha3BaHHS BUJIOB, KAK IIDaBH/IO, SBJISIIOTCSI OCOObIM BUIOM HoMHuranunu. Hayunoe nazBanne poja 0003HAYAETCS OJHUM JIaTUHHCKHM CHIOBOM, a Ha3BaHHMe OTHOCSMICHUCS K HEMY OCHOBHOH CUCTEMATUYECKOU KaTEeTOpHH — BHA — YTOUHSIETCS BTODbIM C/IOBOM, CHHTAKCHYECKH OTHOCAIIHMCSA K ITepBOMY: Haupumep, monojJtb Oeimmi (Populus alba), 6epeckjrem OopodJasuamnbiū (Euonymus verrucosa), kien kanugoprutickuti (Acer negundo), kunapuc kawmupckuii (Cupressus corneyana), kazapka kanadckas (Branta canadensis), caramandpa Opesecnast (Aneides lugubris), kakady uépnotli (Probosciger aterrimus), yanus xeamokmiosast (Egretta eulophotes) u T. II. (B 300/IOTVH PaCIIPOCTPAHEHDI TAKXKE HA3BAHUS U3 TPEX COB — TPUHOMHa/IbHbIE, Te IOC/Ie/IHee U3 TPEX — Ha3BaHUE IO/BUIA: HATIPUMED, KpbIMckutl OJrazopoJnbiū oJreno (Cervus elaphus brauneri)). Bropoii KOMIIOHEHT B Ha3BaHWH BUJ]a OOBIYHO HA3BIBAETCSI €I'0 BU/IOBBIM onuTeToM. I [pH 510M BUJIOBOM SIIMTET, JlaXKe eC/IM OH BBIPAXKEH TEPMUHOM, OTHIO Ib HE UCUEPIIbIBACT BH/ĮOBbIX OT/IMUMM PACTEHUS; B IVUIIEM C/tytiae OH TIePEaeT JIMILD OKH U3 MHOTHX IMPU3HAKOB, COBEPIIEHHO OCTAB/ISIS! B TEHH BCe ocTanpuble, HeyauBUTE/IBHO MO3TOMY, 4T0 Ocoka manoysemkosast (Carex pauciflora) moxer IPOTHUBOIIOCTABIATHC A coBceM He OcoKe mHozoyeemxosoil (Carex pluriflora), a Ocoke xakkodckotl (Carex hakkodensis), Ocoxa muozoysemxosas (Carex pluriflora), B cBoro odepens, MOXeT IPOTHBONOCTABISI THC coke monsHoll (Carex limosa) vi 1. 11. B psijie cnyuaeB BUJ0OBON S1IUTET IPOM3BEIEH OT MEH nut u reorpadpuyeckux Haspauuu: cp. Ocoka I'menuna (Carex gmelini) nin Kenuzus ucnandckas (Koenigia islandica) (no HEKOTOPHIM JaHHBIM UHCIO TaKHX ciaydaeB cocrasisieT 10 20% BwjIoBHIX anmTeTOB B boTanuke). BuIOBOHM SIUTET, TAKUM OOpa3OM, B HA3BAHUM BMA HE COOTHOCHUTCA C ero OHO/IOTHHUECKOH CYIOHOCTBIO, IIS Hee OH B 3HAUUTE/IBHON Mepe YC/IOBEH, a XapaKTepHCTHKOM, UACHTUPUIUPYIOINEH BHUJĮOBbIE OCOOCHHOCTH paCTEHHS WUIH KUBOTHOTO, HE MOXKET CITY XKUTH ETO HOMEHK/IATYPHOe HaHMeHOBAHHĖ: B OTOK QYHKI{HH MOET BBICTYIIATH JAI CITE HA IbHOEe ero OlucaHue, Ha3bIBAEMOE B COBPEMEHHOH HayKe ero JHarHo3oM. JTO