Terminas prie termino. V

226 Deadline after deadline. V JONAS KLIMAVIČIUS Institute of Lithuanian Language Two packs When determining the form of the slightly varying shoe term – pakuojnis (this is also a mechanical term) or pakuojnė – we must first look at the data of the living language, and not at the “laws” of the work, because those data are carefully looked at by the specialists of the work themselves – they do not determine such iron laws, which sometimes boldly operate some shoe specialist or even linguist, without studying the work of word making well. The following shows the tradition (or twists) and system of standardization. 1. Live language data. Judging by the varied forms, it should be noted that their base word, which is not univocal, has several variants – kuunnas, kulnųs, kuln – in addition to the general language norm kulnas: ¹kuūnas 1. ‘rear part of the foot’ Léipalingis, Krókialaukis, Daũgai, Pagiriaė (Kėdáinių r.), Pociūnliai, Šakýna, Panevėžỹs, Vabalniñkas, Šimónys, Anykščiaė, Dùsetos, Raséiniai, M. Valančius [and ¹kulnės 1. Vilkaviškis, Gršškabūdis, Švkšna, Šilãlė, Šãtės, J. Bretkūno Bible, P. Ruigio and F. Kuršaičio dictionaries (as prūs. J. Murka (from Šimonija) pasakos, Tautosakos darbai 6, 1939, 87 – Plūviškiai, though I, who come from Pilviškiai, do not know (as in Latvian. right. heel, how often knee)], 3. „the bending of the legs of the animal [i.e. the legs – J. K.] (e.g. the hind legs) [i.e. the hind legs – J. K.]“ Pelesà, Këpčiamiestis, Ãlovė, Vėdiškiai, Ramýgala (and ¹kulnės 2. Serẽdžius, A. Juškos wedding songs), 5. „shoe raising at the back of the sole“ Léipalingis, Kruopiaė (and ¹kulnäs 3. Salantaė, M. Valančius, kuln 2. Tvẽrai) LKŽ VI 1962. And other bodily meanings of the heel – 1. „kelis“ Liškiava, Veisieja, 4. „gurnas, kulkšnis“ Dùsetos (and kulnėlis 1. Sasnavà, Daukšiaė, Varėnà, Nočià, Dievẽniškės, Lazenai, Sudeėkiai), as well as 6. ‘rear foot Jonas Klimavičius | Terminasprietermino.V Terminologija | 2008 | 15 227 dalis“ (although marked only by writings, it is undoubtedly from the living language) LKŽ VI 1962 also clearly shows the same root of the words kuūnas / kulnųs / kuln and kulšnis / kulštymas / kuėsštinas ‖ kulkšnųs, -iės / kùlkšnis / kulkšnųs / kuėkšnas / kulkšna ‖ kulkštųs / kulkštė / kùųkštymas / kùlkštimas / kuėkštinas / kuėkština / kùlkštinė / kuėkštenas / kuėkštena / kulkšteninkas ‖ klùkštymas / klukštimas, as well as kuųšis / kulšųs / kùlšė / kulša / kuųšas LKŽ VI 1962, and the same – the root of the syllable sonant *kųis also kelis, -io / kelųs / kėllias ‖ ¹kelnas / kalėna / keleenas / kelėena / keliėnis LKŽ V 1959, ²klubas 1. ‘place where the femur joins the sacroiliac joint’, 2. "upper pelvic bones" (see ¹kulnis 3. „dislocated pelvic bones“ Daugėlųs), ¹klaubas "femur bone" Serẽdžius, ¹klùpas "<…> animal thigh bone, hip" Plókščiai, klùpstis 1. “way, crumbling” vak. dzūkai, Ródūnia, Armõniškės, Sãlos, Šiauliaė / klùpstas Marcinkónys, Drùskininkai / klùpstùkas Armõniškės, klùpsnis „the end of the big toe to the first joint“ Upýna (LKŽ VI 1962). Packaging 1. „place along the heels“ and from the interpretation of the meaning – along the heels, and from the sentences of the illustration – When he was leaving he still threw a stone into the p a k u l n è s ė s ėriškiai. When I look at the heels, they won't be here! Kairiaė (LKŽ IX 1973) probably indicates here the plural noun pakujenės. Although elsewhere there is a different heel – 3. „small sleighs, on which, when transporting logs, a plongalis, sleds, pegs, hoops are placed“ Šãtės (: ¹kulnis 1. Šãtės). Of course, there is also ³package 3. „the place after the animal’s legs [i.e. the leg – J.K.] (i.e. the hind legs – J.K.) are bent“: The child threw a stone into the sheep’s pack and knocked the leg out of Linkuvà. 