Differences and Similarities of Micro-content and Structured Content (Including Terminologies and Other Language and Content Resources)

1 0 Blanca S ella Gi aldo Pe ez, Di e ences and Simila i ies o Mic o-con en Ch is ian Galinski and S uc u ed Con en (Including Te minologies and O he Language and Con en Resou ces) Di e ences and Simila i ies o Mic o-con en and S uc u ed Con en (Including Te minologies and O he Language and Con en Resou ces) BLANCA STELLA GIRALDO PEREZ Cen e o T ansla ion S udies, Uni e si y o Vienna CHRISTIAN GALINSKI In e na ional In o ma ion Cen e o Te minology (In o e m) KEYWORDS: eCon en , con en in e ope abili y, lexical seman ics, s uc u ed con en , mic o- con en , e minology and o he language and con en esou ces (TLCR), ac ual knowledge, mic o lea ning objec s (MLO), e minological da a, lexicog aphical da a 1. THE CONCEPT OF eCONTENT P e ious con ibu ions ha e shown ha he concep o con en – he e in he meaning o digi al con en gene ally e e ed o as ‘eCon en ’ – is subjec o an a ay o in e p e a ions depending on di e en pu poses ollowing di e ging in e es s. As he e a e many kinds o eCon en , he e consequen ly a e se e al kinds o con en managemen sys ems (CMS): “In eali y, a CMS is a concep a he han a p oduc . I is a concep ha emb aces a se o p ocesses. Ins i u ional needs a e o en highly indi idual ( e lec ing he he e ogenei y o hei p ocesses and back-end in o ma ion sys ems) …Mo eo e , he bounda ies o he CMS space a e blu ed. Subs an ial o e laps exis wi h documen managemen sys ems, knowledge managemen sys ems, en e p ise applica ion in eg a ion sys ems, e-comme ce sys ems and po als. We also con end ha he e a e signi ican (bu as ye no gene ally ecognized) o e laps wi h in ane g oupwa e and i ual lea ning en i onmen s. Indeed, i may u n ou ha one ins i u ion’s ‘managed lea ning en i onmen ’ is ano he ’s CMS.” (B owning & Lowndes 2001: 2) The abo e hin s a an o e lap o some CMS wi h ‘managed lea ning en i onmen s’, which indi ec ly indica es a connec ion be ween con en and lea ning esou ces. eCon en s a ed o om ha ing ex ual da a in mind. Soon no only he exis ence o many languages (and sc ip s) was ecognized, bu soon Te minologija | 2014 | 21 1 1 eCon en had o be u he ex ended o co e o he kinds o language esou ces and non-linguis ic da a, such as g aphical da a, audio and audio- isual da a and ul ima ely mul imedia da a. Inc easingly hese qui e di e en kinds o da a ( om he con en managemen poin o iew) a e occu ing in combined o m o in e linked wi h each o he which necessi a ed new app oaches o enable con en in eg a ion and con en in e ope abili y. Besides, con en managemen om a heo e ic-me hodological poin o iew usually does no clea ly dis inguish be ween: • con en on he one hand and da a – in o ma ion – knowledge on he o he hand1, • la ge and small en i ies o con en (and he espec i e con en esou ces), • s uc u ed and uns uc u ed con en . This o en p o es o be a big ba ie agains he in eg a abili y and in e ope abili y o con en as inc easingly equi ed in mo e and mo e eApplica ions oday (Gi aldo & Galinski 2014). This con ibu ion in es iga es a ange o di e en kinds o small en i ies o s uc u ed con en and hei ole in a a ie y o applica ions, analysed in ela ion o mic o-con en . 