OIHUCAHUE H 3aKpensser COOTBETCTBYIONEe 3HAUEHUE 3a BUAOBBIM HasBauueM. Takum 0bpasom, B OMO/IOTHH HOMHUHAIM “ECTECTBEHHbIX BU/IOBTM OIA 110 Ty TH VBEIMYEHNSI CUHKPETH3Ma HAMMEHOBAHMS 3a CYET IIOTEPH ero AHa/IMTH3MA, 36 Ceprent Heston | Homenknamypa versus mepmutoious... HOO KpaTKOe HayuHOe HajBaHHe BUA HE OTPAXKAET ETO OT/IHUKHŪ H HYXHbI CIIEIHHAa/IbHbIE CPesiCcTBA, UTOObI HX VCTAHOBHTb. B jansnHežimieM mnOoHHTHe BHAA — KaK OCHOBHas ¢JIMHUILIA B CHCTEME XUMBbIX OPTaHU3MOB H KaueCTREHHbIH DTAII UX DBO/IOHOHH, KAK OCHOBHAS TAKCOHOMHUYECKAST KATeropus B OMONOTHUECKOK CHCTEMATHKE — 3aHSIIO [[EHTPA/IBHOE MECTO BO BCEH OHOJIOTHYECKOH TaKCOHOMHH, A Ha3BAHHSHA BUJOB 3aHA/IH OOJIBINYIO H. IO/ĮaB/IAIONIYKO UaCTb Ha3BaHHH [IPe/ICTABUTEICH KHBOTHOTO H PaCTUTEIBHOIO MHpa B OHOMOrHU. JTO MMO3BOSET OpeTIONMOXKUTD, YTO B HOCHC/INHHEEeBCKOE BPeMs TEDMHH HOMEHK/IATypa, He Tepsis CBOETO NpexnHnero 3Hadenud, npuobperaer enle oquo. OH HaunHaeT VIIOTDEOJIATbCS IMPEUMYILIECTBEHHO WIM UCK/IIOUUTENHHO K Ha3BAHHUAM BH/IOB, 00pasyromux OHHaApHYIO HOMEHK/IATYPY. ITO MPEIION0KeHUE JaCTHYHO MOXeT ObITb moTBepxacHo Barasamu JĮ. C. Munna (1806— 1873), coBpeMeHiruka u cooreuectsennuka V. Yosens. JĮ, C. Mun, 3nas V. YoBeins H HEOHOKPATHO CCHIIAACH HA HUX, B “Cucreme TOruKu CUmmoTHYUECKOH H MHAYKTHRHOM pa3OHpaeT HEKOTOpPble U3 ero nonoxeHnHū. B MaCTHOCTH, Kacasdch BOIIpOca O HOMEHK/IaTVYČpe, oH rmuret: “ CjnoBa HOMeHKJramypa 1 MEpMUHOJIO2USI OOJIBIOHHHCTBOM aBTOPOB YIIOTPeOISIOTCS HOUTH Oespasnmuuno, u ji-p KOomb rtepBbIū, HaCKOJIBKO SE 3HAaIO, PUA DTHM JĮBYM TEpMHHaM pas/iuanHbIe 3HauerHs. BBuay Toro, UTO YCTaHOB/IEHHOe UM pa3TMMŪKHE MOKIJŲY DTHMH CJIOBAMH HMEET JIE ŽMCTBRHTEJIbDHOe H BaXKIIOe 3HaUeHUe, H HaM Hao C/IejijoOBaTb ero upumepy’ [Musnp 1899: 565]. Onnako panee on npogzo/mxaeT: “HoMeHKIAaTypy MOXHO OHNpeHe/IHTbh Kak COBOKYTNHOCTb Ha3BaHHH BCEX TEX CCTECTBEHHBIX pa3psĮOB, € KOTODbIMH HMEeT Je/I0 Ta HIM JIPYTas OTpaC71b 3HAHUSA, UH, JIVUNNIE, BCEX HH3ILHX ECTECTBEHHbIX pa3panos (nonueprHyTOo Hamu — C. III.) — rex "Hu3Inmnux BH/JIOB", KOTOPbIE MOTYT, IIpaB/ja, TIOJIpa3JĮO/IATDCS, HO YXKe He