„Ekologizavimas“, „žalinimas“ ir kiti angl. „greening“ atitikmenys Europos Sąjungos institucijų dokumentuose

111Terminologija | 2014 | 21 Ekologizavimas, žalinimas ir kiti angl. greening equivalents in documents of the European Union institutions ROBERTAS STUNŽINAS Lietuvių kalbos institutas KEY WORDS: policy, agricultural policy, greening, greening, synonyms. The common agricultural policy for 2014-2020 faces a number of roundings. Greening – higher pursuit of water and climate protection standards through the implementation biodiversity, soil and forest conservation requirements, one of which is the of greening provisions on most of Europe’s agricultural land. Greening activities include diversification of crops, maintenance of perennial meadows and pastures, separation of ecologically important area (slope, terrace, landscape element, buffer belt or other object of environmental value). Direct payments to farmers for the implementation of greening provisions (see www.zum.lt for details). Greening is not just a concept of the European Union's agricultural policy. This is a fundamental principle of the EU’s green policy vision, which is concerned with the development of green energy and low-emission agriculture, the reduction of air transport pollution, the green economy and the creation of green jobs (which save energy, use renewable energy sources, protect resources and the ecosystem, help avoid waste and pollution) and so on. The term greening is included in the multilingual EU terminology database (IATE) and has the general meaning of ‘making more climate or environmentally friendly1’ (IATE). This term and its synonyms are widely used in the European Union and Lithuanian legislation, as well as in the press and in general usage, for example: “A considerable number of farmers in the country are worriedly waiting for the period of the European Union Rural Development Programme 2015-2020. One of the most vague and frightening things for them is green1 Must be ‘making it more climate or environmentally friendly’. 112 Robertas Stunžinas | Ekologizavimas, žalinimas ir kiti angl. greening nimo | atitikmenys Europos Sąjungos institucijų dokumentuose reikalavimas" (ukininkopatarejas.lt). “One of the most realistic measures to reduce the above-mentioned threats is the greening of agriculture or, as it is now fashionable to say, greening” (valstietis.lt). In the European Union, greening is the equivalent of greening in translated documents of the European Union institutions. In addition, greening is also used, this term is provided as a synonym in the EU term base IATE. However, a look at the documents of the EU institutions shows that greening is a new linguistic phenomenon, and before it greening was translated by many other equivalents. In order to clarify the diversity and variation of greening equivalents, 209 documents of the EU institutions from 2004 to 2014 were reviewed, from which 280 greening equivalents were taken2. The article then examines the Lithuanian equivalents of greening3 in EU institutional legislation and documents in terms of usage, expression, development and synonymy. Greening is a rapidly growing term in EU legislation and documents. The number of documents using the term greening is shown in Figure 4. Pav. Number of English documents using greening 2004-20145 2 Only different terms are taken from each document. Terms repeated in different documents have been selected in order to establish consistency in the use of terms. Term or equivalent thinned in quotation. 3 The article adopts a broad notion of equivalents and considers them to be all the linguistic units in which greening is translated. 4 Based on EUR-Lex, the database of European Union legislation and other public documents. 5 In 2014, the use of greening is lower because the data were collected before the end of the year. 113Terminologija | 2014 | 21 The term is used to refer to making areas of government activity, sectors of the economy or specific things more environmentally or climate-friendly. The most frequently cited areas are making transport (24% of all uses), the economy (14%), agriculture and agriculture policy (13%), jobs (8%), subsidies (6.7%), public and private procurement (5%), taxation (2.5%) and industry (1.7%) more environmentally/climate friendly. The term is also used to refer to other things – technology, supply chain, river and other water environment, funding programs, education, aircraft materials, institutional activities, energy sector, investments, business models. The English term greening6 has a large number of counterparts in Lithuanian documents – almost eight dozen different words and word combinations – nouns, adjectives, noun or adjective combinations, verb combinations and various syntactic constructions have been found. Most of the equivalents have the root of the noun ecology, the smaller part – the noun environment, the verbs protect, preserve, green or other roots. Ecology, Greening, ecological AND OTHER RELATIONSHIPS Very often in Lithuanian documents of EU institutions the English term greening corresponds to lexical units that are considered terms7 – nouns and noun-different equivalents. Three quarters of the terms or vardiniai žodžių junginiai. Tokie atitikmenys sudaro beveik pusę visų their nouns have the noun root ecology. “Ecology is the branch of biology that studies the interaction of living and non-living nature and the interrelationships of living nature” (VLE V 380). In one document, greening corresponds to the name of a scientific field – ecology. It is used when referring to policies, e.g.: ‘...remarks that there are many local and regional governance policies in existence today; “Both innovation, which can bring productivity gains, and greening, which can create new demands and markets <...