2. Standardization and termination. Talk about the removal of synonyms of the heel of the foot in common language should begin with the word péntis / pentas / péntė 3. ‘heel’ section Dzūkai, Azėerkai, Žirmūnai, Armõniškės, Nemenčėnė, K. Sirvydo žodynas (1642), Kintaū, Várduva (Žemaitijos Kalvarija) LKŽ IX 1973. In DŽ 1954 and 1972 pentis 3. is šnek. kulnis, and in DŽ 1993 – dialektinis kulnas, although dialect phraseology – stovėti ant penčių (to make to hurry, to urge without withdrawing), pentis ližyti (to pacify) – is left. SinŽ 1961 has neither heel nor penties, while SinŽ 1980 has heel 1. (rear part of the foot) – pentes, therefore without any evaluation and standardization (true, in common language there is pentele „a little iron on which the dagger is beaten“), pentinas (and rider’s, and cock’s), papentis 3. „part of the log at the stem“ (although 1. „breadcrumb“ and 2. „board from the edge of the log“ DŽ 1993 are quite dialectical). The first single from the album was "1954", 228 released in 1954. ‘rear part of the foot at the heel’, 2. „part of the shoe at the heel“ (even with illustration!) DŽ 1972, 1. ‘heel’, 2. „ap avo dalis ties kulnu“ DŽ 1993, as well as SinŽ 1980 užkulnis (heel or shoe back part) – užpentis [without certificate dialect, even with illustration], ataspentis dialect. The standardization of the heel variants was delayed only because of the lateness of the standardizing lexicography, but it was consistent – heel see kulnas DŽ 1954, 1972, 1993. However, there is still a long way to go in the interpretation of the meaning of words. It should be added that of all variants – heel / heel / heel made verbs – kulnuoti, kulnoti / kulniuti, kulnioti, kulnyti / kulnėti LKŽ VI 1962 in common language as if by itself established the variant kulnis DŽ 1954, 1972, 1993. Prieveiksmis pakuniui „į kulnus, pagal kulnus“ DŽ derivative kulniuoti 1993 flows in the heel area (LKŽ IX 1973 and interpreted – 1. „in heel, according to heel“), but such adverbs (with the ending -iui) are made equally from all stems (pavėjui, pamečiui; keliui; literally, pasluoksniui; panakčiui; padieniui, patraukliam; eilėje, paraidžiui, downstream; pamėnesiui, paseemeniui, pavandeniui). Heel DG 1954 – only the "rear part of the foot", and DG 1972 and 1993 already assigned heel 2. ‘shoe elevated to the back of the sole’. The extension of the meaning of heel / heel / heel occurred when Lithuanian became batuotas (partly maybe even stitch, nailed, clumped). In 1941, the LKŽ I1 showed high-heeled shoes from Grzžiai. However, this did not go very easily – it was hindered by numerous foreign words from neighboring Germanic and Slavic languages (which also borrowed the words bata, šliurė, klumpė and many foreign words – čebatas, čeverykas, kamašas, bašmakas, branavykas, pantaplis / kantaplis, tuplis, lakierka, …): ÷zacas (German Absatz) K 1883 (the word pakulnės in the article) and K I 1870 23 (LKŽ I1 1941) apcâcas (Brus. обцас, Polish obcas) Tvẽrai (LKŽ I1 1941) and apcėcas Stãkliškės (LKŽ I1 1941; also not recorded Sugiñčiai), kùrka (Polish korek) Valkiniñkai, Veiveriai, Skriaũdžiai, Lekčiai, A. Juškos dainos (LKŽ VI 1962), kablùkas (Russian kabluk) Kùpiškis, Dùsetos (LKŽ V 1959). The latter, of Arabic origin, is used as a jargon and is brazenly spread, for example, by small "Swart" cars or "hook" cars. In order to achieve greater distinctiveness in terminology, the heel has appeared (see image↔image, tooth↔tooth, etc.), which is not recorded in academic or normative lexicography, but is quite alive in