Ha eCTeCTBEHHDIE Paspsi/ibl, H KOTODPBIE COOTBETCTBYIOT BOOOIONE TOMY, UTO B ECTECTBO3HaHHH HA3BIBACTC A upocto "BuzamMu" [Munn 1899: 565]. Mrak, HasBaHUS HU3HIUX ecTecTBEHHBIX Pa3psoB OTHOCATCS K HOMEHK/IAaType, a Ha3BAHHHS BCeX TaKCOHOB BbINIe BUIOBBIX (Ha3BaHU POA, CEMEUCTBA, OTPs/Ia, K/laCCa M. T.IL.) [PU TAKOM IIOJIXO/I¢ He OTHOCSTCS K HOMEHK/IAType H Takum obpasom, CKOpee BCETO, ABIAI0TCA YaCThbO OHO/IOTHUECKOH Tep MHHOIIOTHH, CD. miteKonumaroujue — X uuHole — kowauvu — kowka (Mammalia — Carnivora — Felidae — Felis), muirekonumarowue — npumamot — yebudoswvie — pesyn (Mammalia — Primates — Cebidae — Alouatta). déydonbhbie — canundosvie — Kirenosvie — kien (Dicotyledones — Sapindales — Aceraceae — Acer) nt. 1. Terminologija | 2006 | 13 37 Murepecno, uTro pašBHTHė XHMHYUeCKOH HOMEHK/IaTYDpbI HONIIO HDHHHKIMAJIBDHO VHbIM, IDAKTHYUECKH IPOTUBOIIONOXKHBIM, nyTeM. B ntecTH/jecaThIX rojjax XVIII B. ycunuamu I'. ne Mopso, A. Jlašyasbe u jp. OcyrmecTrB/LAETCSA pedhopMa XHMHMYEeCKOH HOMEHKIIATYPbI, HCXOJISIIasi H3 IpHHIJUINA, COTrJIACHO KOTOpOMY Ha3BaHHMe BeMIeCTBA JO/DKHO OJĮHO3HauHO VKABbIBATb Ha ero cocTaB. HasBaHHsi XHMHYECKHX BEIeCTB H COSAMHEHUN, XHMHUECKAS HOMeHKJIaTypa, KaK IpaBH/IO, H B HaINH [HH COMIEPXKAT MAKCHMYM HHOOpMaIĮUHM O BeUIECTBE, COAEPIKAUIELHCH B ero XHMHUeCKOH OopMyjIe, Cp. cyibdud KaJIbŲUA, MOHOOKCUO yz/repodJa, nenmaokcud Juazoma, mempadenunrbopam Hampus, MenpazajiozeHMeman V T. Tt. B XuMud, Takum OGpa3OM, HOMHHaIIMS YX€ OTKPBITHIX, a TAK)XKe BIIEPBbIE OTKPHIBAEMBIX HH CHHTE3UPYEMBIX BEIIeCTB MIU COeuHeHMs (KoTopas Moria Obl ObITH aHa/OTOM Ha3BAHUU “ecTecTBeHHbIX BUAOB” B buosorum!) noma CoOBepuUIeHHO IO JAPYTrOMY, CKOpee MPOTUBOIOIOKHOMY, MYTH, — [10 IIyTU YMEHbIIEHUS CUHKPETU3MA HaHMeHOBaHHSA 3a CUET BLIHTDPBINA eTO AaHa/IHTH3MAa, KOT MPOTHKEHHOE IO YUCAY CBOMX TEDMHHOD3JIEMEHTOB HAYYHOE Ha3BAHHe B 3HAUUTE/IBHOU CTEIIEHH OTPaXKAET ero CTPYKTYPHYIO Gpopmyny. IMo-Buaumomy, aHa/IOTHUHO, He OTHOCITCS K HOMEHK/AType (B 9TOM ee noHHMaHHH!) Hi aHATOMHUYUECKUE OGO3HaueHHA THIIa Ha3BAHHŪ MblLUYA epebenuamas, Mvinuiyja OJTUHHAA npucodJsujas, Mbiniųa