Dokumentinės komunikacijos lietuviškieji terminologiniai ištekliai

70 Nijolė Bliūdžiuvienė | Lithuanian terminological resources for | terminologiniaiištekliai Dokumentinės komunikacijos documentary communication NIOLA BLUDZIUvIENė University of Vilnius KEY WORDS: terminology of documentary communication, terminology management, terminology dictionaries, terminology standards, term data banks The management and standardization of terms is determined not only by the circumstances of the of view of the abundance of terms, the level of development of a certain field, but also development of the social and cultural society that need to be identified. From the point from the historical, scientific communication aspect, the organized terminology provides an opportunity to understand the specific subjects of the field, to use correct, convenient, accurate terms and shows the maturity of a certain field, since the terms name a scientifically based system of concepts. There are usually several main methods of terminology management – the preparation and publication of terminology dictionaries; standardisation of terms; creation of term banks and databases, textual management of terms (Gaivenis, 2002: 63). Documentary communication is considered to be all processes and methods of fixed information dissemination in society, which enable the exchange of documents and the functioning of knowledge. Its system consists of various scientific disciplines and fields of activity, in which document, information and communication occupy a pivotal place, i.e. librarianship, bibliography, book studies, document studies, journalism, publishing, printing, information search, information services and other fields of document creation, processing, dissemination, which ensure the communication of document information between the sender and the user. In the document communication system, a two-way approach to the document is important. From the point of view of communication, a document is a means of conveying information, and the user accepts it as a source of information. The aim of the article is to examine the management of deadlines in document communication, which includes all areas related to the creation, publication, processing, storage and dissemination of documents, to determine the ways in which its deadlines are managed and to discuss the results of the terminography. The objectives of the article are: 1) 71Terminology | 2012 | 19 terms management methods; 2) to identify and group the standardizers and linguists of Lithuanian terminological resources for documentary communication; 3) analyze the main Lithuanian terminological resources of documentary communication, focusing on the terminology of the 1980s and 1990s and its continuity in the 21st century. MANAGEMENT OF TERMS Ankstyvųjų tekstinės dokumentinės komunikacijos terminų tvarkybos to examine four examples of documentary communication found in the booklet About books and bookshops by Vaclovas Biržiška published in 1918. The author was an experienced library and bibliography expert, but when writing the book he encountered a lack of appropriate terms in Lithuanian. The long period of the ban on Lithuanian press and the poor progress in librarianship and book publishing led to the poverty of the professional Lithuanian language. The author had to create many terms that were not used in Lithuanian until then. He named the concepts of librarianship and provided their definitions, he used the word in the sense of libraries, which helped to reveal the relationships between the concepts and show the systematicity of the terms. In total, V. Biržiška used over 40 Lithuanian librarianship terms. Public figure, bibliographer, lawyer, publicist, cultural historian V. Biržiškas can be rightly sričių – tekstinės terminų tvarkybos – pradininku. Autorius pirmasis įvarconsidered one of the founders of documentary communication in Lithuania. Twenty years later, Vincas Ruzgas presented the terms of library activity in a Lithuanian textbook for libraries, which included collection, collection protection and other areas (Ruzgas 1937). More important examples of textual terminology from the end of the 20th century to the 21st century can be found in educational publications containing glossaries of terms. Vanda Stoniene's contribution to the terminology of book studies is important. In the teaching aid she not only lays out the basics of book studies, but also defines the concepts of book history, book structure and other concepts, rejects irregular and uses suitable terms (Stonienė 1990). The highly acclaimed textbook of Book Studies (two editions published in 2006 and 2007) also contains an alphabetical explanatory glossary of terms prepared by Vilnius University Professor V. Stonienė (Stonienė 2006). A glossary of bibliographic terms prepared by Vilnius University professor Osvaldas Janonis as an appendix to the textbook on Bibliography Theory (Janonis 2009: 165–201). The author writes in the preface that the dictionary compiled in a clustered way is intended only for educational purposes, therefore it will help 72 Nijolė Bliūdžiuvienė | Documentary communication Lithuanian dotis textbook | terminologiniaiištekliai and better understand the material presented. It presents terms selected from Lithuanian and foreign normative terminological resources, but does not aim to perform terminology management work. The above mentioned more important results of terminology management in textual documentary communication could be supplemented by translated and original articles published in continuing scientific publications Knygotyra, Bibliotekininkystė, Bibliografija, which deal with terminology issues, or