A. Sliesaravičius, J. Lazauskas, V. Stanys, St. Keinys, G. Klimovienė. Žemės ūkio augalų selekcijos ir sėklininkystės terminų žodynas

Terminology | 2010 | 17 155 JOlaNta GaIvENytė-BUtlER Institute of Lithuanian Language Over the past two decades, the publishing of Lithuanian dictionaries of terms increased. Among the more than 300 dictionaries of horticulture (mostly school dynų is a dictionary of genetics, several biology, botany, plantmarkedly ones) and plant nomenclatures published during this period, there was an agricultural encyclopedia, but there was no separate dictionary of plant breeding and seed production. In 2010, a dictionary of agricultural plant breeding and seed production terms was published by the authors, filling this gap in Lithuanian terminology. According to the preface to the dictionary, “breeding is an intensively developed field of science, which is closely linked to the application of new methods of genetics and biotechnology. Most of its terms are created in foreign countries and published in English, Russian, German and other languages. We do not have Lithuanian equivalents and interpretations for many of the new terms, <...>“ (p. 5). The dictionary contains about 3000 most commonly used Lithuanian plant breeding and seed production, botany and biotechnology, cytology, genetics terms, as well as names of cultivated food and feed plants genera, species and varieties derived in Lithuania, their Lithuanian interpretations and English and Russian equivalents. The compilers of the dictionary collected the terms from the educational A. Sliesaravičius, J. Lazauskas, V. Stanys, St. Keinys, G. Klimovienė. DIcTIONARy OF AGRIcuLTuRAL TERMS FOR PLANT BREADING AND SEED PRODUCTION = DIcTIONARy OF AGRIcuLTuRAL TERMS FOR PLANT BREADING AND SEED PRODUCTION = DIcTIONARy OF AGRIcuLTuRAL TERMS FOR PLANT BREADING AND SEED PRODUCTION = DIcTIONARy OF AGRIcuLTuRAL TERMS FOR PLANT BREADING AND SEED PRODUCTION = DIcTIONARy OF AGRIcuLTuRAL TERMS FOR PLANT ПО СЕЛЕКЦИИ И СЕМЕНОВОДСТВУ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ РАСТЕНИЙ Vilnius, 2010, 337 p. 156 J. Gaivenytė-Butler | and scientific publications, dictionaries and encyclopedias published in Lithuania and abroad. The list of used literature includes the laws of the Republic of Lithuania on plant seed production and plant variety protection, and in the preamble as sources of terms are also mentioned the laws of the Republic of Lithuania on national plant genetic resources and genetically modified organisms. The dictionary includes plant varieties created by Lithuanian breeders, included in the list of the most suitable plant varieties for cultivation in Lithuania or described in scientific publications. The publication was prepared by a working group formed at the Lithuanian University of Agriculture – Prof. habil. dr. Algirdas Sliesaravičius, habil. dr. Juozas Lazauskas, prof. habil dr. Vidmantas Stanys, doc. dr. Stasys Keinys, doc. dr. Giedrė Klimovienė (supervisor Prof. Algirdas Sliesaravičius). The dictionary is primarily intended for agricultural specialists, biologists, teachers and students of higher and vocational schools, but it can also be used by anyone interested in plants. The fact that such a dictionary of terms was necessary for researchers and specialists in this field is shown not only by the State Lithuanian Language Commission, but also by the support of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Lithuania, the Lithuanian University of Agriculture and several private companies – uAB agrolitpa, uAB Dotnuvos projektai, uAB analytical solutions, uAB Biotecha. The publication meets all the requirements for the structure of terminology dictionaries. It consists of the main translation explanatory part and separate indexes of Lithuanian, English and Russian terms. is a preface, a description of the structure (somewhat unusually called the dictionary order), a list of used sources. When turning the dictionary, it is easy to notice the organizers’ aim to ensure a diverse search and provide as much information as possible. Not only English and Russian, but also Lithuanian terms are presented with separate arrows. Next to each arrow is the alphabet of that language. Lithuanian terms are not only spelled in the main part of the dictionary, but also in the index of terms. The indexes of the individual languages are arranged in a slightly different order, which facilitates the search for terms. Lithuanian terms in the index are arranged alphabetically according to the first word, English and Russian – in alphabetical order according to the main word. The page numbers are listed next to the terms. BREADING