colloquial language. Tačiau tikrasis distinktyvumas ir tikslumas avalynės terminijoje yra kulno Jonas Klimavičius | Terminasprietermino.V Terminology | 2008 | 15 229 Microsystem – Heel, Ankle and Heel1. The statement of some shoemaker (in the discussion) that they do not know this system is nothing, if not more. However, this accuracy was not achieved immediately or easily. The foundation are the words of the living language, but the heel (not the feet – 1, 2) is ambiguous in it – and 4. „apavo kulnas“: The whole sole is [r] healthy, only the heel has nudil Upýna (also Mažeikiai r. Pėkeliai), 6. „heel of the foot“ Kretinga, Kulia, but most widely – and western Highlands, and Žemaitija, even Kėčiamiestis and Pãįstrio – 3. „apavo užpakalinė dalis apie kulną, <…>“: The heel is torn – <…> Barstýčiai, also 5. „in the heel of the shoe is put hard skin, statutes“: Nuėdė koją užkelnis; <…> Mėežiškiai (LKŽ XVII 1996). And in the normative dictionary heel first 1. ‘heel butt’ DG 1954 and 1972 (1. ‘heel butt’ DG 1993), only 2. ‘the back of the shoe around the heel’ and 3. “in the back of the shoe thicker [DZ 1993 – rigid] leather is placed” DZ 1954 and 1972. The heel is actually behind the heel, and the larger part about the heel, including the sides of the heel, is later named the new term apkulnis LTE I 1976 517, VLE II 2002 326 (by the way, the Russian difference is vague: задник – ùžkulnis, задинка – apkuėnis PolŽ 1984). 2009 m. kovo 4 d. VLKK Terminologijos pakomisijo posėdyje A. Ratautas pranešė, kad priimta mano seniau sakyta pastaba dėl šio naujadaro formos – ne apkunis, o apkulnis (plg. apyakis,apyausis,apyburnis, 1 In this microsystem there was also a heel for a while. The word antkalnis in LKŽ I1 1941 is interpreted as synonymous – „užkulnis“ and is only cited from M. Miežinis’ Lithuanian–Latvian–Polish–Russian dictionary: antkulnis – v. [i. e. see] užkulnys – papédis. pięto. пята, пятка M 1894. In LKŽ I2 1968, the heel is illustrated with the not quite clear meaning “on the heel of the shoe is put leather or rubber” and also with the not the clearest sentence of Soviet times writings: The removable heel is attached to the main part of the heel with buttons [cf. button 1. “the button is pressed, pressed”: The heel is attached with two buttons (Soviet press) LKŽ XIII 1984]. Some time later, heel was terminated with a clear meaning – as a foreign naboyka (Russian: набойка) “beating the heel of the shoe; 1970) 1929 – A. M. S. S., Russian-born American writer, writer of the 1920s (d. (shoe) heel TechnŽ 1949, PolŽ 1959. In the dictionary of common language aįtkulnis – „on heel i e s put leather or rubber“ DŽ 1954 and 1972. DŽ 1993 aįtkulnis („on heel o dedama <…>“) – in usage already obsolete thing: already DŽ 1972 is ¹pakalų, only 2 more. „g e l e ž ė l ė, kalama po batų [t. y. batų – J. K.] kuln i m i “ [and LKŽ IX 1973 ¹pakalė 2. „pasaga“ Daugėlųškis ‖ „g e l e ž ė l ė, kalama po batų kuln i m i “ (Soviet press)]. Since then, only the pakala AvalM 1972 213, LTE I 1976 517, PolŽ 1984 (набойка 1. od.), AvalMt 1986 120, VLE II 2002 326 has been consistently used by specialists. And in 1993, it wasn’t the “iron” that was behind, but 2. ‘rubber, a leather band, forged under the heel of a shoe [i.e. a shoe – J.K.]’