by parts of individual articles aimed at explaining one or another concept of the subject area. One of the volumes of the Library Science Works was devoted exclusively to “discussion of the terminology and terminology status, terminology development, research and standardization problems of library science, bibliography and some other related fields of science (e.g., book studies, computer science, publishing, etc.)” (Bibliotekininkystė 97 1998: 7). It published 21 articles, in which authors from Estonia, Latvia, Russia, Belarus, Italy and Slovenia shared their experiences in terms management and standardization, while Lithuanian authors examined theoretical issues of terminology, the history of terminology in librarianship, bibliography, book studies, document studies, bibliographic description, collections and cataloguing and information retrieval, the emergence, spread and concept of individual terms. In preparation for a large-scale terminology program – the publication of an explanatory multilingual dictionary of terms in librarianship and bibliography – a historiographical survey of the development and organization of Lithuanian terms was prepared (Ralytė, Rimša, 1989). The authors associate the beginning of terminology in this field with the appearance of the first Lithuanian books. The thesis on the development of terminology and organization of terminology management is written on an analytical principle, trying to “show as objectively as possible the development of terminology management – its state, trends, management work and problems and results” (Ralytė, Rimša 1989: 19). So far, this is the only research work of this kind on the terminology of documentary communication. The editor of the Lithuanian Encyclopedia, V. Biržiška, did considerable terminological work in interwar Lithuania. As the chief editor of the encyclopedia, he continued his work in exile, preparing a 37-volume Lithuanian encyclopedia. These encyclopedias include articles on librarianship and bibliography, providing the basic concepts of contemporary and historical documentary communication and their encyclopedic description (Bliūdžiuvienė 1998: 147–150). 73Terminologija | 2012 | 19 The first dictionary of terms appeared in the 1950s. Izidorius Kisinas had planned to prepare the dictionary in separate notebooks, and later to combine them and publish a Lithuanian explanatory translation dictionary of terms. In 1956, the Lithuanian SSR Book House published the first volume of the Dictionary of Library and Bibliographic Terminology (Chisinau 1956). It was a bilingual (Lithuanian-Russian) explanatory dictionary, the terms of tuometinė Lietuvos TSR Mokslų akademijos Lietuvių kalbos ir literatūros which were approved for use by the Institute’s Terminology Commission. The compiler of the dictionary – librarian, bibliographer, translator – provided most of the terms for naming the concepts of print types, print description, catalogues, collections and their definitions. At the end of the book there is a Russian-Lithuanian glossary of terms for those who used one or another term in Russian, but did not know its equivalent in Lithuanian. The aim of “creating a common terminology of librarianship and bibliography” (Kisinas 1956: 3) and publishing it in notebooks remained unfulfilled. The first booklet of the Explanatory Translation Dictionary, consisting of 261 pronounced terms, was the only publication of terminology in the field for more than three decades. In the 1960s and 1970s, the dictionaries of documentary communication terms were prepared by the Lithuanian linguist Adelė Trečiokaitė. They were published by the Lithuanian Information Institute (previously known as the Republic Institute of Scientific and Technical Information and Propaganda, later – the Lithuanian Research Institute of Scientific and Technical Information and Technical Economic Analysis, after the restoration of independence – the Lithuanian Information Institute, which ceased to operate and was deregistered in 1998). During the quarter of a century, the Institute published three explanatory dictionaries of terms with foreign language equivalents compiled by A. Trečiokaitė. In 1969, a dictionary of computer science terms was published, containing 755 terms of the emerging branch of computer science and related fields of document communication. The introduction states that the dictionary "presents only terms typical of computer science, terms from other fields of science are used in computer science without changes and have acquired a wider or new meaning" (Trečiokaitė 1969: 3). All terms are cross-referenced, the main characteristics of the concept or phenomenon are described in short definitions. At the end of the dictionary is a Russian-Lithuanian dictionary. In 1983, with the expansion of information sciences and the emergence of new and changed terms in usage, A. Trečiokaitė compiled a dictionary of scientific and technical information terms (trečiokaitė 1983). The content of this dictionary was also influenced by the standards of information terms prepared by the USSR State Committee of Standards (GOST). Į 74 Nijolė Bliūdžiuvienė | The Lithuanian dictionary of documentary | terminologiniaiištekliai communication includes 1320 terms arranged in alphabetical order. Here we find terms of librarianship, bibliography, publishing, polygraphy, information science, document studies, information activities. Terms are presented with definitions and equivalents in Russian and English, all terms are pronounced. The dictionary of terms was reviewed by the then operating Terminology Group of the Institute of Lithuanian Language and Literature of the Lithuanian SSR Academy of Sciences, and