AND SEED PRODUCTION = There were only a few terms whose necessity is questionable. It was hardly necessary to add the synonyms barn and barnhouse to the dictionary, especially when there is no mention of any more modern seed or grain storage facilities. Terminology | 2010 | 17 157 The term harvest has been inserted, although the term harvest (time of harvesting cereals and other crops) explained in the dictionary would be sufficient. Species term or more detailed explanation would be desirable to the terms induction (excitation of the process by external forces) and segment (part of the product (chromosome)). The definition of genetic engineering distinguishes three kinds of it – gene, chromosome and genomic engineering, but only the first two kinds are inserted and explained in separate heading terms, the genomic engineering dictionary does not. The definition of a taxon lists the systematic units species, genus, family, order and type. In the glossary, the title terms include and explain the terms species, genus and family, but there is no order and type. The five-word term plant genetic resources database does not seem necessary, since the definition does not provide any more specific features of such a database. Probably enough would be the genetic plant resources explained in the dictionary. The glossary provides the composite terms ex situ conservation of plant genetic resources, in situ conservation of plant genetic resources and inter situ conservation of plant genetic resources. The Latin term in situ (as well as in vitro and in vivo) is added and explained separately, but inter situ and ex situ are not. Although the dictionaries of terms usually provide nouns and word combinations with the main noun accent, the editors of this publication have included a number of, as they themselves write in the preface, “important adjectives and verbs of the language of these sciences” (p. 5). Such a choice seems reasonable when it comes to explaining similarly sounding adjectives, for example, vegetative and vegetative, but such cases are very few. It is hardly appropriate to include adjectives and verbs in the dictionary when they are accompanied by nouns with similar meanings. The dictionary explains what is acottated and describes the wheat variety ʻAkuotuotiejiʼ, and also adds the adjective akuotuotas. Next to the term agamia, the adjective agaminis is explained, next to fertility – the adjective vaisingas, immediately after jarovizavimas the verb jarovizuoti is inserted, after atsėlis the verb atsėti is explained. The choice of some verbs and verb nouns does not seem entirely consistent. In some cases, the authors chose verbs and did not add nouns to the dictionary, such as to remove, identify, transplant, bloom, acquire, in other cases they provided nouns and did not add verbs, such as replanting, grafting, adaptation, pruning. In the dictionary there is plug and graft, but graft and grafting. The editors of the reviewed dictionary chose an alphabetical nested method of teaching the terms of the main part and consistently adhered to it. Single-word terms are presented in alphabetical order, while compound terms, which focus on a single word, are 158 J. Gaivenytė-Butler | word term, placed in this term's nest. Compound terms, the main emphasis of which is not included in a separate heading term, are presented in the alphabetical order of the first word. When using this method of teaching, there are sometimes doubts about which term to choose as a heading. There are cases when trying to find a single-word heading term uniting several terms, general scientific terms or words that are hardly considered terms are unnecessarily added and interpreted in this type of special dictionaries. The authors of this dictionary have managed to avoid such a shortcoming, their chosen order of grouping the terms seems logical and well thought out. In the explanation of the structure of the dictionary, the editors write that “the dictionary is normative, a little bit of widely used non-provided terms are added” (p. 7). In fact, there are quite a lot of such terms and their corrections, and they will undoubtedly be useful to specialists and students in this field, but the question arises why the editors in the description of the structure of the dictionary explain the abbreviation etc. In the dictionary of contemporary Lithuanian language and in dictionaries of various fields of terms, this abbreviation usually denotes non-presentable terms, which can be presented in the dictionary by indicating that they are unsuitable for use, i.e. not presentable. Although the Dictionary of Agricultural Plant Breeding