Multi-word patterns in the corpus of Information and Communication Technology. Terminological bundles in the genre – ‘Textbooks in ICT’

39Te minologija | 2012 | 19 Mul i-wo d pa e ns in he co pus o In o ma ion and Communica ion Technology. Te minological bundles in he gen e – ‘Tex books in ICT’ MAREK WEBER Bialys okUni e si yo Technology KEYWORDS: co pus linguis ics, In o ma ion and Communica ion Technology, lexical bundles, unc ional classi ica ion o lexical bundles, e minological bundles, lexical sc u iny DATA FOR THE STUDY, THE CORPUS OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY Da a o he s udy consis s o an elec onic co pus o he b oad domain o In o ma ion and Communica ion Technology (ICT) an umb ella e m ha includes all echnologies de eloped o he pu poses o p ocessing and he ans e o da a. The ex s we e selec ed o ep esen a c oss- sec ion o he ield o ICT. The ex s we e di ided in o se en ca ego ies which can be ega ded as gen es wi hin he domain o ICT: Gen e 1: P o essional a icles in ICT; Gen e 2: Academic a icles in ICT; Gen e 3: Technical documen a ion o so wa e applica ions in ICT; Gen e 4: Technical documen a ion o ICT ha dwa e; Gen e 5: Tex books in ICT; Gen e 6: Technical documen a ion o p og amming languages and p o- g amming en i onmen s; Gen e 7: Technical documen a ion o ne wo k echnologies. The co pus con ains a collec ion o 973 ex s o aling almos 24 million wo ds. The choice o da a o a co pus is one o he mos impo an con- ce ns o he esea che as he co pus should be ep esen a i e o he ana- lyzed domain o use. As Douglas Bibe sugges s he quan i y o ex s is c ucial o esea ch in which he schola concen a es on he ex as he p ima y uni o sc u iny. A su icien numbe o ex s should be included in each gen e o accoun o a ia ion be ween ca ego ies and au ho s (Bibe , 2006). 40 Ma ek Webe Mul i-wo dpa e nsin heco puso In o ma ion  andCommunica ionTechnology.Te minological  bundlesin hegen e–‘Tex booksinICT’ able 1. Composi ion o he In o ma ion and Communica ion echnology co pus gen e Numbe o ex s Numbe o okens ( unning wo ds) P o essional a icles 391 225551 Academic a icles 95 1272001 Technical documen a ion o so wa e applica ions in ic 92 2472839 Technical documen a ion o ICT ha dwa e 100 2471772 Tex books 99 15315237 Technical documen a ion o p og amming languages and p og amming en i onmen s 90 1282175 Technical documen a ion o ne wo k echnologies 106 725418 TOTAL 973 23764993 LEXICAL BUNDLE: THE TERM Recu en sequences o wo ds which appea oge he mo e equen ly han expec ed by chance a e an impo an pa o linguis ic ou pu . The e m lexicalbundle was i s used by Douglas Bibe , S ig Johansson, Geo - ey Leech, Susan Con ad and Edwa d Finegan in he now classic Longman g amma o spokenandw i enEnglish o e e o mul i-wo d combina ions iden i ied on he basis o he sole c i e ion o equency (Bibe e al. 1999) while Mike Sco calls hem wo dclus e s in he manual o he so wa e applica ion Wo dSmi hTools e sion 4 (1996) and Wo dSmi hTools e sion 5 (2010). The only conside a ion in iden i ying lexical bundles is hei equency. “Clus e s a e wo ds which a e ound epea edly oge he in each o he s’ company, in sequence” (Sco 2010: 337). Sco poin s ou ha wo d clus e s may in ol e seman ic p osody i.e. he endency o ce ain lexemes o co-occu wi h ce ain o he lexemes (e.g. he endency o cause o come wi h nega i e e ec s such as acciden , ouble, e c.) (Sco 2010: 337). Bibe , Johansson, Leech, Con ad and Finegan de ine lexicalbundles as ecu en exp essions ega dless o hei s uc u al p ope ies, i.e. hey a e sequences o wo d o ms ha equen ly co-occu in discou se and poin ou ha sho e bundles a e o en inco po a ed in o mo e han one lon- ge lexical bundle (Bibe e al. 1999). They also obse e ha in mos cases lexical bundles do no o m s uc u al uni s and mos o hem a e 41Te minologija | 2012 | 19 no exp essions ha language use s would ecognize as idioms o o he ixed lexical exp essions. Bibe , Johansson, Leech, Con ad and Finegan es ablish he ollowing cu o h esholds o mul i-wo