among the members of the editorial board were prominent representatives of the fields of documentary communication Professors V. Stonienė and Levas Vladimirov. A decade later, A. Trečiokaitė compiled a dictionary of information terms (Trečiokaitė 1993), supplemented with computer terms, which contains Lithuanian documents communication terms. The normative explanatory trilingual dictionary contains 1365 pronounced Lithuanian terms in alphabetical order, definitions and equivalents in Russian and English. The dictionary was reviewed by the Department of Terminology of the Lithuanian Language Institute of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences. The 1990s can be considered the most intensive period of term management. The terminology group of the Research Department of the Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania was engaged in terminography for a decade. In 1990–1999, four volumes of the Dictionary of Librarianship and Bibliography Terms were published in cooperation with specialists and with the assistance of Stasys Keinas, a linguist and terminologus from the Department of Terminology of the Lithuanian Language Institute of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences. The Department of Terminology of the Lithuanian Language Institute has approved all thematic notebooks of the glossary. In separate publications are presented 2239 Lithuanian terms related to various fields of documentary communication. Specialists and scholars from the Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania, the Lithuanian Language Institute, Vilnius University, the Lithuanian Standardization Bureau (now the Lithuanian Standardization Department) participated in the preparation of the dictionary. People interested in terminology management could express their opinion in the journal Bibliotekų darbas (now Tarp knygų), which published lists of terms discussed by the editorial board. The thematic glossary notebooks, which include terms denoting the main functions and services of the library and closely related activities, are arranged in alphabetical order, numbered and spelled. At the end there is a systematic index of terms and alphabetical indexes of Russian, English and German equivalents. 75Terminologija | 2012 | 19 1990 m. pasirodė pirmasis 518 terminų žodyno sąsiuvinis, skirtas vienai iš informacijos paieškos priemonių – katalogams, kartotekoms ir kathe talog process. A year later, the second booklet appeared, which included 561 terms covering pre-release and publishing and printing processes, equipment, tools and methods, as well as types of publications. The third termbook contains 340 terms of bibliographic activity and types of bibliographic publications, bibliographic work, bibliographic search and bibliographic service and bibliography, bibliographic information, bibliographic science and bibliographic culture. The uniqueness of this notebook is St. Keinis’s word to the user of bibliographical terms (Keinys 1994: 9–14). The fourth volume of the Dictionary of Librarianship and Bibliography Terms includes 820 terms denoting the types of collections, the actions of building and using library collections. After Lithuania regained its independence, a group of scholars contributed to the work on documentary communication terminology. In the encyclopedic dictionary Knygotyra (KEŽ 1997), prepared by researchers of the Faculty of Communication of Vilnius University (professors O. Janonis, Domas Kaunas, Genovaitė Raguotienė, V. Stonienė), we find articles that identify and define the concepts of the subject area under consideration. An encyclopedic interpretation of the meanings of the concepts of authorship, publication, types of documents and other concepts of documentary communication is presented in the Journalism Encyclopedia (ŽE 1997), the chairman of the editorial board of which was the prose writer, essayist and journalist Laimonas Tapinas, and the editor-in-chief was Prof. Juozapas Vytas Urbonas, PhD in Humanities. The pioneering idea of document communication terminology was the attempt in the 1990s to develop an international term dictionaries program sponsored by the EU Scientific Council. This idea was initiated by the Latvian National Library and supported by the Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania, German and British standards makers of documentary communication terminology. However, the initial idea of preparing a multilingual (English, Latvian, Lithuanian, Russian and German) dictionary of terms remained unfulfilled. Another more successful project was launched in Lithuania in 1999. The National and University Library of Slovenia, the author and organizer of the Multilingual Librarianship and Information Terms Dictionary programme, initiated a project in Ljubljana in 1998, which lasted two years. The organizers of the international translation dictionary had prepared a list of 4,414 terms, for which the equivalents in 16 languages, including Lithuanian, had to be provided. Within one year Martynas Mažvydas National University of Lithuania 76 Nijolė Bliūdžiuvienė | Documentary communication Lithuanian library has | terminologiniaiištekliai provided the international database with a quarter of the corresponding terms of the project in Lithuanian (see http://www2.arnes.si/~ljnuk4/ multi/general.html). In summary, it can be said that the main terminographic work was carried out in the Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania, where in 1987 an interdepartmental editorial board was established, and the Terminology Sector was established in the Scientific Research Department. The idea of publishing six thematic notebooks of the translation