>” 6 Greening is also used in other meanings, such as planting and greening. Lithuanian equivalents are used – grass sowing, landscaping, green zone development, greening. 7 Terms are usually considered to be nouns (Gaivenis 2002: 30). 8 Correspondences are distinguished formally, because the sentence structure is often changed during translation. 114 Robertas Stunžinas | Greening and other greening (52010IP0376)9. In some documents, the same concept | atitikmenys Europos Sąjungos institucijų dokumentuose is understood as a general feature and referred to as greening, for example: ‘A precondition for this is effective, formal participation by civil society, through democratic processes and systems of dialogue, in issues and projects that are significant to the greening of the economy and to sustainable development’ (52011AE1386). The terms ecology and ecologicalness are not the exact equivalents of greening – they do not refer to the characteristics of an action, event or process. In this case, we can talk about partial synonymy of terms – different terms are used to describe the same phenomenon of reality. In general, the synonymy of terms is typical of the initial stages of terminology formation, when the best term for a concept has not yet been chosen and several terms or variants exist at the same time (Gaivenis 2002: 125). Synonyms arise when various aspects of the object of the name are raised, due to the authors’ inclination, language policy, the creation of novels, the use of official and informal, new and outdated terms, uneven knowledge of the own language, extralinguistic factors (for more on the reasons for synonymy see keinys 1980: 42; Гринев 1993: 106). Most of the greening equivalents are contextual synonyms, i.e. those whose synonymic relationships are formed temporarily in a certain context, in a certain speech situation. The most common equivalents of the term in question are terms denoting the action of enhancing the characteristics, strengthening. The most consistent (2005, 2007–2014) use of the compound term is greening. It is used in almost all areas: air transport, agriculture, public procurement, economics, politics, payments, industry, e.g.: ‘The greening of air transport <...>: developing technologies to reduce the environmental impact of aviation, with the aim of halving carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, reducing specific nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions by 80 % and halving audible noise’ (52005PC0440); ‘The EESC notes that agreement on this agricultural budget in the committee was possible only after the necessary greening was indicated’ [‘The EESC notes that agree’]. Sources can be found under this number in EUR-lex, the database of European Union legislation and other public documents. 115Terminologija | 2014 | 21 ment within the Commission on this budget allocation for agriculture was only possible by including references to the need for greening of agriculture”] (52012AE1050); ‘In its objectives, methods and instruments, the European Semester should continue to address the greening of existing industrial processes in individual sectors [...] in order to overcome the crisis on the basis of a more sustainable development model’ (52013AE7466); ‘As regards the CAP and the Direct Payments Regulation[16], the ‘greening’ objectives of the CAP reform, which are one of the main priorities of the common agricultural policy after 2013, are widely shared by the European institutions, the Member States and other partners’ (52012DC0531); “This situation penalises those companies who have been investing a lot in improving their performances and greening their business models” (52013SC0112); ‘The Committee believes that an Ecolabel on all food products, fresh and processed, would be the first step towards a genuine greening of the supply chain’] the economy is a major task <...>’ is an important task and must be carried out on many different levels <...>’ (52011AE1386). It should be noted that greening is often separated by quotation marks in English texts. the use of quotation marks indicates that the English term is considered to have an indirect meaning. Often unnecessarily, following the example of the English term, Lithuanian terms are also written with quotation marks, e.g.: „ekologiškumo didinimas“ (C2006/316E/02; 52006IP0528). In one document, the concept is referred to as a composite term denoting a spontaneous action – greening, e.g.: “Skills needed (52009AE0338); „Ekonomikos ekologiškumo didinimas [“Greening for green jobs; „<...> evidence of the greening of jobs was discussed at several conferences <...