d sequences o quali y as lexical bundles: hey mus occu in a leas 10 imes pe million wo ds and a leas in i e ex s (Bibe e al. 1999). Bibe no es ha a su p ising esul o a equency d i en app oach is ha lexical bundles ha e wo unexpec ed cha ac e is ics (Bibe 2006: 134). Fi s - ly, mos o hem a e no idioma ic in meaning bu he meanings a e usu- ally anspa en om indi idual wo d- o ms. Ken Hyland also poin s o he ac ha mos bundles a e seman ically anspa en and “ o mally egula , p o iding he building blocks o cohe en discou se” (Hyland 2008: 6). Secondly, mos bundles a e no comple e g amma ical s uc u es. Bibe , Johansson, Leech, Con ad and Finegan obse ed ha app oxima ely 15 % o he lexical bundles in con e sa ion o med comple e s uc u al uni s while only app oxima ely 5 % o he lexical bundles in academic p ose could be conside ed as comple e ph ases o clauses (Bibe e al. 1999: 1000). A aluable inding in o he syn ac ic na u e o lexical bundles by Bibe is ha hey a e lexical uni s ha equen ly cu ac oss g amma ical s uc u es, o example hey can b idge wo ph ases o clauses in such a way ha he las wo ds o a bundle a e he beginning pa s o a second syn ac ic s uc- u e (Bibe 2006: 135). Hyland also emphasizes ha lexical bundles being iden i ied solely on he basis o hei equency usually span s uc u al uni s (Hyland 2008: 6). A ange o co pus s udies ha e been de o ed o he analysis o ecu en s ings o unin e up ed wo d- o ms and hey demons a e how impo an hey a e in a ious ypes o discou se as well as hey show conside able a ia ion o lexical bundles in di e en gen es and egis e s (e.g. Bibe 2006; Bibe , Con ad, Co es 2004; Hyland 2008; Sco , T ibble 2006; Gozdz-Roszkowski 2011). METHODOLOGY USED IN THE STUDY The decision was made o concen a e on he analysis o 4-wo d bundles because on he one hand he equencies o 4-wo d bundles a e subs an- ially highe han 5-wo d sequences and on he o he hand hey equen - ly con ain 3-wo d s ings and enable o iden i y mo e appa en pa e s and s uc u es han 3-wo d exp essions. Lis s o 4-wo d bundles in each o he 42 Ma ek Webe Mul i-wo dpa e nsin heco puso In o ma ion  andCommunica ionTechnology.Te minological  bundlesin hegen e–‘Tex booksinICT’ se en ICT gen es we e gene a ed using he Wo dSmi hTools . 5.0 – he so wa e package o sea ching pa e ns in co po a. The ollowing wo cu -o poin s we e se in his s udy: a minimum equency o occu ence o 20 imes pe million wo ds and ano he c i- e ion ha a bundle should occu in a leas i e ex s. The p ocess o applying he cu -o c i e ia equi ed app op ia e calcula ions in each o he se en iles con aining he lis o bundles in a gi en gen e. The cal- cula ions a e desc ibed in he ollowing s eps: 1. C ea ing an addi ional column named “F equency pe million” in he sp eadshee ob ained om he Wo dSmi hTools so wa e. 2. Inse ing he unning wo ds alue in o a ee Excel sp eadshee cell wi hin a gi en ca ego y. 3. Filling in he i s cell o he “F equency pe million” column wi h he ollowing o mula: 4. Copying he o mula o o he cells by clicking on he igh bo om co ne o he illed-in cell and d agging in downwa ds o o he cells. 5. Highligh ing he “Numbe o ex s” column. 6. Choosing he “Da a” menu and selec ing he ield “So &Fil e ” in he so ing ool. 7. Choosing he descending so ing o de . 8. Dele ing all ows o he able, o which he alues o he “Numbe o ex s” ield is lowe han 5. 9. Highligh ing he “F equency pe million” column. 10. Choosing he “Da a” menu and selec ing he ield “So & Fil e ” in he so ing ool. 11. Choosing he descending so ing o de . 12. Dele ing all ows o he able, o which he alues in he “F e- quency pe million” ield a e lowe han 20. 1886 di e en bundles we e ound in he co pus a e applying he abo e cu -o c i e ia. The o al numbe o bundles iden i ied in he en i e da a amoun ed o 197 553. 