OsyveJraBas noreua, 6ena 6Ga3aJtonas, 6eHa cCezMeHMapHasxI A3bI4UKOBASI HUXKHAS, 6eHa tueiūnas 2ybokas, deyeiasoryuesas cymkKa. B crarse “HomenknarypaTM Tpersero užizanus BojnsnioH COBeTCKOH 58BIHKJIONEJMH HDHBOJISTCS [IBA 3HAUCHUS DTOTO C/IOBA: “Homenknarypa (nat. nomenclatura — rmnepeuens, pocnnucb UMEH), 1) cucrema (COBOKYIHOCTH) HA3BAHUY, TEPMUHOB, YIIOTPeO/IsIeMbIX B KaKon-1ub0 oTpaciau HayKH, TeXHUKH, 2) cucTeMa abCTPakTHBIX H yCJIOBHBIX CUMBOJIOB, Ha3Ha4ueHHe KOTOPOM JaTh MaKCHMAIbHO Yi0bHOE C HpaKTHUeCKOKH TOYKM 3PeHHUst CpeJCTRO MI ODO3HAUYeHUS NpeZMeTOB“. Cra3aHHoe 11o3posnser COpMYIHPOBATH, [10 KPAMHEH Mepe, TPH pas3/inuHbIX HOHMMAHUS HOMEHKJATypbl: 1) HOMEHK/IaTypa Kak COBOKYITHOCTH HAYUYHBIX Ha3BAHHH BCEX TPYIIT HPECTABUTENEN PACTUTEABHOTO H XHBOTHOTO MHpa; 2) HOMEHK/IATYPa KaK COBOKYITHOCTD 0003HAUEHUH TOMHKO “HH3INHX eCTeCTBEHHBIX paspsaos” (B Owosornu, Halpumep, B KadecTne TAKOBBIX BRICTYIIAIOT OHHOMHHA/IbHbIeE HA3BAHHS BUOB JKMBBHIX OPTaHU3MOB); 3) HOMEHK/IATypa KAK COBOKYNHOCTB ODO3Ha4ueHHH, UMEIOIUX B KaueCTBE CBOEN YacTH HEKOTOPpbI¢ HOCTATOYHO YC/IOBHBIC obo3HaueHus 38 Cepreii Hlenos | Homenxnamypa versus mepmuHono2us.., TeX IIOHATHH, KOTODpbIeE CTOSIT 3a COOTBETCTBYIOIIMMHU 0003HAYEHHAMHU B HEJIOM. Tak, B TEXHHKe K HOMEHK/IATYype TEXHHYEeCKHX H3/ĮE/IHŪ OTHOCAT, HaHDpHMep, OYHKIKOHHDYLONHE B IPOMBINIIEHHOCTH H TOProOB/Ie HAHMEHOBAHVMS MEeXAHH3MOB Vi MAINMH, UX [eTa/lel, alllapaToB, TEXHHUECKHX YCTPOUCTB V. MX V3/IOB H T. II., KOTODBIE HMEIOT B KaueCTBE CBOEHM BTODpOHM UaCTH [0CTaTOYHO YC/1OBHbIe “SI3BIKOBBIE 3TUKETKHU , cp. yandda MT3 80, noduwiunnuk 80301, nacoc MIII 3A, nacadku Kdrcher 310, komnpeccop BI12—10/9, ayemuJtenosvtii 2enepamop bAKC-1, asmomobum KamA3-43114, camosrem “bounz 747” nr. n. “K HOMeHKIaType MOXKHO OTHeCTH (HU OGbriHO OTHOCST) CIIMCKU HAHMEHOBAHHH H3/ĮE/IMŪ KAKOTO-/IMOO OJJHOTO NpenpusaTus (HarIpHMEP, BCe MO/Įe/IH TPAKTOPOB ojHOro 3asoja “UT3”), roBapos kaKOTO-TM00 MarasuHa, COPTOB, T. €. HCKYCCTBEHHO BBIBEJICHHbBIX PA3HOBUIHOCTeN pacTeHni (Hanpumep, ¢ppykros)”, — numer B. M. Jleiunk |JTeiiunk 1974: 19]. MoxmHo 1nonaraTs, turo