>” (52011TA1215(23)). other terms denoting the action of character enhancement are: promoting greenness, striving for greenness, contributing to greenness, rencijose, įskaitant pirmininkaujančios Belgijos konferenciją, buvo aptar- 116 Robertas Stunžinas | Greening, greening and other measures to | atitikmenys Europos Sąjungos institucijų dokumentuose strengthen the greening part, e.g.: “Documents reported by Member States are mostly related to the greening of public procurement” (52010IE1177); “The skatinimu [“In general, the documents reported by member States relate to the greening of public procurement <...>”] <...>“ (52010DC0006); process of greening an economy can be conceived as one of the crucial means to enable more sustainable development in the future” (52010IE1177); ‘the Commission considers that the CAP after 2013 should provide for other forms of direct payments to help green agriculture (the greening of direct payments) …’ (52011AE0531). Sometimes it is said that something is being combined with the science of ecology – greening, linking to ecology, e.g.: ‘… mainstreaming scenarios involving major policy changes such as greening of direct payments and reinforced strategic targeting for rural development policy, enhanced strategic planning of rural development policy, better coordination of this policy with other EU policies’ (52011PC0626); Greening of direct payments to farmers (52011DC0500). some equivalents denote the action of doing something more environmentally friendly. The names of actions with Lithuanian suffixes – ekologizavimas (2006–2007, 2009, 2013–2014) and ekologinimas (2009, 2012) – are among the most commonly used equivalents. They are used in relation to transport, the economy, jobs, agriculture, industry and the environment, e.g.: ‘European Transport Technology Centres have developed strategic research agendas which include activities to green surface and air transport’ [‘activities include the greening of surface and air transport, the greening of existing jobs and the loss of some existing jobs’] (52009DC0639); ‘<...> suggests providing further modernisation of air traffic management <...>”] (52006DC0314); „Lasupport for the broadly defined processes of greening agriculture <...>’ (52007AR0127); “This exploratory opinion examines the 117Terminologija | 2014 | 21 „This exploratory opinion examines ‘greening’ of the environment of oceans <...>” <...>“ (52009AE0868). The term with an international suffix – greening – is also used to name the action. The term is also used in other languages, such as French, Spanish, and German. greening, latv. greening, slovak. greening (IATE). Since ecologisation is hardly used in English documents, it is difficult to say what its meaning is and whether it competes with greening. Greening and greening can be used together as the compound term making greener, e.g.: “The European Union often sets ambitious goals but does not specify the means and resources to achieve them. This also applies to greening of jobs10 [‘In the case of ‘greening of jobs’ <...>’] <...>” (52010AE1174). Similarly, the equivalents for shaping green action, green adaptation, have a similar meaning, e.g.: “<...> whereas the Commission has announced a number of initiatives on combating climate change aimed at green action in transport for- <...>” (52009IP0119); ‘Proposes that further consideration of the Lisbon Plus Agenda (to be launched in 2010) should be based on the framework of the current Lisbon Strategy (‘... competitiveness and greening of European industries, more and better jobs, muoti [“<...> whereas, as far as greening transport is concerned <...>”] social inclusion, sustainability’)’ (52009IP0120). The corresponding greening area does not have any action characteristics, e.g.: “To secure a significant outcome on the greening of the global economy in 2012” <...>’ (52010IE1177). Most of these equivalents are universal and are used to refer to various fields and subjects. The expression ‘greening the use habits’ has a specific meaning, being used in relation to everyday habits and consumption, e.g.: ‘Promotion of greening the use habits …’ (C2004/191/02). The term is used to refer to the development of greener technologies, organic farming, ecological measures, 10 Must be "making jobs greener". 118 Robertas Stunžinas | Greening, greening and other greening e.g.: „Economic | atitikmenys Europos Sąjungos institucijų dokumentuose profitability would be the main factor, and the development of greener technologies would not be a priority, but an additional benefit“ (52007PC0315); "Subject: CAP and linking 30% of payments to organic farming" (C2012/285E/01). The documents in English use only one greening, e.g.: ‘Cost efficiency would be the main driving factor with greening an additional benefit and not a priority’ (52007PC0315); “Subject: CAP — 30 % of payments linked to greening” (C2012/285E/01). Some of the corresponding terms are not syntactically autonomous and are used only with the titles of the objects, e.g. greening transport, promoting green public procurement, developing a greener economy, growing greener food crops, greening the common agricultural policy, e.g. ‘Greening of transport and internalisation [...] and internalisation of external costs (vote)’ (C2009/234E/03); ‘The development and deployment of environment-friendly technologies, the greening of public procurement <...