43Te minologija | 2012 | 19 able 2. Dis ibu ion o lexical bundles in IC gen es gen e The o al numbe o bundles a e applying cu -o c i e ia Numbe o di e - en bundles a e applying cu -o c i e ia % o unning wo ds in bundles P o essional a icles 1057 131 1,8 Academic a icles 5548 120 1,7 So wa e applica ions 44669 403 7,2 Ha dwa e 55296 672 8,9 Tex books 72483 119 1,9 P og amming lan- guages and p og am- ming en i onmen s 10984 180 3,4 Ne wo k echnologies 7516 261 4,1 To al 197553 1886 The pe cen age o unning wo ds in bundles was ob ained by mul iply- ing he numbe o o al cases o a gi en gen e by 4 (4-wo d bundles a e analyzed) and di iding by he numbe o unning wo ds in a gi en gen e and hen mul iplying by 100 % acco ding o he o mula: In ou iew wo pa ame e s: he ange o di e en bundles and he pe - cen age o unning wo ds in bundles can be ega ded as indica o s o he deg ee o which a gi en gen e is o mulaic and epe i i e in compa ison o o he gen es. In o he wo ds he deg ee o o mulaici y and epe i i e- ness o a gen e can be measu ed by he ange o di e en bundles employed in a gen e and he pe cen age o unning wo ds in bundles. The ICT gen es can be di ided in o h ee g oups acco ding o he c i- e ion o o mulaici y and epe i i eness. Gen e 3 – ‘ echnical documen a ion o so wa e applica ions in ICT’ and gen e 4 – ‘ echnical documen a ion o ICT ha dwa e’ a e ma ked by high deg ees o o mulaici y and epe i i eness as hey display com- pa able pa e ns by employing he bigges scope o di e en bundles (403 and 672 espec i ely) and he highes pe cen age o unning wo ds in bundles (7,2 % and 8,9 % espec i ely). 44 Ma ek Webe Mul i-wo dpa e nsin heco puso In o ma ion  andCommunica ionTechnology.Te minological  bundlesin hegen e–‘Tex booksinICT’ Figu e 1: Gen es wi h high deg ees o o mulaici y and epe i i eness In con as , gen e 1 – ‘p o essional a icles in ICT’, gen e 2 – ‘aca- demic a icles in ICT’ and gen e 5 – ‘ ex books in ICT’ a e cha ac e ized by ela i ely low deg ees o o mulaici y and epe i i eness as hey employ he lowes scope o di e en bundles (131, 120 and 119 espec i ely) and he lowes pe cen age o unning wo ds in bundles (1,8 %, 1,7 % and 1,9 % espec i ely). The emaining wo gen es: gen e 6 – ‘ echnical documen a ion o p o- g amming languages and p og amming en i onmen s’ and gen e 7 – ‘ ech- nical documen a ion o ne wo k echnologies’ o m he hi d g oup wi h he alues o bo h pa ame e s in he middle o he ange (numbe s o di e en bundles: 180 and 261 espec i ely; pe cen age o unning wo ds in bundles 3,4 % and 4,1 % espec i ely). Howe e , i is wo h bea ing in mind ha as S anislaw Gozdz-Roszkow- ski igh ly poin s ou di ec compa isons can only be sa ely made be ween gen es wi h simila wo d coun s. In o de o accoun o ha conside a ion he pa ame e pe cen ageo  unningwo dsinbundles is compu ed o each gen e in such a way as o e lec he wo d coun s o each o he subco - po a ep esen ing espec i e gen es (Gozdz-Roszkowski 2011: 111). FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF BUNDLES A amewo k o he unc ional analysis o he bundles ob ained in his co pus was es ablished om Bibe ’s (Bibe 2006; Bibe e al. 2004), Hyland’s (2008) and Gozdz-Roszkowski’s (2011) axonomies. Bibe ’s (2006) classi ica ion esul ed om he sc u iny o a b oad co pus o spoken and w i en egis e s which co e ed among o he s such ypes o discou se as: casual con e sa ions, class sessions apes, class oom each- ing, o ice hou s, s udy g oups, on-campus se ice encoun e s, ex books, cou se packs, ins i u ional ex s (e.g. uni e si y ca alogs, b ochu es). 45Te minologija | 2012 | 19 The co pus in Hyland’s (2008) s udy (size 3,5 million wo ds) com- p ises esea ch a icles, PhD disse a ions and MA/MSc heses om ou disciplines: elec ical enginee ing and mic obiology om he applied and pu e sciences, and business s udies and applied linguis ics om he social sciences. Gozdz-Roszkowski (2011) analyzed a co pus o Ame ican Law con ain- ing o e 5,5 million wo ds and ep esen ing se en gen es wi hin Ame i- can legal cul u e and educa ion: academic a icles, b ie s, con ac s, leg- isla ion, opinions, p o essional a icles and ex books. D awing upon he abo emen ioned axonomies lexical bundles in ICT we e unc ionally di ided in o h ee b oad ca ego ies wi h espec o hei