2. CONTENT INTEROPERABILITY As men ioned abo e, he ea ly concep s o eCon en did no di e en ia e be ween a ious kinds o con en , nei he be ween la ge con en i ems – such as whole da abases – and any componen o hem. Soon mul ilingual da a (incl. di e en sc ip s) became a necessi y in se e al ields o appli- ca ions, such as in p oduc and so wa e localiza ion. Globaliza ion s imula ed he de elopmen o ‘in e na ionaliza ion’ app oaches o acili a e localiza ion. This equi ed a highe deg ee o con en s uc u ing o which a ious app oaches we e de eloped – inc easingly wi h he aim o cope wi h ‘seman ics’. Since a ound 1980 a emp s s a ed o s anda dize he seman ic s uc u ing o small digi al objec s2 o con en – especially hose eco ded and main ained in da abases. La e also o he kinds o con en – also p esen ed in a b oade ange o modali ies – we e p ocessed in 1 In gene al one can say ha om he use ’s pe spec i e, in o ma ion is all con en , while om he compu e p og amme ’s pe spec i e, i is all da a. (Boiko 2004: 5) 2 ‘Digi al objec s’ a e also called i ems, uni s, eco ds, documen s, e c. – in his con ibu ion he neu al e m ‘en i y’ will be used. 1 2 Blanca S ella Gi aldo Pe ez, Di e ences and Simila i ies o Mic o-con en Ch is ian Galinski and S uc u ed Con en (Including Te minologies and O he Language and Con en Resou ces) da abases and he eme gence o mobile de ices is u he pushing he implemen a ion o enhanced modali ies, among o he s also o helping people wi h disabili ies (PwD) in eAccessibili y and eInclusion (Galinski & Beckmann 2012). Needless o say his de elopmen makes in e ope abili y in all i s ace s mo e and mo e impo an . The e o e, he “Recommenda ion on so wa e and con en de elopmen p inciples 2010” de ines as basic equi emen s o seman ic in e ope abili y he i ness o : • mul ilinguali y (co e ing also cul u al di e si y), • mul imodali y and mul imedia, • eAccessibili y and eInclusion, • mul i-channel p esen a ions. They should be conside ed a he ea lies s age o he so wa e design p ocess, and da a modelling (including he de ini ion o me ada a), and he e a e h oughou all he i e a i e de elopmen cycles (MoU/MG 2012). This Recommenda ion ine i ably equi es a highe deg ee o s uc u al complexi y, which has o be coped wi h by a highe deg ee o da a g anula i y o he da a models. The Eu opean In e ope abili y F amewo k (EIF – e e ing o pan- Eu opean eGo e nmen se ices) de ines in e ope abili y as “ he abili y o communica ion echnology (ICT) sys ems and o he business p ocesses hey suppo o exchange da a and enable sha ing o in o ma ion and knowledge” (IDABC EIF 2004: 5). This de ini ion is biased owa ds echnical in e ope abili y, while alling sho wi h espec o con en in e ope abili y. I is, howe e , indica ing he complexi y o ‘in e ope abili y’ by iden i ying echnical, o ganiza ional and seman ic in e ope abili y, o which a decision making le el could be added poli ical in e ope abili y (be ween coun ies o egions) and s a egic in e ope abili y (wi hin o be ween o ganiza ions) (Galinski 2008). Con en in e ope abili y is going a s ep u he han echnical con en in eg a ion and seman ic in e ope abili y by co e ing (in he meaning o in e -human communica ion) syn ac ic, concep ual and p agma ic in e ope abili y. Thus con en in e ope abili y e e s o da a and da a s uc u es in in eg a ed (and ne e heless possibly he e ogeneous) sys ems – bu e en mo e so o dis ibu ed (and possibly he e ogeneous) con en eposi o ies unde he undamen al equi emen s o con en managemen , namely ‘single sou cing’, and ‘ esou ce sha ing’. Single sou ce o single Te minologija | 2014 | 21 1 3 sou cing (de i ed om single sou ce publishing) allows he same con en i em – s o ed and main ained only once – o be used in di e en documen s o in a ious o ma s o all kinds o applica ions, while esou ce sha ing enables use s and c ea o s o con en en i ies o a oid duplica ion o wo k h ough collabo a i e p ocesses. Thus