>’, with a particular focus on SMEs, and the elimination of environmentally harmful subsidies and other policy measures can improve the performance of viešųjų pirkimų skatinimas [“Encouraging the development and use innovation and increase the contribution to the sustainable development of the sectors concerned’ (32005H0601); “Nevertheless, the process of greening the economy could be a powerful tool to combat the recession and contribute to the recovery of production and employment” (52012IE1304); ‘The most pressing issues at present are the so-called ‘sustainable intensification’ and ‘greening’ of food crop production, which can lead to higher yields without negative environmental impacts and without increasing the area under cultivation’ (52013PC0262); „Subject: Inclusion of traditional olive groves in the ‘greening’ of the Common Agricultural Policy” [„Subject: Inclusion of traditional olive groves in the ‘greening’ of the Common Agricultural Policy”] (C2012/168E/01). Often greening is translated not by terms – adjectives, noun and participle combinations, verbs, verb and verb-type combinations. In the group of such correspondences, the adjectives ecological and more ecological predominate, e.g.: „<...> in view of its 2009 report. 119Terminology | 2014 | 21 having regard to its resolution of 11 March 2009 on the greening of transport <...> (52010IP0260); ‘This policy includes several proposals improving the sustainability (greening) of maritime transport’ (52008DC0433). The adjectives ‘green’, ‘greener’ and ‘ecological’ are also used when greening is accentuated, e.g.: ‘The Commission Communication of 8 July 2008 on Greening Transport (4) emphasises that promoting sustainable mobility is the main challenge facing the Community in halting climate change and boosting European competitiveness’ (52009AP0248); Greening Europe (52007IP0197); ‘A stronger orientation towards ‘greening’ air transport and a greater focus on its impact on climate change will be a priority of the new Seventh Framework Programme recently proposed by the Commission’ (52005DC0459); ‘The EU needs to develop a coherent and consistent proposal for the goals of this international greening ambition and for fulfilling longstanding pledges for levels of support’ (52010IE1177); ‘Considers that effective farm and local energy saving and management measures should be made available throughout the EU under rural development programmes, as well as optional ‘greening’ measures of the future of the CAP’’ <...>’ (52012IP0011). in the case of the adjectives ecological, ecological and more ecological, a distinction should be made between constructive and grammatical synonyms of degree forms. The adjectives ecological and ecological are to be considered as verb synonyms – they are common roots, have the same verb meaning, similar lexical meaning and different forms of verb (for more on the concept of verb synonyms see Vaskelienė, kučinskienė 2012: 153). The adjectives ekologiškas and ekologiškesnis are to be considered as grammatical synonyms of the degree forms – in this case the degree forms converge in meaning and under certain circumstances can replace each other (see Pikčilingis 1969: 39 for more on such cases of synonymy). 126 Robertas Stunžinas | Greening, greening and other greening | atitikmenys Europos Sąjungos institucijų dokumentuose CONCLUSIONS Greening is an increasingly frequently used term in the documents of the European Union institutions, denoting the objectives of the EU green policy direction – making various areas of state activity, economic sectors, technologies, environment and other things more environmentally and climate-friendly. In Lithuanian documents this term corresponds to almost eight dozen different language units, of which almost half are terms – nouns and noun combinations. 2.More than three quarters of the terms are made from the noun greening ekologija arba turi iš šio daiktavardžio padarytus dėmenis. Dažniausiai angl. translated into compound action names. The most accurate description of the concept is given by action names. other terms or their elements are made from the words environment, preserve, conserve, green, greening. Greening is a new term, but terms with the adjective green root have been used before. 3. greening is also translated with adjectives, nouns and participle combinations, verbs, verb and verb-type combinations and explanatory syntactic constructions. Most of the non-term statements are made with the noun ecology. 4. Many of the terms and other equivalents discussed are universal and used to refer to various things. some terms are used with meaning-precising elements, there are equivalents with a specific meaning. The synonymy of the equivalents is determined by the similarity of the lexical meanings of the base words or the subjects, in some cases it is possible to distinguish constructive synonyms and grammatical synonyms of degree forms. The basis for the closeness of the values of a significant number of matches is only contextual. 