yciaoBHble obosnauenus M13 80, 80301, MIII 3A, Karcher 310, BI12-10/9, BAKC-1, KamA3-43114, “Boune 747” 8 IIpUBEICHHBIX BRINE HpHMepax H eCTh Te “abCTpaKTHBIE H YCIIOBHBIE CHMBOJIBI, HA3HA9EHHE KOTOPBIX AAThb MAKCHMAFIbHO YJIOOHOE C IPAKTUYECKOU TOUYKHM 3peHHA CPeJiCTBO ĮŲIS ODO3HAYEHHUA IPe/IMeTOB’, KOTOpbIe VIIOMHHAIOTC A B OIIpe/le/Ie HUY HOMEHKIIATYPbI, COraacHo bombo copeTckon SHIMKIIOIE INH. B nanpuennem H3/IOXKEHHH MBI Oy1eM rOBOPUTH O HOMEHK/IAType , HOMEHK/IaType, H HOMEHK/IATYPe€,, COOTBETCTBEHHO, a YIIOMAHYTYIO BRIE AIOCTATOUHO YCIIOBHYIO UaCTb HOMEHK/IaTypHOro obo3nauenums, GyjjeM Ha3bIBaTh HOMEHK/IATYPHbBIM IIOKa3areieM (WIH HOMEHK/IaTYPHBIM Mapkepom). [Tpy TOM BbIsiB/IeHHbIE HCTODHUECKH C/IOKUBIITUECS Pa3/INyHble TPAKTOBKH, TIPU BCeH UX HECOBMECTUMOCTH, BCE Ke UMEIOT HOEe/IbIH Psi OOINHX MOMEHTOB, M3-3a KOTOPHIX UX YaCTO KOHTAMHHUPYIOT, HO MbI HE GyjnjeM Ha TOM OCTAaHABIUBATLCA, a Dojlee MOAPOOHO paccMOTPpUM OUepUEHHOR BBINIE OHATHE HOMEHK/IATYDPI,. KpurepHH, BBIJe/ISIIOTIKe HOMEHKAATYPY, U3 0011ero paja crienuaisHOH JIEKCHKH Hay UHO-TEXHHUeCKOTro XapaKTepa, eKaT TakKe H B JIMHI BUC TUYECKOU IVIOCKOCTH. ITU KPUTEPUU COOTHOCATCSHSI He TO/IBKO C BOIIPOCOM “yro obo3HavaeTcH?” (C IPEIIOIOKHUTEIPHBIM OTBETOM — YaCTHbIE IIOHATHS TaHHOH 0071aCTH 3HAHMS, OOpa3yIONIIHe HOMUHATUBHBIE PSII, OTHOCAIAECS K OJJHOMY Ooilee 00mmeMy IMOHATHIO), HO H C BOnpocoM “Kak O603HauaeTcA?" (¢ MpeIIoNOXUTENbHBIM OTBETOM — JIBYXKOMIIOHEHTHBIM 00pa3zoM, Terminologija | 2006 | 13 39 rie NIEpBbIH KOMIJOHEeHT OD03HaJaeT CIeIHalbHOE POJOBOE nOH4;ATHEe, 00IIĮ6e JŲIA BCETO HOMHHATHBHOTO Psijid, a BIrOpOH — JIOCTATOYHO VC/IOBHOE JŲ1A COOTBETCTBYIOIEH TEeMATHYUECKOH OOacTH OBO3HaueHHe BHEINIHETO IpU3HaKa). VCJIOBHOCTb BBIGOpa DTOIO IIpH3HaKa, TO-BUIUMOMY, H UME B sy I'. O. Bunoxryp, ormMeuas: “lloueMy JįtaHnbiū npeamer Ha3BaH Tak, a He MHade, JŲIS HOMEHKJIATYPHBIX 0003HadeHUH Ooee HAH meHee OespasJAUYHO, TOIJAa Kak JŲISI TEDMHHa, CTpeMATerocs obsasarh OCMBICAEHHON BHYTpeHIeH OOpMONK, 9TO OUEHh BaXHBIKŪ BONpoc. C 5THUM CBSI3aHO 4aCTO HabroAaroNeecs CTpeM/eHue K 3aMeHe HOMEHK/IATYDP