. Pakala is not the Russian nabojka value – in that case it would be antmuša(s) or antkala [K. Sirvydo antkala „priekalas“ (Punktay’s statement, II 74) LKŽ I1 1941, I2 1968, Palionis 2004 is the Polish nakowalnia value]. There is no pakala and no prikala – it must not be nailed on the heel from the bottom: pakali 2. „bottom nailed“: to raise the sash DŽ 1972, cf. also „bottom nailed“ and sash 1. ‘with the hoofs of a horse [i.e. the hoof – J.K.] is bent iron forged, <…>’ (and sagas 1), sagas 2. "a tree is lifted by a sledge", still beating 6. „kalti, traukti, siūti“: the house is beaten with boards and beaten by „iron, forged under sledge pavaža“ DŽ 1972 (i š v i r š a u s a r i š o r ė s – ap-). Pakala is terminated ¹pakala 2. „pasaga“ Daugėlaškis (1. „wedge“ east. high., also ¹pakalas 1. Ežvilkas, A. Juškos dictionary, cf. ¹pakalas 2. „a certain wedge to attach the dagger to the stem“ vac. high., south. low.) LKŽ IX 1973. This microsystem does not include the potentialism of a single source prėekulnis „what is the place at 1957) 1976 – Jackie Chan (b. 230 the heel“ apysėklis, apyšerdė, apyvaisis, apyžiedis; apyežerė, apypelkis; apygarda, apymiestis, apynamė; apylangė, apyraktė, apystalė). Pakelnis from heel / heel and heel is already distinguished in the dictionaries of G. H. F. Nesselmann and F. Kuršaitis: kulnis, nês – die Ferse, die Hacke am Fuß, pakulnis, -nês – der Absatz am Schuh, užkulnis, nês – das Hackleder am Schuh N 1851; Absatz: A. am Schuh, Stiefel – heel, sopãgo heel; pakuennis; now usual [common] ôpzatsas K I 1970, kulnìs, -is – the heel; pakulnìs, -is – the heel of the shoe; otherwise ÷zatsas, pakuunis, -io – the part of the foot under the heel (or heel), the heel of shoes, boots, ùßkulnis, -io – the heel leather K 1883. Thus, in 1870 F. Kuršaitis still gives synonyms – bata kulnis and pakelnis, and in 1883 he distinguishes heel only for the foot, but also denotes the part of the heel – pakuennis, -io, although this is also attributed to the shoe, and here also a synonym – bata pakelnės, -iės. After half a century, the heel is born: heel – heel, heel – heel RLŽ 1932. Quite quickly another option is found – heel: From the bottom of the shoe is glued <…> rubber sole and heel LEnc IX 1940 882. Veikiai P. Skardžius brings everyone back to the living language form pakuienis, although it is not a shoe term, but a common language word – „užkulnis“ Linkuvà (Skardžius 1943: 450) – in LKŽ IX 1973 it is ³pakulnis 3. „the place after the animal’s legs (e.g. the hind legs) [i.e. the leg (e.g. the hind legs) – J.K.] are bent“: The child threw a stone into the sheep’s pack and knocked the leg out of Linkuvà. Even a decade later, the Lithuanian-German dictionary (Heidelberg) strangely divides the word into two parts – pakelnis for socks and heels, but pakelnė for shoes: pakuennis, -io 1. Place on the heel (e.g. heel part of the stocking), 2. = pakujnė, and pakujnė -ės – Absatz (am Schuh), Hacken LRKŽ II 1951. The heel of the living language also has one rare rural technical meaning – 7. ‘baking oven auxiliary chimney; "Silver Cup 1962" (PDF). There is also in scientific technique, but different: пята – 1. машин. kujan: carriage, rail, supporting, … PolŽ 1984 and подпятник – heel, vertical shaft supporting support (machine) TechnŽ 1949, heel, axial bearing (machine) PolŽ 1959, machine pakuonis (and hammer’s pent – боек 1) PolŽ 1984. Here is the same term from another field: hakluk – od. pack: wedge, solid, prefabricated PolŽ 1984. The first normative dictionary of the general Lithuanian language, which appeared very late, based only on the academic LKŽ library and only on its first two volumes (A–B and C–F), unfortunately, did not look well at the data of the living language. Jonas Klimavičius | Terminasprietermino.V Terminology | 2008 | 15 231 ignored this terminology system – used two terms: pakujannis – tech. „vertical shaft foot into the heel DŽ 1954 (in the living ar ašies galinė atrama“, pakunė – „vieta palei kulnus; užkulnis“: Paleido language there is only either into the heel or into the