5. greening The variation in expression of equivalents may have been caused by the opacity of the concept, the emphasis on different characteristics of the concept, the ambiguity of the translated word, the uneven quality of translations or translation techniques, the constant search for suitable equivalents or the influence of other languages. SOURCES15 C2004/191/02 – Environmental demonstration projects under the Financial Instrument for the Environment (LIFE): guidelines. 52004SA0009 – Special Report No 9/2004: ‘Forestry measures under rural development policy, with the Commission’s replies’. 32005H0601 – Council Recommendation of 12 July 2005 on the broad guidelines for economic policies of the Member States and the Community. 15 Presented in chronological order. The two digits preceding the letters indicate the year of completion. For example, the fourth and fifth digits of the identification number 52009DC0639, ‘09’, indicate that the document was produced in 2009. 127Terminologija | 2014 | 21 52005PC0440 – Tarybos sprendimo dėl specialiosios programos „Bendradarbiavimas“, kuria įgyvendinama Proposal for the Seventh Framework Programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities (2007-2013). 32006B0488 – Europos aplinkos agentūros 2006 finansinių metų patikslintas biudžetas. 42006X0224(01) – Tarybos, Taryboje posėdžiavusių valstybių narių vyriausybių atstovų, Europos Joint statement by Parliament and the Commission on the European Consensus. 52006DC0314 – Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament – Mid-term review of the European Commission’s 2001 White Paper on transport policy. 52006IP0528 – European Parliament resolution on the time to move faster towards an entrepreneurial Europe and growth. 52006PC0364(02) – Amended proposal for a Council Decision on the Seventh Framework Programme of the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) for nuclear research and training activities (2007-2011). C2006/316E/02 – Minutes. Thursday, 30 November 2006 52007PC0315 – Proposal for a Council Regulation establishing the Clean Sky Joint Undertaking. 52007AR0127 – Opinion of the Committee of the Regions on the role of education and awareness-raising in promoting sustainable development. 52008DC0800 – Communication from the Commission to the European Council on a European Economic Recovery Plan. 52008DC0400 – Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions – Public procurement for a better environment. 52008IP0032 – European Parliament resolution of 31 January 2008 on the outcome of the Bali Conference on Climate Change (13th Conference of the Parties to the Convention and 3rd Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol). 52009AE0338 – Opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee on the Community Ecolabel scheme. 52009AE0868 – Opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee on ‘Greening maritime and inland waterway transport’. 52009AP0248 – Labelling of tyres with regard to fuel efficiency ***I. European Parliament legislative resolution of 22 April 2009 on the proposal for a directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the labelling of tyres with regard to fuel efficiency and other essential parameters. 52009AR0103 – Opinion of the Committee of the Regions on the Green Paper on the review of TEN-T policy. 52009DC0461 – komisijos ataskaita Tarybai, Europos Parlamentui, Europos ekonomikos ir socialinių for the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee of the Regions: 2009 Report on EU Policy Coherence for Development. 52009DC0639 – Commission communication ‘Key messages from the 2009 European Employment Report’. 52009DC0647 – Commission working document ‘Consultation on the future strategy for the European Union 2020’. 52009IP0042 – European Parliament resolution of 4 February 2009 on 2050: The future begins today. Recommendations for a future EU integrated policy on climate change. 52009IP0119 – European Parliament resolution of 11 March 2009 on greening transport and internalising external costs “Greening transport and internalising external costs”. 52009IP0120 – European Parliament resolution of 11 March 2009 on the contribution to the Spring 2009 European Council on the Lisbon Strategy. C2009/234E/03 – Minutes of the meeting of 11 March 2009. 52010AE1174 – Opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee on ‘Green jobs’ 52010DC0006 – Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on incentives for EmAS registered organisations 2004-2006 52010IE1165 – Opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee on Creativity and entrepreneurship. Measures to overcome the crisis (own-initiative opinion). 52010IE1177 – Opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee on ‘Preparation for the 2012 World Summit on Sustainable Development’ 52010IP0299 – European Parliament Resolution of 7 September 2010 on unlocking the job potential of a new sustainable economy “Unlocking the job potential of a new sustainable economy”. 52010IP0376 – European Parliament resolution of 20 October 2010 on the financial, economic and social crisis: recommendations on measures and initiatives to be taken. 