con en in e ope abili y no only esponds o oday’s equi emen s o mobili y/ubiqui y as well as dis ibu ed and ede a ed con en esou ces, bu also is a p e equisi e o a high pe o mance o he espec i e echnologies. Con en in e ope abili y does no only comp ise a high deg ee o con en in eg a abili y and e-usabili y, bu should also make con en highly e-pu posable, e.g. o eLea ning pu poses. F om a echnical poin -o - iew, da a p ocessing echniques, ( echnically speaking) syn ax and seman ics o con en equi e (especially so wa e ela ed) echnical me hodology s anda ds. F om he poin -o - iew o in e -human communica ion, con en in e ope abili y equi es me hod- o logy s anda ds no only o all kinds o con en , bu also o : • dis ibu ed (web-based) wo k low managemen , • con en quali y managemen , • con en i em iden i ica ion, • copy igh (incl. exploi a ion igh s) managemen , • me ada a eposi o y design and main enance, • gene ic da a modelling p inciples and equi emen s, • me amodels also o me ada a eposi o ies, • ede a ion me hods and echniques, e c. In he ollowing pa ag aphs, eCon en will be analysed om he poin o iew o di e en kinds o s uc u ed con en , including e minology and o he language and con en esou ces (TLCR) ega ded as s uc u ed con en a he le el o lexical seman ics. 3. LEXICAL SEMANTICS AND TLCR Dic iona y.com’s 21s Cen u y Lexicon (2003-2014) de ines lexical seman ics as “ he s udy o he meaning o wo ds and ph ases and he ela ionships be ween hem, such as synonymy, an onymy, and hyponymy”. (Ba ke & Ch is 2001: 1) s a es “The main eason why wo d-le el seman ics is especially in e es ing om a cogni i e poin o iew is ha wo ds a e names o indi idual concep s”. Acco ding o (Baldwin 1998: 7) “Lexical seman ics o e laps c ucially wi h ields such as: 1 4 Blanca S ella Gi aldo Pe ez, Di e ences and Simila i ies o Mic o-con en Ch is ian Galinski and S uc u ed Con en (Including Te minologies and O he Language and Con en Resou ces) • lexicog aphy, • ph aseology, • philosophy, • co pus linguis ics, • syn ax, • p agma ics, • child language acquisi ion”. Baldwin (1998) is subsuming e minological en i ies unde lexicog aphy. The seman ic en i ies in he li e a u e on lexical seman ics can be ep esen ed by lexical en i ies anging om mo phemes ia wo ds, compounds, ph ases up o colloca ions, and also co e ela ionships be ween hem. Needless o say ha he concep s ep esen ed by lexical en i ies and he ela ions be ween hem need explana ion o become explici . A look in o common language dic iona ies and o he wo ks o e e ence p o es ha lexical en i ies a e o en supplemen ed o exempli ied by non- e bal ep esen a ions – especially i a conc e e objec o a class o conc e e objec s is e e ed o. Te minology heo y and me hods deal wi h scien i ic- echnical concep s ep esen ed in specialized communica ion p ima ily by designa ions, including mo phemes (i signi ican ) and e ms (including mul i-wo d e ms). Te minological ph aseology is also aken in o accoun as e minological en i ies in co- ex ( e ealing communica i e con en ions o he espec i e domain o subjec ), o as designa ion in he guise o a e minological ph aseme. Te minological me hodology in specialized communica ion no leas o he sake o disambigua ion and consis ency (among o he s, o a oid legal liabili y and o he issues) se s s ic e equi emen s on he eco ding o concep desc ip ions, such as de ini ions, de ining con ex s, e c. Due o he na u e o ex s in specialized communica ion non- e bal ep esen a ions a e qui e common in many domains/subjec s and a e o en as au onomous as e bal ep esen a ions. This applies bo h • o non- e bal designa i e ep esen a ions, such as g aphical and o he non- e bal symbols; • o non- e bal desc ip i e ep esen a ions, such as elemen s o echnical d awings, complex o mulas, e c. In his con ex i may be o in e es ha in a ic sign design he elemen s o a ic signs a e called ‘mo phemes’, while he a ic signs a e Te minologija | 2014 | 21 1 5 called ‘concep s’. On he oads wo o mo e a ic signs can be combined o ep esen a meaning which can be explained in he o m o wa nings, in o ma ion, p ohibi ions o es ic ions, e c. Colou and shape o he a ic signs a e o high seman ic signi icance! (Galinski 2011) The abo e shows ha he phenomena wi h espec o lexical and e minological en i ies – bo h ep esen ing concep s – a e qui e pa allel. Only he ocus, he e common language communica ion, he e specialized communica ion is di e en . Howe e , • acco ding o mode n b ain esea ch, human hinking cons an ly swi ches be ween gene al concep s and domain/subjec -speci ic concep s, which can be ega ded as one o he main mechanisms o knowledge de elopmen ; • esea che s in he ield o language o speci ic pu poses (LSP) imes and again assess ha he e is no sha p bo de be ween ex s in common language communica ion s. ex s in specialized communica ion. (A n z, Pich & Schmi z 2014: pa 2.2) Depending on he pu pose and social con ex o he communica ion, he communica i e con en o he communica ion will con ain mo e common language lexical en i ies o mo e e minological en i ies o specialized communica ion. Besides, he e a e • p ocesses o ‘de- e minologiza ion’ which u n e minological en i ies in o common language lexical en i ies; • p ocesses o ‘ e minologiza ion’ e-using common language lexical en i ies o highly domain/subjec -speci ic e minological en i ies. The e o e, i sugges ed i sel ha he in e na ional echnical commi ee ISO/TC 37 “Te minology and o he language and con en esou ces” decided on his leng hy i le in 2005 ex ending i s scope o ead: “S and- a diza ion o p inciples, me hods and applica ions ela ing o e minology and o he language and con en esou ces in he con ex s o mul ilingual communica ion and cul u al di e si y.”3 In he ligh o he abo e conside a ions, TLCR co e en i ies a he le el o lexical seman ics. 3 See: h p://www.iso.o g/iso/home/s anda ds_de elopmen /lis _o _iso_ echnical_commi ees/iso_ echnical_ commi ee.h m?commid=48104 1 6 Blanca S ella Gi aldo Pe ez, Di e ences and Simila i ies o Mic o-con en Ch is ian Galinski and S uc u ed Con en (Including Te minologies and O he Language and Con en Resou ces) 4. STRUCTURED CONTENT AND MICRO-CONTENT Simila o he in e changeable use o con en – da a – in o ma ion one inds he e ms ‘s uc u ed con en ’, ‘s uc u ed da a’ and ‘s uc u ed in o ma ion’ used mo e o less in e changeably, as can be ga he ed om he ollowing ci a ion: “S uc u ed da a can be de ined as he da a ha esides in ixed ields wi hin a eco d o ile. Rela ional da abases and sp eadshee s a e examples o s uc u ed da a.” (PC.COM)/Appa en ly, he opposi e, namely ‘uns uc u ed da a’ is/ “da a ha does no eside in ixed loca ions. ... A huge amoun o company in o ma ion is uns uc u ed ex .” (PC.COM) F om such explana ions Gi aldo & Galinski (2014) d ew he conclusion ha TLCR is s uc u ed con en a he le el o lexical seman ics, oo. In his connec ion a pa adox has been poin ed ou e e ing o he ac ha a high deg ee o s uc u al complexi y in he o m o highe g anula i y ep esen ed by mo e (incl. mo e di e en kinds o ) me ada a in ac educes complexi y om he poin o iew o in o ma ion p ocessing: “Highly s uc u ed knowledge bases pe mi a low deg ee o complexi y o be