heels), pakujannis 2. Tech., and 1. see heel, this is an ambiguity: 1. ‘place along the heels’, 2. "shoe promotion under the heel" DJ 1972. Only in DŽ 1993 – already shoe heel and already “under heel”, and according to the living language is presented packaging dgs. "place along the heels". The language practice advice followed DŽ 1972, although more cautiously, – diftonged: pakuennis – ger iau pakuennė; where. spec. ‘shaft or axle support’ CPP 1976 and 1985. It should be emphasized that TT 1992 is not included in the corrections prepared by terminologists – see the specialist terminology usage: pakulnis AvalM 1972 209, 212, 216, 220, 222, 223, AvalMt 1986 119–121, LTE I 1976, VLE II 2002 (in the article about avalynės). Unfortunately, there is also a diphthongation, even reversed: pakelnis – hakluk, kulnė – подпятник. It is not even clear what to say when an etymologist takes up this: pakujnė, pakuln „obcas“ SEJL 2007. 3. Laws or tendencies of prepositional derivative roots. Having the general language norm kulnas, the subordinate verbs of the prepositions za-, apy-, pavadiniai we associate with the base word kulnas, although the variant kulnis could have been it. The Vedic variant ùžkulnė Kvdarna, Tirkšliaė (LKŽ XVII 1996) is so rare that the common language immediately took ùžkulnis and unswinged. The new-born aculeate / aculeate – of the same trunk. “Subordinates of the prefix are either ia of the root (more often with the accentuated singular noun ending -ys, less often with the unaccentuated -is), or (almost as often) ė of the root” (LKG 1965 § 743 2). Thus, Vincas Urbutis, a specialist in craftsmanship, does not start from the ė stem, but ends with it (although he mentions the lead pakolnė, apparently taken from DŽ 1954). The form pakelnis (: heel) is supported by many similar ones – patėvis (: father), paberžis (: birch), paąžuolis (: oak), pavainikis (: crown), pakaušis (: spoon), subcommittee (: committee), dawn (: morning), end (: end), edge (: edge), back (: back), arm (: arm). No iron word form" (LKG I 1965 § 743 2) or its "choice is mainly dėsnio nėra: „kamienų parinkimas gerokai pr iklauso nuo pagrindinio determined by the tendency to distinguish prepositional subordinates from the base nouns in the genus" (DLKG 1994 § 455). However, it is not the linguists who choose, but the living language itself. Sometimes twice – pavakarė / pavakarys (even if only rytys). Sometimes the trunk is not changed at all: staklių, ratalio, stalo, kėdės, vežimo pakoja (: koja) – convenient meaning to distinguish from another derivative pakajis / pakojys 232 ‘place under or near the feet’ DJ 1993. This is also the case with the newly created participant (: participant). Thus, we must constantly remember the famous maxim of Juozas Balčikonis: Against facts and laws must be silent (Balčikonis 1978: 384). And do not forget the term systems – zaheelny, pakelnis, apyklnis. CONCLUSIONS Both the standardization of the base word heel, the standardization of the variants of the Vedic pakolnis, as well as the creation and arrangement of the entire microsystem of terms – heel, pakolnis (for some time also onheel; now pakala) – were delayed, slow, uncoordinated – they were done in front of the eyes and sometimes linguistically rudely, without regard for systematicity. A very rare dialect (of some Žemaičiai) variant zakulnė was not even episodically included in the system. In recent years, the use of the term has been increasingly restricted, and is still an unacceptable term. The term is often used without variation. The term pakelnis has been used almost consistently in shoemaking books and dictionaries of terms, only in