meanings in he ex s: esea ch-cen e ed, ex -cen e ed and pa ic- ipan -cen e ed. Bundles g ouped in he i s ca ego y help w i e s o o ganize hei ac i i ies and expe iences in he domain o ICT. Tex - cen e ed bundles a e employed o indica e he o ganiza ion o he ex and i s meaning. Finally pa icipan -cen e ed bundles a e used o signal di e en a i udes o assessmen s and hey a e ocused on he w i e o eade o he ex . Figu e 2: Func ional axonomy o lexical bundles Each o he h ee majo unc ional ca ego ies o lexical bundles was u he subdi ided in o a numbe o subca ego ies. Resea ch-cen e ed bundles include he ollowing subca ego ies: Quan i y bundles (e.g. oneo  hebigges ;ala genumbe o ;oneo  he ollowing; henumbe o elemen s); Time e e ence bundles (e.g. a  he imeo ;endo  heyea ; henex  ewweeks;in hecomingweeks); Place / di ec ion e e ence bundles (e.g. in heUni edS a es;o  he mainwindow;bo omo  hewindow;in hes a usba ); 46 Ma ek Webe Mul i-wo dpa e nsin heco puso In o ma ion  andCommunica ionTechnology.Te minological  bundlesin hegen e–‘Tex booksinICT’ P ocedu e bundles – used o desc ibe di e se unc ions pe aining o ICT (e.g. heuseo  he; heuseo a); Topic indica o bundles – pe aining o he a ea o esea ch (e.g. p oceedingso  heIEEE;p og amminglanguagesandsys ems; hed opdown menu; he ollowingcon igu a ionop ions); Mul i- unc ional e e ence bundles – bundles which can be used as ime / place / ex e e ence (e.g. heendo  he; hes a o  he; hele  o  he;a  hebeginningo ); Desc ip ion bundles – speci y cha ac e is ics o he ollowing noun (e.g. hecomplexi yo  he; hesu aceo  he; hescopeo  he; heheigh o  he). Tex -cen e ed bundles include he ollowing subca ego ies: Elabo a ion bundles – u he elabo a e on he analyzed opic and cla i y i (e.g. a  hesame ime,aswellas he, hismeans ha  he,in his case he); T ansi ion bundles – p o ide addi i e o con as i e connec ions be- ween po ions o ex s (e.g. on heo he hand,asopposed o he,inaddi- ion o he,incon as  o he); F aming a ibu es bundles – “si ua e a gumen s by speci ying limi - ing condi ions” (Hyland 2008: 14) o making claims o a gumen s (e.g. in e mso  he,in hecon ex o ,in hep esenceo , hecon en so  he); Condi ions bundles – exp ess condi ions (e.g. i youwan  o,i youdo no ,i youha ea,i youha ean); Resul s bundles – indica e logical links be ween elemen s in e ms o cause and esul ela ionships (e.g. so ha youcan,asa esul o ,asa esul  he,asa unc iono ); S uc u e ma ke s bundles – a e used o poin o o he pa s o he ex (e.g. asshownin igu e,asdiscussedinsec ion,isshowninexample, la e in hischap e ). Pa icipan -cen e ed bundles include he ollowing subca ego ies: Engagemen bundles – add ess eade s di ec ly; “ac i ely add ess ead- e s as pa icipan s in he un olding discou se” (Hyland 2008: 18) (e.g. do oneo  he,selec  he ypeo ,is ecommended ha you,selec oneo  he); S ance bundles – con ey emo ions, a i udes, alue judgmen s and as- sessmen s; “p o ide a ame o he in e p e a ion o he ollowing p op- osi ion” (Bibe , 2006: 139) (e.g. i isnecessa y o,isnogua an ee ha ,i is impo an  o,i isno possible,i ispossible o); 47Te minologija | 2012 | 19 Modali y bundles – exp ess ha some hing is p obable, pe missible o necessa y (e.g. mus be ul illeda,canbeused o,ascanbeseen,inwhich youcan,mayno bedisplayed,maybe ep oducedo ,mus accep anyin e - e ence,in e e ence ha maycause, ha maycauseundesi ed); P edic ion bundles – exp ess he w i e ’s p edic ion o some u u e ac ion (e.g. isexpec ed obe,youwillbep omp ed,willbedisplayedin, his willopen he,willbeasked o). Table 3 shows he numbe s o bundles belonging o he h ee majo unc ional ca ego ies in each gen e. able 3: Dis ibu ion o lexical bundles ac oss unc ional ca ego ies Resea ch- cen e ed Tex - cen e ed Pa icipan - cen e ed O he s P o essional a icles 45 23 13 45 Academic a icles 48 35 928 So wa e applica ions 123 55 122 83 Ha dwa e 207 51 138 187 Tex books 32 35 18 20 P og amming languages and p og amming en i onmen s 39 39 26 62 Ne wo k echnologies 91 24 11 91 Figu e 3: Classi ica ion o esea ch-cen e ed bundles