managed by he in o ma ion sys em. In con as he deg ee o complexi y is e y high in weakly s uc u ed knowledge bases, whe e by he use does only need a small amoun o in o ma ion abou he me a-s uc u e.” (Zumpe & Esswein 2002: 246) Small o smalles en i ies o con en a e inc easingly e e ed o as mic o-con en . Acco ding o Leene (2006) mic o-con en as such is no new; i has been a ound since cen u ies. The e m mic o-con en eme ged in conjunc ion wi h he de elopmen o da abases and la e web-based communica ion. “O iginally Jakob Nielsen (1998) e e ed o mic ocon en as small g oups o wo ds ha can be skimmed by a pe son o ge a clea idea o he con en o a Web page. He included a icle headlines, page i les, subjec lines and e-mail headings. Such ph ases also may be aken ou o con ex and displayed on a di ec o y, sea ch esul page, bookma k lis , e c.”4 Ano he use o he e m (also called mic o o ma 5) ex ends owa d o he small in o ma ion chunks ha can s and alone o be used in a a ie y o con ex s, including ins an messages, blog pos s, RSS eeds, and abs ac s. 4 See: h p://en.wikipedia.o g/wiki/Mic ocon en #ci e_no e-1 5 See: h p://en.wikipedia.o g/wiki/Mic o o ma ) Te minologija | 2014 | 21 1 7 In any case, hings ha e changed d ama ically since Anil Dash (2002: 2466) de ined ‘mic ocon en ’: “Today, mic ocon en is being used as a mo e gene al e m indica ing con en ha con eys one p ima y idea o concep , is accessible h ough a single de ini i e URL o pe malink, and is app op ia ely w i en and o ma ed o p esen a ion in email clien s, web b owse s, o on handheld de ices as needed. A day’s wea he o ecas , he a i al and depa u e imes o an ai plane ligh , an abs ac om a long publica ion, o a single ins an message can all be examples o mic ocon en .” O he sou ces7 include cha ac e is ics o mic o-con en which he e a e compa ed o e minological da a in he ollowing able: Mic o-con en : Compa ed o e minological da a: gene ic e m o an add essable s uc u ed indi isible sel -con ained piece o digi al in o ma ion (usually monolingual)  ep esen a ion o a concep by means o a e minological eco d usually wi h da a in mo e han one language sel -con ained piece o in o ma ion which can s and on i s own, i.e. he e is no need o con ex since all he meaning is con ained in i sel ( his cha ac e is ic does no apply o many kinds o mic o-con en en i ies)  his may apply o one language sec ion o an indi idual e minological eco d o low complexi y o o he whole e minological eco d, i concep ela ions a e neglec ed indi isible piece o in o ma ion which can no longe be cu in o smalle use ul pieces ( his cha ac e is ic does no apply o many kinds o mic o-con en en i ies)  his may apply o an indi idual language sec ion o a e minological eco d s uc u ed in he sense ha i does no consis o a single blob o in o ma ion, bu has s uc u e  his also applies o mos TLCR ‘ex e nal s uc u e’ consis s o me ada a  da a ca ego ies a e used in e minology managemen add essable in he sense ha i is add essable on he In e ne which implies ha i has a pe malink  his applies o he unique iden i ie o each e minological eco d (as well as o many o he kinds o eco ds) which could – i web-based – be e ie ed h ough a pe malink 6 See: h p://dashes.com/anil/2002/11/in oducing-mic ocon en -clien .h ml 7 See: h p://www.si as.com/mic ocon en /a icles/de ini ion/de ini ion.h ml 1 8 Blanca S ella Gi aldo Pe ez, Di e ences and Simila i ies o Mic o-con en Ch is ian Galinski and S uc u ed Con en (Including Te minologies and O he Language and Con en Resou ces) Mic o-con en : Compa ed o e minological da a: no necessa ily small, as i may