and Seedling Terms is called standardizing, the efforts to standardize the terminology are cautious. First of all, the abundance of synonyms catches the eye. It seems that the abundance of synonyms in this dictionary on the one hand shows the editors’ attempt to internationalize the international terminology of this field, and on the other hand – the desire to maintain international terms that are apparently established in the usage of specialists. The order in which synonyms are presented is questionable. As is usual in glossaries, the synonyms in this dictionary are linked by a reference to a more regular or common term. In this case, the synonym is repeated after the comma. The title term of the glossaries rengėjai paprastai pasirenka paprastesnį sinonimų pateikimo būdą – jeigu has a synonym, the terms in its nest are provided only with the more representative term. The method chosen by the editors of the glossary of terms for agricultural plant breeding and seed production to repeat less suitable terms next to the main term and its generic terms greatly expands the nests of terms and creates the impression that there are considerably more terms. The nest of the heading term becomes even larger when the synonyms are not only the main focus of the heading term, but also the generics. For example, the term heterosis in the nest explains four types of heterosis – monogenic, adaptive, reproductive and Terminology | 2010 | 17 159 Ductal and somatic. The term heterosis is synonymous with hybrid power, and the species focus adaptive is synonymous with adaptive. Next to the term adaptive heterosis, a row of synonyms is lined up – adaptive hybrid power, adaptive heterosis, adaptive hybrid power, and the term nest is supplemented by three more synonyms inserted separately with a reference see. In the dictionary in question, this slot occupies more than half of the page, it contains twelve synonymous terms, although only five concepts are explained. This is also the case with the term "shell". Since the term dominance has the synonym domination, and the specific point of the vertex has the synonym apical, the term dominance of the vertex is also given synonyms top domination, apical domination and apical domination. It seems that this chosen order is not very convenient for the organizers themselves, because it is sometimes not observed. For example, next to the term germ is placed the synonym embryo, next to the codon – triplet, next to the test – experiment, but the specific terms are presented only with the main elements germ, codon, test. The presentation of terms with abbreviations also varies (abbreviations are not discussed in the explanation of the structure of the dictionary). Abbreviations in this glossary are placed next to the main term as synonyms and separately in alphabetical order with a reference see, for example DNr see deoxyribonucleic acid, rNr see ribonucleic acid. Compound terms with the emphasis on the abbreviations DNr or rNr are not linked to the terms deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid by references, for example, the dictionary contains only transport rNr, rNr polymerase, DNr fingerprints, DNr polymorphism, duplex DNr. There are synonym strings consisting of three (allele, allelomorph, allelic gene; gene modifier, prevalence modifier, dominance modifier; in vitro fertilization, in vitro fertilization, artificial insemination; windmill, anemophilia, anemogamia; genome library, gene library, DNr library; phenological stage, phenological phase, phenophase) or even four terms (gene inhibitor, epistatic gene, suppressing gene, suppressor gene; nucleus juice, caryolymph, caryoplasm, nucleoplasm). Some of these terms have as many equivalents in other languages, but there are some that have only one equivalent each, such as gene modifier and gene inhibitor. Some synonyms are very different, for example, mobile genome elements, mobile genes, transposons; allele series, multiple allele; cell cycle, mitotic cycle; epistasis, epistatic gene interaction, inhibition. Sometimes both synonyms seem not to be very successful, for example, tester and breed analyzer. 