52011AE0531 – Opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee on the ‘Communication from the | atitikmenys Europos Sąjungos institucijų dokumentuose Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions – The CAP towards 2020: Meeting the future challenges in terms of food, natural resources and territory’ 52011AE1386 – Opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee on the ‘Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: Rio+20: towards a green economy and better governance’ 52011AR0283 – Committee of the Regions opinion on the new Multiannual Financial Framework post 2013 52011DC0500 – Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions – A budget for Europe 2020. 52011DC0571 – Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions – A Roadmap to a Resource Efficient Europe. 52011PC0626 – Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a common organisation of the markets in agricultural products. 52011TA1215(23) – Report on the annual accounts of the European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training for the financial year 2010, together with the Centre’s replies 52012AE1050 – Opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee on the Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down rules for direct payments to farmers under support schemes under the common agricultural policy (COM(2011) 625 final – 2011/0280 (COD)) produktų rinkų organizavimas (Vieno BRO reglamentas) (COm(2011) 626 final – 2011/0281 (COD) (A-21), the proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on support for rural development from the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD) (COM(2011) 627 final – 2011/0282 (COD)), the proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the financing, management and monitoring of the common agricultural policy (COM(2011) 628 final – 2011/0288 (COD)), the proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Council Regulation (EC) No 73/2009 as regards direct payments to farmers in 2013 (COM(2011) 630 final – 2011/0286 (COD)), the proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Regulation (EC) No 1234/2007 as regards the single payment scheme and support for vine growers (COM(2011) 631 final – 2011/0285 (COD)). 52012DC0531 – Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions – First simplification scoreboard for the Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF) 2014-2020. C2012/168E/01 – List of written questions tabled by Members of the European Parliament, indicating the question number, the original language, the author, the political group, the institution to which the question is addressed, the date of submission and the subject matter. C2012/285E/01 – Europos Parlamento narių pateiktų rašytinių klausimų sąrašas, kuriame nurodomas question number, original language, author, political group, institution to which the question is addressed, date of submission and content. 52012IE1304 – Opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee on the ‘2011 monitoring report on the European Union’s strategy for sustainable development’ EESRk assessment. 52012IP0011 – “The supply chain of materials for farm production: structure and consequences”. European Parliament resolution of 19 January 2012 on the supply chain for agricultural raw materials: structure and implications. 52012DC0756 – Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council and the European Economic and Social Committee – Strengthening the Single Market by Removing Cross-Border Tax Barriers for Passenger Cars. 52012AR1529 – Committee of the Regions opinion on better governance of the single market. 52012PC0710 – Proposal for a Decision of the European Parliament and of the Council on a general Union environment action programme to 2020 ‘Living well, within the limits of our planet’. 52012DC0626 – Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council ‘Progress towards the achievement of the Kyoto Protocol targets (required by Article 5 of Decision No 280/2004/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on a mechanism for monitoring greenhouse gas emissions in the Community and implementing the Kyoto Protocol)’. 32013D1386 – Decision No 1386/2013/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 November 2013 on a general Union environment action programme to 2020 ‘Living well, within the limits of our planet’. 129Terminologija | 2014 | 21 52013AE7466 – Opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee on a Commission communication "Annual Growth Survey 2014". 52013DC0475 – Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council: First progress report on the implementation of the Commission staff working document on reducing emissions from maritime transport and the sustainable water vehicle package. 52013DC0623 – Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions “Building quality inland waterway transport NAIADES II”. 52013PC0262 – Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the production and placing on the market of plant propagating material. 