in ac be e y la ge in e ms o megaby es  mo e o en han no his also applies o TLCR, especially i non- e bal ep e- sen a ions a e comp ised lexible in he sense ha i is possible o add new ields and hus enhance he s uc u e o an i em  his can (and inc easingly should) also apply o many TLCR ela ions be ween i ems migh exis ( his con lic s wi h he cha ac e is ic ‘sel - con ained’)  his also applies o e minological eco ds i ems should be owned by hei au ho s who should be able o change o dele e an i em  his inc easingly also applies o TLCR de eloped and main ained unde web-based and coope a i e app oaches allows o e-use o an i em which can also be called mashup  his may – howe e , in a di e en way, as i needs s ic e con ol in e minology – also be applied o TLCR needs a ‘con aine ’ in o de o be exchanged and e-used o which a ‘ o ma ’ is needed  his also applies o eco ds o TLCR Fo mally speaking he me ada a, oo, a e a kind o mic o-con en o which again one needs me ada a in o de o eco d and main ain hem in me ada a egis ies acco ding o he se ies o in e na ional s anda ds ISO 11179. F om he abo e one can ga he ha he di e ence be ween TLCR and mic o-con en heo e ically is no a undamen al one. While mic o-con en o he kind used in he In e ne is aiming a easily p oducing, simply e- using and smoo hly e-pu posing he espec i e con en , TLCR ha e e ol ed wi h he aim o sa is y minimum equi emen s o da a quali y, da a s abili y and sus ainabili y. Besides, in he ield o e minology managemen he mul i lingual app oach was p e ailing om he beginning. Judging om he abo e, TLCR could be used wi hou g ea di icul yin he o m o mic o-con en in he In e ne . 5. MICRO-CONTENT AND TLCR A a gene al le el he e a e examples (see among o he s Leene 2006) o mic o-con en ypes, such as: Te minologija | 2014 | 21 2 5 equi emen o be easy o edi – jus as blog pos s a e. Fu he , mic ocon en esul s in a p oli e a ion o mic ome ada a eco ds o a olume ha equi es a ca e ul conside a ion om he echnical pe spec i e.” (Sánchez-Alonso e al. 2006: 296) This shows ha he ha moniza ion o me ada a and hei applica ion would be a le e owa ds implemen ing a highe deg ee o con en in e ope abili y o his a ea o eCon en which would be pa icula ly bene icial o he e icien c ea ion and applica ion o MLOs in eLea ning. Te minology heo y and me hodology could se e as a bes p ac ice in his connec ion. This is con i med by Sánchez-Alonso e al.: “On he echnical side, mechanisms o he seman ic sea ch, selec ion and agg ega ion o mic ocon en s a e equi ed i we wan o eally exploi he bene i s o me ada a (Kope , 2004). Fu he , ools o he ‘mic o-anno a ion’ o mic ocon en s o popula echnologies (blogs, Wikis, e c.) should be de eloped and s udied om di e en pe spec i es – including human compu e in e ac ion. On he concep ual side, he main open p oblem is how o embed mic o-pedagogies o mic o-didac ics in o usable on ologies, so ha so wa e ools can be de eloped o aid humans in he se ing o mic olea ning con ex s– ...” (Sánchez-Alonso e al. 2006: 302) Fu he in es iga ion is needed • o analyse he da a models and o ma s (incl. he me ada a applied) o di e en kinds o en i ies o s uc u ed con en a he le el o lexical seman ics – incl. also he aspec o seman ically shallow s. seman ically ich en i ies; • o examine how he whole ield o en i ies o s uc u ed con en a he le el o lexical seman ics can bene i om he mul ilingual and mul imodal app oach o e minology managemen – gi en he ac ha inc easingly mul ilinguali y is equi ed om many kinds o mic o-con en ; • o in es iga e he possibili y o a gene ic da a model o MLOs co e ing mos o all o hese en i ies o s uc u ed con en a he le el o lexical seman ics – a leas wi h espec o co e me ada a necessa y o all o mos kinds o en i ies o s uc u ed con en a he le el o lexical seman ics o be e-pu posed as MLOs. Sánchez-Alonso e al. (2006: 302) a e igh when s a ing: “… bu o his, s udies on lea ning heo ies mus come be o e ac ual on ology enginee ing”. 