160 J. Gaivenytė-Butler | Pasitaiko nemažai sinonimiškai pateiktų ir, matyt, specialistų taip varinternational terms, such as amphigony and amphigenesis, allotretraploid and amphipodid, acrocentric chromosomes and telocentric chromosomes, jarovization and vernalization, diheterozygote and dihybrid, diplonema and diplotene, codon and triplet. In addition to international terms, their Lithuanian equivalents are proposed, for example, deletion, iškrita; photoperiod, švieslaikis; phototropizmas, šviesolinka; heterophilia, multifoliarity; heterocarpia, multivariety; hypostatic gene, suppressing gene; embryogenesis, germ development; crossover, crossing. Sometimes a preference is given to a Lithuanian term, for example, antskiltis, epicotylus; apgrąža, inversion; baltymas, proteinas; bendrija, cyanozė; išvaisa, autbrydingas; išvaizda, habitas; įvaisa, inbrydingas; karta, generacija; kryžminis pollinavimas, allomyxa; budding, blastogenesis; autopropagacija, autogamija; veisimosi allele, recessive allele; poskiltis, hypokotilis; šiltblazdė, inspektorė; šviesos mėgėjas augalas, heliofitas; vaisingumas, fertilumas; vėjadulka, anemofilija; dominavimas, dominavimas; viršūnė, apex. The synonymy of some terms seems doubtful. The terms lethal gene and mortality gene are given as synonyms, but the terms genetic mortality and genetic mortality are separated, meaning different things, and there is no synonymous term with the focus of mortality at the effective lethal interval. Only the selective medium is provided, although the selective system is accompanied by a screening system. The abundant and diverse synonymy of this dictionary suggests that Lithuanian terms in this field are more often provided in the dictionary than used in the language of specialists. The value of this publication is enhanced by the fact that it is not only a translation, but also an explanatory dictionary. In explaining the structure of the publication, the authors write that the dictionary “presents a generally concise Lithuanian interpretation of the term” (p. 8). There were some very laconic definitions that could probably have been more extensive, for example, plant material – “plants or parts thereof”, biology – “life sciences”, botany – “plant science (branch of biology)”, non-repeating genes – “genes that do not repeat”. The definition of hybrid viability (‘hybrid survival’) may need to be broadened, as hybrid non-viability is defined more precisely (‘hybrid failure to survive until the breeding period’). There is some departure from the preamble’s requirement of conciseness in the description of plants, for example, detailed explanations of how spices and medicinal herbs are propagated and used. Terminology | 2010 | 17 161 The definitions in this glossary are clear and linguistically correct, well-defined and distinguishing. One other definition could be clarified. A plant genetic resources database is probably not a plant genetic resources database, but a way and means of collecting, systematizing, storing and using information about such resources. Earlyness would be better defined as a characteristic rather than an action (‘early ripening of plants’) and recurrence as an action rather than an ability of plants (‘the ability of cut or cut-off plants to regrow’). The authors avoid the word vystytis, replacing it with the word rululiotis, although it sometimes seems strange: jarovizacija – “garanting the plant’s rolling”, vešėjimas – “intermittent, intensive plant growth, rolling”, depresija – “stopping the plant’s growth and rolling”. The definition of an asymmetric bivalent is "a bivalent made up of two homologous chromosomes with different centromere locations". Strangely enough, the cherry variety ‘Jurga’ is described as producing fruits of a ‘cartilage-like consistency’, while the pear variety ‘Aluona’ is described as a variety whose ‘fruits are convenient to transport’. The definition of a modern breed ("breed created in the formal system of the breeder") does not show the modernity of such a breed. the definition of plant classification refers to taxonomic units. Perhaps it would be better to use the term taxonomic units (the definition of a taxon includes taxonomic categories, see also the Glossary of Ecological Terms (2008))? The garden strawberry is defined as a "plant grown by man". If grown, it is already clear that human. Other plants are defined in this dictionary not as man-grown, but as garden or garden plants. It would be better to define buckwheat not as a crop used for food, but as a crop whose grain is used for food. When describing plant varieties, the singular is used in some places, the plural in others: “Augūnė” and “Birutė” are alfalfa varieties, but “Žydrūnė” is alfalfa varieties; ‘Almiai’, ‘Audriai’, ‘Kamaniai’ and ‘Vakariai’ are blackcurrant varieties, while ‘Dringiai’ is a blackcurrant variety; “Arimaičiai” and “Vyliai” are varieties of red clover, “Kaita” is a variety of real erichin, “Veja” is a variety of perennial chard, “Žiedė” is a variety of white mulberry, but “Giedriai” is a variety of summer willows, “Velenis” is a variety of forage moth; ʻVėžaičiaiʼ is a breed of forage peas, ʻŽaliukaiʼ is a breed of seed peas, but ʻŽaraʼ is a breed of radishes, ʻAuksėʼ is a breed of cherries, ʻKamuoliai 2ʼ is a breed of beets. There are many confusing terms in the definitions. In most cases, the word or synonym that explains the term in the definition is given in parentheses. 