Kvalifikacijos kursai „Aktualūs šiuolaikinės terminologijos klausimai“

202 Jolanta Gaivenytė-Butler | Qualification courses Current issues of modern terminology JoLANtA gAivENYtĖ-BUtLER Institute of Lithuanian Language On October 16-17, 2007, the Lithuanian Language Institute, in accordance with the Terminology Centre entitled Capacity building of Lithuanian researchers for pro-European Union infrastructure, hosted a workshop organized by the Lithuania by integrating into the qualification courses Current issues of modern terminology for linguists, terminologists and translators, in which lectures were given by lecturers from Lithuania and Poland. Prof. Dr. Sergijus Griniova-Griniewiczius from Balstogė University of Finance and Management began his first lecture Theoretical and Practical Terminology with the history of lexicography. The professor noted that the whole language can be described in the form of a dictionary – it contains both phonetic, morphological and grammatical information. He pointed out that in the textbooks of lexicology and general linguistics the principles of lexicography are almost not discussed, they usually explain the types of dictionaries. Speaking about the principles of lexicography and terminology, S. Griniova-Griniewiczius relied on his many years of experience in terminology work and gave examples from Russian and English dictionaries. He devoted most of his lecture to discussing lexicographic parameters. is assigned up to 200 parameters, therefore, in the lecturer’s opinion, it would be useful to store them in a database. S. Griniovas-Griniewiczius emphasized that some lexicographic parameters quite clearly determine others, so the compilation of any dictionary should begin with the choice of lexicographic parameters. The professor distinguished three groups of parameters – the author’s goals (the scope and extent of the vocabulary, the purpose, the intended users of the dictionary, the descriptive or prescriptive function, the criteria for collecting the necessary lexical units), macrocomposition parameters (the way of presenting the dictionary articles, the main parts of the dictionary, the presentation of word combinations and homonyms) and microcomposition parameters (the constituent parts of the article). The vocabulary simulation process should be based on a consistent selection of initial parameters, which determines the optimal realization of other parameters. It can be... Qualification courses Current contemporary... Terminology | 2007 | 14 203 to build and implement an optimal presentation of lexical information in various types of dictionaries. S. Griniova-Griniewiczius noted that the existence of terminology dictionaries often accelerates the development of scientific disciplines, while some areas are forgotten due to the lack of appropriate terminology. The second lecture of Prof. S. Griniov-Griniewicz was on European terminology schools. Positivism influenced the emergence of terminology schools, which in the early 20th century evolved into neopositivism. The professor distinguished three terminology schools: Austrian (which grew into Austrian-German), Czech and Russian (Soviet), discussed their characteristics, mentioned the most prominent representatives. In his lecture the lecturer focused more on the views and works of the founder of the Austrian, or Vienna, school Eugen Wüster. The ideas of the One School were further developed by H. Felber, G. Budin, ch. Galinskis, K.-D. Schmitz, I. Dahlberg, h. Pichtas and others. "Terminology manual" (1984) by H. Felber. In the opinion of the professor, the best textbook on terminology published in English is H. Pichto and J. Draskau Terminology: An introduction (1986). The most prominent feature of the Vienna school is the focus on concepts, the terminology work is directed towards the standardization of terms and concepts. Most Western and Northern European countries are working in this direction. The Czech terminology school grew out of the Prague school of functional linguistics. Its representatives focused on the practical work of terminological codification. The most famous representatives of this school are L. Drozdas and J. horeckis. The last representative of this school, S. Griniov-Griniewiczius considers R. Kocourek, who continued his work on terminology in Canada. Speaking about the Russian terminology school, the professor distinguished three stages of its development, described several terminology centers – Moscow, Leningrad, Gorky, Voronezh schools, mentioned the most famous Russian terminologists and their works. The works of D. Lotte, the founder of Russian terminology, E. Drezen, A. Reformatsky, B. Golovin, R. Kobrin, V. Leichik and others were discussed. In the lecture Lithuanianization of computer programs, Professor Valentina Dagienė introduced the basics of localization of computer programs, reviewed the Lithuanianization of computer programs carried out in Lithuania, showed and discussed several Lithuanianized computer programs for children to learn mathematics, drew attention to the peculiarities of localization. The professor explained the terms localization, Lithuanianization, internationalization, open source, locale and drew the attention of the audience to the fact that localization is not just a simple translation. A well-localized application must naturally blend into the Lithuanian environment in its form and content. The lecturer discussed 204 Jolanta Gaivenytė-Butler | Qualification courses Current... localized parts of many programs have localization elements that do not comply with Lithuanian norms, so localization requires adjusting the original program texts. Elements of Lithuanian localization were shown, attention was drawn to testing localized programs. V. Dagienė noted that testing costs are much higher than the translation itself, but testing is a necessary stage of localization. The most important