PAa3sHOro poja CucTemamu KOjJOB“ [Bunoxyp 1939: 8]. PaccMoTpeHHble TOUKM 3peHHS H A3BIKOBOH MaTepHai 110380/seT chopMY/IMpOBaTb Clleylollee TOJIKOBAIIMC HOMEHK/IATYPHOrO HAMMEHOBAHUS, KOTOPOE MOXXET OBITh IIPUHATO, [10 KPAaHHEN Mepe, Kak OJ[HO U3 BO3MOKHBIX BHYTPEHIIC MOCJIEJĮOBATEJIbLHbIX MOMOX CHIH, BbIIEISTIONINY OTPOMHbBIN TUTACT CTIEIMAIbHBIX A3BIKORBIX €UHUIL HAYYHO-TeXHHUECKOrO Xapakrepa. HoMmeHknaTrypHoe HauMeHOBaHHe (HOMEH) — TO TEPMHHO/IOTHyeckoe 0603HaueHHe YACTHOrO CIIELHA/IbHOTO TOHATHA KaKOMbo obracTn 3HaHH3, AHCHOHMIVIHHbI HIM TEMATHUeCKOH OGO/IaC TH, KOTODOE€ COCTOHT H3 JBYX /IEKCUKO-CHHTAKCHYECKHUX KOMOOHEHKTOB, CHHTAKCHUECKH IVIABHbIH H3 KOTODPBIX SB/IS€TCH TEPMHHOM, C/IOBOM HIN C/IOBOCO4eTaHHeM OOInETO s3bIKAa H 00o3HavaeT CNIenLHa/IbHO€ POJOBOE IMOHATHE JAHHOH OO/IaCTH, a CHHTAKCHUYECKH NOJŪUHHEHHbIH KOMITOHEHT SIB/IS€TCH YCIOBHBbIM, BHEILIHHM (UIS JaHHOM 00ACTH 3HAHUA HU JŲLA OOO3HAUEHHA COOTBETCTBYIOLIErO IOHSITHS) 3HAKOM (MEeTKOM, “3THKETKON”) H CITy>KHT 4/1 BBI/LC/IE HH U3 PO10BOTO NOHATHA HMEHHO JaHHOr0 YaCTHOrO NOoHATH, PHKCHPYeMOro B Cre Haj IbHbIX OMMHCAHHAX, TOJIKOBAHHAX, JePHHHUHIAX H T. II. CuHTaKCcH4YeCKH HOLUYHHEHHBIH 3HAK-KOMIIOHEHT HOMEHK/IaTypHOro HanmeHosaHus (Meradpopuuecku ynorpebirennoe C/IOBO H/IH CIOBOCOYETaHUe 0bIero A3pIka, aHTPOIOHHUM H/IH TOINIOHHM, abbpesnarypa mim crienna/ibHas 6ykBeHHO-uudpoBas HoTau HH) obpasyeT ero HOMeHK/IATYpPHbIH IIoOKazaTe/1b (Mapkep). IonaruiiHoe cogep>KaHHe CHHTaKCHUECKH OIaBHOTO KOMIIOHEHTa HOMEHK/IaTYPHOrO HAHMeHOBAHHA TAK)Ke MOXeT ObITh pe3yibTaTOM METadOOopHueCcKHX H3MEHeEHHH 00UIEA3BIKOBOM IE KCHKMH. HoMenknarypHbie HAaHMeHOBaHHsI, OO0O3HaHaIOIOHE C NOMOLUBIO MHMEH COOCTBEHHBIX — AHTPOIOHUMOB (3MIOHMMOB) H/IH TOIIOHH40 Cepren Ulenos | Homenknamypa versus mepmuHoa02 us... MOB — OTJIE/IbHBIE IHO/IOHKEHHA, YTBEDXJEHHA, CHOUOTE3bI, KOHHETIOŪHH H T. JI. COOTBETCTBYIOLEeH OO/IaCcTH 3Hanusd, obpasyror ee MEeTaHOMEHK/IaTypHble HAUMEeHOBAHHA 2HTDPpOHOHHMHUECKOTO MIU TOTOHHMHYECKOro BHAA. CORBOKYIIHOCTP BCEX HOMEHKJIATYPHbIX HaHMeHOEBaHnHnH (HOoMeHOB) TOU HIM HHOM 06/IaCTH COCTABIAET ee