162 J. Gaivenytė-Butler | The first case is justified because such information can be useful. For example, recessiveness is “the interaction of allelic genes, when the activity of one (recessive) gene is suppressed by another (dominant) gene”; Multiple alleles: “several alleles of a gene, […] originating from the same chromosomal location (locus)”. In the latter case, the information provided is considered redundant. The use of synonyms in definitions unnecessarily expands them, sometimes causing confusion. Since the confused terms used in the definitions are usually presented as headings, at least a reasonable reader, if necessary, would easily find them in the dictionary. For example, homeological chromosomes are defined as chromosomes that are "characterized by partial conjugation". The synonym conjugation can be found next to the heading term conjugation. The term ‘collection nursery’ is defined as ‘a nursery where a set (collection) of primary selection material is grown’. In this dictionary, the term collection is given above, the collection is inserted as a synonym, although such a choice seems questionable. collection of plants – a common term, which is also indicated by the specific term collection nursery. Sometimes such parentheses create the impression of synonymy (especially for non-specialists) where it is not, for example, allele – "porosity of alternate (alternative) characteristics of an organism". Given the order of synonyms chosen by the authors, it could be assumed that the terms substitute sign and alternative sign are presented as synonyms, but in the dictionary there is no substitute sign of the term. Sometimes the definitions contradict the authors' attempt to give preference to a particular term, and there are inconsistencies. There are definitions in the dictionary that use not the term given by the first one, but its synonym. For example, the above Lithuanian terms žymena and tarpsnis, their international equivalents etiketė and fazė are given as synonyms, but in the definition of plant passport the term etiketė is used, in the definition of chromatography – phase. Acrosyndesis is defined as "incomplete conjugation of two chromosomes during meiosis", although the dictionary gives the term conjugation first and inserts conjunction after conjugation as a synonym. There are cases where synonyms are used in the definitions for confusion. Gametocyte is defined as "a cell that differentiates into sex cells (gametes)", although the dictionary prefers the term gamete. The sex cell and its synonym in parentheses, the gamete, are given in the successive definitions of gametangium, gametocyte, gametogamia, gametogenesis, but in the definition of gametoclone we find only the gamete, and in the definition of gametoplast only the sex cells. Terminology | 2010 | 17 163 Synonyms, their presentation and use in definitions are the main issues that could be discussed with the publishers. In general, the terms in the dictionary appear well arranged, carefully spelled. There are few doubtful terms. Variety plasticity (the ability of a variety to adapt equally under different growing conditions) seems to be overlooked in comparison with other language equivalents, e.g. flexibility of variety and пластичность сорта. Instead of a complementary gene, a complementary gene would probably be better. There are three types of adjectives: adjectives of the same gender, adjectives of the same gender and adjectives of the same gender. As a result of the heterogeneous composition of the species, the species is highly vulnerable to predation. The dictionary has been carefully prepared for printing and has good printing quality. Only the capitalization of the title term is questionable. If the editors had chosen the usual order, where the title term is written in lowercase, it would have been easier to notice the names of plant varieties in the text of the dictionary. The expressed doubts and the observed minor defects do not diminish the value of the publication. It meets the requirements for terminology dictionaries. The dictionary has been approved by the State Commission of Lithuanian Language and this publication is worthy of such quality confirmation. Retrieved 2010-12-27. Jolanta Gaivenytė-Butler Institute of Lithuanian Language P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania Email: [email protected]