Lithuanianization works of the programs were recalled and the institutions performing them were mentioned – UAB Tildės office and the Department of Informatics Methodology of the Institute of Mathematics and Informatics. At the end of the lecture, the professor suggested following the following provisions for the Lithuanianization of programs: more frequently used and especially in schools used computer programs should be Lithuanianized; Lithuanianized programs need to be edited and tested, they should be reviewed by linguists; IT professionals and linguists need to learn to work together; need to constantly improve the native language technology vocabulary, create equivalents of new terms emerging in the world. A clear strategy for the Lithuanianization of computer programs would help to implement these provisions, and scientific activities in the fields of localization and internationalization of computer programs are also important. Responding to the question whether it is necessary to translate programs for children or whether they can not be created in Lithuania, V. Dagienė mentioned several Lithuanian programs for children prepared by Šviesa publishing house, but regretted that there is a lack of staff and ideas for this work. According to the professor, localized applications could be a starting point. The topic of computing and terminology was continued by lecturer Dr. Gintautas Grigas in his lecture Computer Terminology and Lexicon. Describing the computer vocabulary, G. Grigas emphasized that the English language predominates in computer terminology, but English terminology is not standardized, varied, and lacks systematicity. Applications developed by large companies such as Microsoft look a little better, and open-source applications are full of jargon. Lithuanian terminology creators face various difficulties due to English synonymy (login, screen name, user name, Skype name), due to different or related concepts named with the same word (tab – tab mark, tab, card; account – account, account; accented letter – accented letter, diacritic mark). In the speaker’s opinion, some Lithuanian computer terms are more informative than their English equivalents (little endian – increasing bytes, big endian – decreasing bytes, recordable compact disk, CD-R – single-writing disc, blog – blog, spam – junk). He drew attention to the fact that some Lithuanian terms, like English ones, have computer programs (installer, program interface, program manual) and noticed that Terminology | 2007 | 14 205 short (operating system, OS – operacinė sistema, OS), other Lithuanian terms may have no abbreviations (floppy disk, FD – diskelis), sometimes only an abbreviation is used (POP (Post Office Protocol) – POP protokolas (post office protocol)). The lecturer reminded that abbreviations should be read in order of the letters in Lithuanian, for example, abbreviation DB is read [dė-bė], abbreviation DBVS – [dė-bė-vė-es], some abbreviations are read in syllables (MIME protocol – mime protocol). The dictionaries mentioned, which are most often used by software localizers, are: Lithuanian–English–Russian–German Language Terms Dictionary. Informatika (1995), edited by R. Valatkaitė and Z. Kudirka, V. Žalkauskas’ Modern Computer Programs and Networks Dictionary (2003), V. Dagienė’s, G. Grigo’s, T. Jevsikovas’s Encyclopedia of Computing Dictionary (2005) (www.likit.lt), and the institutions that pay the most attention to Lithuanian computer terminology – the Commission for Informatics and Information Technology Terms (ims.mii.lt/terminai/) and the State Lithuanian Language Commission (www.vlkk.lt). The lecture Lithuanian characters in e-mails completed the course program by Viktoras Dagys from the Institute of Mathematics and Informatics. First, the lecturer presented the website of the Lithuanian Computerists Union, playfully raised the serious question why sveplai? and tried to answer what distorts Lithuanian letters, how we choose and how we should choose mail programs. He pointed out that Lithuanian is written neatly on the computer, and all the letters of the Lithuanian alphabet are visible on the websites, but e-mails are compiled in a strange new language. In the lecturer’s opinion, the reasons for such distortion are twofold – technical and psychological. In order to use it properly, each application, including the e-mail application, needs to be adjusted – adapted to a specific country, language, and personal needs. V. Dagys proposed a very clear and concrete solution – to choose a suitable program for the Lithuanian language and after installing it to adapt it to work, i.e. to properly match it. The lecturer reviewed the criteria that users most often choose e-mail programs, and suggested those that would help choose a program suitable for Lithuanian language. The most suitable e-mail programs and webmail services for Lithuanian language were also proposed. Linguists and teachers play a key role in awakening the desire and need not only to speak correctly, but also to write in Lithuanian. There are conclusions and very specific proposals. According to Dagis, there are no technical obstacles to the use of Lithuanian characters in e-mail. Non-Lithuanian writing is more a psychological than a technical problem. He suggested not to use or distribute email programs, 206 Jolanta Gaivenytė-Butler | Qualification courses Current modern... program to work – set the appropriate language (encoding) and font options for both incoming and outgoing mail. It is advisable to choose a program that does not require debugging. All the instructions for synchronization of the most popular e-mail programs can be found at http://www.liks.lt/elpaliet/. Retrieved 2007-12-12. Jolanta Gaivenytė-Butler Institute of Lithuanian Language P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania Email: [email protected] designed only for Western European languages, adapt the installed