52013SC0112 – Summary of impact assessment. Commission Staff Working Document accompanying the Commission Communication to the Council and the European Parliament "Building a Single Market for Green Products. Improving the quality of information on the environmental performance of products and organisations”. C2013/264/09 – Call for proposals – “Support for communication activities on the common agricultural policy (CAP) measures” – 2014 32014R0639 – Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 639/2014 supplementing Regulation (EU) No 1307/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down rules for direct payments to farmers under support schemes under the common agricultural policy and amending Annex X to that Regulation. 52014DC0440 – Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions – A Green Action Plan for SMEs. how to help turn environmental challenges into business opportunities". 52014DC0446 – Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: A Green Employment Initiative. Unlocking the job creation potential of the green economy". IATE – Multilingual European Union term database (http://iate.europa.eu). EUR-lex – database of European Union legislation and other public documents (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/index.htm). LITERATŪRA Gaivenis k. 2002: Lietuvių terminologija: teorijos ir tvarkybos metmenys, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. keinys St. 1980: Terminologijos abėcėlė, Vilnius: mokslas. ODE 2010: Oxford Dictionary of English. Third edition. Edited by A. Stevenson, Oxford: Oxford university press. Pažūsis L. 2014: Kalba ir vertimas, Vilnius: Vilniaus universitetas. Pikčilingis J. 1969: Leksinė ir gramatinė sinonimika, kaunas: Šviesa. Vaskelienė J., kučinskienė R. 2012: Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos būdvardžių darybiniai sinonimai. – Žmogus ir žodis, 153–161. Vladarskienė R. 2014: kas gali būti žalias? – Gimtoji kalba 2, 3–7. VLE I – Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija 1, Vilnius: mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 2001. VLE V – Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija 5, Vilnius: mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 2004. Гринев С. 1993: Введение в терминоведение, Москва: Московский лицей. Даниленко В. П. 1977: Русская терминология: Опыт лингвистического описания, Москва: Наука. EKOLOGIZAVIMAS, ŽALINIMAS AND OTHER EQUIVALENTS OF THE ENGLISH TERM GREENING IN THE DOCUMENTS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION INSTITUTIONS The article deals with the Lithuanian equivalents of the English term greening in translated documents of the European Union institutions. Term greening is more and more frequently used in EU documents and it reflects the objectives of the green policy trend of the EU – making various fields of activities, industries, technologies and other things more environmentally friendly. In Lithuanian documents there are 130 Robertas Stunžinas | Ekologizavimas, žalinimas ir kiti angl. greening nearly eighty | atitikmenys Europos Sąjungos institucijų dokumentuose different language units corresponding to greening and nearly half of them are terms – nouns or word combinations with nouns. more than three quarters of the terms are made from the noun ekologija or have elements made from this word. The majority of such equivalents of greening are complex terms naming actions; one equivalent is also used as a name of the field of science and a few name characteristics. Ecological improvement and ecologicalization are the most frequently and consistently used terms. In other cases greening is translated as aplinkosauga, aplinkos tausojimas, žalinimas or other terms and their combinations. The term is a new term, although terms with a root of the adjective žalias have been used before. Greening is also translated as adjectives, words used as adjectives and their combinations, verbs and verb combinations and explanatory syntactic constructions, for example ekologinis, ekologiškumą skatinantis, ekologinti, orientuoti į ekologiją, kad (visos darbo vietos) taptų ekologiškesnės. Adjectives, words used as adjectives and their combinations are used to name the same things. A few verbs and combinations with verbs have the same lexical structure as terms and can be treated as their transforms. The majority of word-combinations which cannot be treated as terms are made using the word ekologija. The majority of terms and other equivalents are universal and can be used when speaking about various different fields and subjects. Sometimes terms have elements which help making them more precise. The closeness of meaning of the majority of equivalents is based on the context. Some cases can be treated as derivational synonyms (ekologinis – ekologiškas) or grammatical synonyms of degree forms (ekologiškas – ekologiškesnis). The variety of expression of equivalents of the English term greening is probably caused by the unclearness of the concept, revealing of different characteristics of the concept, polysemy of the term, unequal quality of translation or translation techniques, permanent search for the more appropriate equivalent or the influence of other languages. Retrieved 2014-10-07 Robertas Stunžinas Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT–10308 Vilnius, Lithuania Email: [email protected]