2 6 Blanca S ella Gi aldo Pe ez, Di e ences and Simila i ies o Mic o-con en Ch is ian Galinski and S uc u ed Con en (Including Te minologies and O he Language and Con en Resou ces) REFERENCES A n z R., Pich H., Schmi z K.-D. 2014: Fachsp ache und Fachwo scha z. – A n z R., Pich H., Schmi z K.-D. Ein üh ung in die Te minologieabei , Hildesheim: Geo g OlmsVe lag, 11-34. Baldwin T. 1998: ACL/HCSNe Ad anced P og amme in NLP Lexical Seman ics: An In oduc ion – [ iewed 30 Janua y 2014] slide 7. 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A ailable om: h p://link.sp inge .com/chap e /10.1007/978-3-642-55991-4_26 MIKROTURINIO IR STRUKTŪRINIO TURINIO (ĮSKAITANT TERMINIJĄ IR KITUS KALBOS BEI TURINIO IŠTEKLIUS) SKIRTUMAI IR PANAŠUMAI Elek oninio u inio a kyboje y a s ičių, okių kaip e minologiniai duomenys, biblio ekų in o macija, daugelis p oduk ų pag indinių duomenų ūšių, ku iose u inio iš ekliai – i dėl s anda iza imo pas angų – ampa in eg uojami a ben sude inami. Ki ose s i yse galima pas ebė i išsisky imo endencijas, dėl ku ių galiausiai iš yškėja didžiulis pas angų dublia imas. Š ie imo i mokymo s i yje y a labai daug u inio kū- ėjų i da daugiau šios s i ies u inio iš eklių, ski ų moky ojams i mokiniams. Dau- gelį šių iš eklių suda o leksinės seman ikos lygmens s uk ū inis u inys, apiman is e - minologinius, leksikog a inius duomenis i ki us u inio iš eklius. Daba okie duome- nys laikomi i mik o u iniu. Anks esniuose da buose e minologiniai, leksikog a iniai duomenys i ki i u inio iš- ekliai bu o laikomi pag indinėmis leksinės seman ikos lygmens s uk ū inio u inio ūšimis. Daba pe žiū imame ISO 1087:2000 s anda e e minija apib ėžiama kaip „žy- miklių, p iklausančių ienai specialiajai kalbai, aibė“. Žymiklis apib ėžiamas kaip „ženk las, ku iuo žymima są oka“. Šio e mino s aipsnio pas aboje ašoma, kad „ e minolo- gijos da be ski iamos ys žymiklių ūšys: e minai, simboliai i ik iniai a dai“. Šios i ki os apib ėž ys iesiogiai a ne iesiogiai apima i nekalbinius są okų i a dų (įskai an ik inius a dus) ženklus, ku ie y a s a būs daugelyje s ičių, ypač š ie imo s i yje. Mik o u inys y a labai naudingas i eikalingas į ai iems e slo, iešojo adminis a imo ikslams, aip pa elek oniniam mokymui(si), ačiau jis da e ai ampa sis emiškai išplė o- u mokymosi objek u. Š ie imo s i ies u iniui aikomi me odai u i bū i sude inami am, kad suku iems mokymosi objek ams aip pa bū ų būdingas seman inis sude inamumas. Mik omokymosi i mik odidak ikos s i ies li e a ū oje ap a iami i mik omokymosi objek ai. Šio s aipsnio ikslas y a nus a y i, kiek mik omokymosi objek o są oka susi- jusi su mik o u inio są oka. Sis emiškai aikan e minologijos me odologiją galima page in i į ai iapusišką mik o u inio kaip mik omokymosi objek ų naudojimą. A si as- ų daugiau mik o u inio naudojimo galimybių, jį bū ų galima sude in i i su elek oni- niu u iniu apsk i ai, i panaudo i elek oniniam mokymui(si). Gau a 2014-06-05 Blanca S ella Gi aldo Pe ez Cen e o T ansla ion S udies, Uni e si y o Vienna Gymnasiums asse 50, 1190 Vienna, Aus ia E-mail sgi aldo@in o e m.o g Ch is ian Galinski In e na ional In o ma ion Cen e o Te minology (In o e m) Gymnasiums asse 50, 1190 Vienna, Aus ia E-mail cgalinski@in o e m.o g