explanatory dictionary remained unrealized, the terms of library and reader service were not standardized. However, the four volumes of the Library and Bibliography Terms Dictionary made it possible to take other methods of terminology management – term standardization and the creation of term data banks. DOKUMENTINĖS KOMUNIKACIJOS STANDARDIZATION OF TERMS In 1993, the Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania, continuing its cooperation with the Lithuanian Language Institute, together with the Lithuanian Standardization Office (now the Lithuanian Standardization Department) began preparing terminology standards. In 1994, the first two Lithuanian terminology standards were prepared on the basis of the library and bibliographical terminology dictionary. In 1995, Lithuanian standards for cataloging terms were published, in 1996 for authorship and publication, in 1997 for two terms related to library collections, and in 1998 for collections completion terms (see table 1). Thus, in four years, seven original Lithuanian terminology standards were prepared and published. In order to implement one of the main principles of Lithuanian national standardization – giving priority to international and European standardization, the Lithuanian Department of Standardization has established the procedure for preparing standards. It envisages adopting European and international standards as Lithuanian standards. To this end, at the end of 1998. The Lithuanian Department of Standardization established a Technical Committee for Information and Documentation 47 BiblioThe original terminology standards, which contained tekininkystė (nuo 2002 m. pervardintas į Informacijairdokumentavimas). over 600 terms, were discontinued in 2008, when the Lithuanian standard was adopted identical to the international standard LST ISO 5127:2008 Information and documentation.The glossary, which contains 1090 heading terms and their equivalents in English and French. This is the only standard for terms in the field. 77Terminologija | 2012 | 19 Table 1. Original Lithuanian terminology standards Tag Title Number of terms LST 1350:1994 Bibliographic definitions record. Key terms 66 and LST 1357:1994 Publications. Basic terms and definitions 102 LST 1427:1995 Cataloging. Catalogues and archives. 100 Basic terms Key Terms 100 and Definitions and definitions LST 1425:1996 Authorship. Publishing. Texts. LST 1475:1997 Organization of Terms and Definitions the library fund. Basic 100 LST 1474:1997 Library funds. definitions Key terms and 101 LST 1515:1998 Compilation of the definitions library fund. Terms and 100 Total 663 By the end of 2012, 54 Lithuanian standards in the field of information and documentation, which are valid for international standards, had been prepared. Almost every one of them has a section on terms and definitions. Standardization of terms is one of the methods of terminology management, but only one third of European or international standards are adopted by translation, while others are reproduced, i.e. translated into Lithuanian. Fifteen non-term standards use 420 Lithuanian terms, and one term standard contains 100 Lithuanian terms. 1090 terms (see Table 2). Until 2008, the terms of the standards translated into Lithuanian were considered by the Technical Committee 37 Terminology (expert committee) of the Lithuanian Department of Standardization, then by the Terminology Commission of the Lithuanian Department of Standardization, and the terminology standards were approved by the State Lithuanian Language Commission. The standard is a voluntary, consensus-based document, but it can be useful as a normative, Lithuanian language-compliant source of terms, which provides equivalents in foreign languages. Thus, it can be said that, by adopting international standards into Lithuanian standards, terminology management work is carried out, the result of which is the standardization of Lithuanian terms and the possibility of using their correct equivalents in foreign languages. 78 Nijolė Bliūdžiuvienė | Documentary communication Lithuanians | terminologiniaiištekliai Table 2. Lithuanian standards identical to international information and documentation standards Lithuanian standard Number Name Term code LST ISO 18:2000 Documents. Contents of the periodical 0 LST ISO 2108:1994 Information and documents. International Standard Book Number (ISBN) 0 LST ISO 2384:2003 Documents. Submission of translations 0 LST ISO 8:2000 Documents. 0 LST ISO 22310:2007 Information and documentation. Recommendations for drafters of 0 requirements in LST ISO 22310:2007 Information and documentation. Recommendations for drafters of 0 standards on the formulation of document management standards on the formulation of document management documents. International Standard Serial Number 3 (ISSN) LST ISO 7275:2002 Documents. 3 LST ISO 23081-1:2008 requirements in LST ISO 3297:2000 Information and Information and documentation. Document 3 management processes. Document metadata. Part 1. Principles LST ISO 6357:2000 Documents. backs 7 headings Book and other publication LST ISO 3297:2007 Information and documents. LST ISO 2108:2007 Information and documents. International Standard Serial Number 9 (ISSN) International Standard Book Number (ISBN) 11 ISO 999:2006 Information and documentation. Presentation Guidelines LST ISO 15489-1:2006 Indexes 14 Content, Compilation and Information and Documents. Document management 21. Part 1. General subjects LST ISO 23081-1:2006 Information and processes. Document metadata. Part 1. Principles documentation. Document 21 management LST ISO 21127:2009 Informacija ir dokumentavimas. Kultūros ontology of heritage information exchange 23