HOMEHK/IATypYy. O/H H3 HECKOJIBKO HeOXUIAHHBIX Pe3y/IhTaTOB, K KOTOPBIM MbI IIPUXOAMM, COCTOMT, TaKHM OOPa3OM, B TOM, YTO €C/I¥ B Havale JIAHHOU pa6OTBI MBI HCXOJIHTA U3 TOTO, UTO TEDMHHO/IOTHA KH HOMEHK/IATypa [IPOTHBOITOCTaBISAIOTCA JAPYT APYTrY, TO B KOHIIE ¢e HEOXUIAHHO BbIACHACTCHS, YTO HOMeHK/IaTypa (B OJHOM H3 BO3MOXKHBIX ee NOHHUMauMit!) He npoTHUBOIIOCTAB/IAETCSI TEDMHHO/IOTHH, a AB/ISETCH €€ HEOTheM/IEMOH 4acThIO, 0COOEHHOCTDh KOTOpoH — cirenudnKa A3pIKOBBIX CPeACTB Cy>KeHHUd OJHOTO CIleliHa/IbHOTO NOHATHY AO ele bo/ree CIenHa/ILHOTO H 4aCTHOTO HOHATHHS. 3aMEeTHM, YTO DTO BHEIIe “HeOXXHUJaHHoe pemeHHe BONpoCa O COOTHODIEHHH TEDMHHOJIOTHH V HOMEHK/IATYPhI B 3HaYUTABHON Mepe OObsCH5ETCS YUCTO TEDMHHOJIOTHUECKHMH IP UUMHAMMU. Tak, ecg cunrars, UTO K HOMEHAM OTHOCATCS TOJBKO Te eIUHUIbI, KOTOprie BRIE Ha3bIBAIOTCHA HOMEHKIATYPHBIMH IIOKA3aTEJ/IAMH, TO Pe3yabTar OKaXkeTcs bonee “IPUBBIUHBIM : HOMEHBI (B TaKOM IMOHUMaHuu!) HUKOT 1a He OyjįyT TepMUHAMM, a TEpMHHbI, YTO H [PeIIOIaranoch, HUKOra He OyAyT HOMEHaMU. IToatomy mosrydeHHbIH BBIBOJĮ He JIO/DKEH obeckypaxusars. ŪTO npuHHIUITHATBHO BhIICACT HOMCHKAATYPY B IpefelaX TEDMHHOJIOTHHK, TAK JTO ee "BHenIHHŪ | YC/IOBHBIA, He MOTUBMPOBAHHBIA WIM HOUTH He MOTHBHpOBAaHHbIK BHYTPHAUCTIATUIMHAPHBIMI HOHHTHAHbIMH [IPU3HAKAMHU CITOCOG BBIZI€TICHU HA UACTHbIX BUOBBIX (" THIIOBHIX , “"COPTOBBIX ") HOHSTHH U3 TEPMHHOJIOTHYECKH VXC HA3BAHHbIX POJOBBIX, T. €. IOHATUHHa1 CeMAHTHKA H HCII0/1b30BaHUe HOMEHKIIATYPHOI'O IIOKa3aTeJis. OHaKo OdyHKuHOHAa/bHas OOIHOCTD TEpMHHa H IHOHHMaeMOTro TaKUM OOpa3OM BCETO HOMEHKIIATYPHOTO HAHMEHOBAHHS COXDAHSETCSA — BBIDAXKEHHE CIHCeOHANbHOTO IHOHATHA. Tarxe coxpaHgeTcss HK Hake VCH/IMBaeTCH HEODXOJHHMOCTh CHer[įHa/IbHOTO pa3baCHeHHHI TOTO NOHATUHHA IOCPpeJICTBOM CIEIHATbHO IPE HA3HAUEHHBIX HIS OTOTO CPEACTB — OINHCAHHA, JĮIEOHHHOUHH, HJUHOCTDaLHH, XapaKTEpHcCTMKH UIA HHBIX Dpa3/IMHUHBbIX IIPUEMOB, CXOHBIX ¢ Onpege/reHneM [| opeknū 1974; I'ermanosa 1986; Csunrnos 1987; Cambyposa 2000]. Xaparrepuo, TO B pile HOPMATHBHDBIX TEDpMHAHOJIOTHYUeCKHX C/IORapen HpeJCTaB/JICHDbI Ha Terminologija | 2006 | 13 41