general dictionaries for a long time – in a repetitive way – there was also pakelnė. There are no strict laws of the Vedic stem language in the work, only inclinations, so it is necessary to follow the data of the living language, and in terminology - systematic. LITTERACY AND SOURCES ArchŽ 2004: Kitkauskienė L., Kitkauskas N. English–Lithuanian Explanatory Dictionary of Architecture, Vilnius. AvalM 1972: Majauskienė N., Ratautas A., Staškevičius A. Footwear materials. Red. A. Gailienė, Vilnius. AvalMt 1986: Krasnov B. Materials of footwear. Green. V. Durasevičienė, red. D. Baratinskienė, Vilnius. Balčikonis J. 1978: Selected Writings 1, Vilnius. DLKG 1994: Grammar of Contemporary Lithuanian Language, Vilnius. 1954: Dictionary of Modern Lithuanian Language, Vilnius. 1972: Dictionary of Modern Lithuanian Language, Vilnius. 1993: Dictionary of Modern Lithuanian Language, Vilnius. 1992: The Railroad. Compiled by N. Juškaitė and St. Keinys, Vilnius. 1997: Russian-Lithuanian Dictionary of Railway Transport. Compiled by N. Juškaitė and St. Keinys, Vilnius. K I 1870: German-Lithuanian Dictionary 1 by Friedrich Kurschat, Halle. K 1883: Littauisch-deutsches Wörterbuch von Friedrich Kurschat, Halle a. S. KPP 1976: Kalbos praktikos patarimai. Compiled by A. Pupkis, Vilnius. KPP 1985: Language Practice Tips. II pat. and pap. ed., compiled by A. Pupkis, Vilnius. LEnc IX 1940: Lietuvos enciklopedija 9, Kaunas. LKG I 1965: Lithuanian Grammar 1, Vilnius. LKŽ I1 1941: Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 1, Kaunas. LKŽ I2 1968: Lithuanian Language Dictionary 1, Vilnius. LKŽ V 1959: Lithuanian Language Dictionary 5, Vilnius. LKŽ VI 1962: Lithuanian Language Dictionary 6, Vilnius. LKŽ VIII 1970: Lithuanian Language Dictionary 8, Vilnius. LKŽ IX 1973: Lithuanian Language Dictionary 9, Vilnius. LKŽ X 1976: Lithuanian Language Dictionary 10, Vilnius. Jonas Klimavičius | Terminasprietermino.V Terminology | 2008 | 15 233 LKŽ XIII 1984: Lithuanian Language Dictionary 13, Vilnius. LKŽ XVII 1996: Lithuanian Language Dictionary 17, Vilnius. LRKŽ II 1951: Lithuanian written language dictionary 2. Compiled by M. Niedermann, A. Senn, A. Salys, Heidelberg. LRKŽ III 1957: Lithuanian written language dictionary 3. Compiled by A. Senn and A. Salys, Heidelberg. LTE I 1976: Lithuanian Soviet Encyclopedia 1, Vilnius. M 1894: Miežinis M. Lithuanian-Latvian-Polish-Russian dictionary, Tilžėje. N 1851: Dictionary of the Lithuanian language by G. H. F. Nesselmann, Königsberg. Palionis J. 2004: Selective Dictionary of Lithuanian Writings of the 16th-17th Centuries, Vilnius. 1959: Russian-Lithuanian Polytechnic Dictionary. Red. col. Mr. A. Novodvorskis, Vilnius. 1984: Russian-Lithuanian Polytechnic Dictionary. Compiled by G. Daugėla, spec. red. J. Stanaitis, Vilnius. PrekŽ 1996: Pričinauskas J. Russian-Lithuanian Dictionary of Goods, Vilnius. 1932: Baronas J. Rusų lietuvių žodynas, Kaunas. SEJL 2007: Smoczyński W. Etymological Dictionary of Lithuanian Language, Vilnius. 1961. pp. 131. "Thesaurus of the Lithuanian language". 1980. A. A. Lyberis, Synonymic Dictionary, Vilnius, 1980. Skardžius P. 1943: Lithuanian language word making, Vilnius. 2002. Dictionary of English Terms. Moksl. red. A. Kudzys, Vilnius. TechnŽ 1949: Novodvorskis A. Trumpas Russian-Lithuanian technical dictionary, Kaunas. TT 1992: Terminology corrections. Prepared by K. Gaivenis, A. Kaulakienė, St. Keinys, J. Klimavičius, Vilnius. "Vid: Veidas (magazine)". VLE II 2002: Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia 2, Vilnius. Retrieved 2008-12-23. Jonas Klimavičius Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania E-mail: terminolo[email protected]