Selected Topics in Terminology Work: Best Practices and Beyond

6Geo g Löckinge Selec edTopicsinTe minologyWo k:  Bes P ac icesandBeyond Selec ed Topics in Te minology Wo k: Bes P ac ices and Beyond GEORG LÖCKINGER Uni e si yo AppliedSciencesUppe Aus ia KEYWORDS: e minology wo k, e minology managemen , designa ions, concep modelling, e e ence ools, language p o essionals, e minology aining 1. iNTRODUCTiON Te minology s udies and e minology wo k a e exci ing ields o s udy and p ac ice. Bo h cen e a ound e minologies, which we de ine he e as “s uc u ed se [s] o concep s and hei designa ions <…> in a speci ic subjec ield” (Ahmad e al. ca. 2000; c . DiN 2342:2011, 16). Thus, when wo king wi h e minologies, we a e wi hin a gi en domain o s udy o p ac ice ha may be easie o less easy o delinea e. Ac i i ies dealing wi h e minologies a e called e minology wo k, which we de ine as “wo k conce ned wi h he iden i ica ion, collec ion, p ocessing, desc ip ion, p esen a ion and use o concep s and hei designa ions” (c . ÖNORM A 2704:2015, 6). in he wo de ini ions, he cha ac e is ic ela ed o concep s and hei designa ions is o pa amoun impo ance: bo h concep s and designa ions a e deal wi h when people ca y ou a ious e minology wo k asks. The p esen a icle has a wo old aim: a) aking s ock o h ee opics in e minology wo k, as p ac iced oday, and b) p esen ing no el de el- opmen s ela ed o hese opics ha migh d i e he u u e o e minol- ogy wo k and e minology aining. Thus, he h ee opics a e discussed in a bes p ac ices/and beyond compa ison. They ha e been chosen based on ecen s anda disa ion e o s o and esea ch on e minology wo k: sec ion 2 deals wi h designa ions as e minological uni s, sec ion 3 is abou concep modelling and sec ion 4 discusses e e ence ools o ans- la o s. Sec ion 5 con ains some hough s on possible implica ions o he aining o e minology expe s. We conclude and p o ide a b ie ou look in sec ion 6. Te minologija | 2015 | 22 7 2. DeSiGNATiONS AS TeRMiNOLOGiCAL UNiTS Bes p ac ices … Acco ding o s anda d li e a u e on e minology wo k, he concep ‘des- igna ion’ may be de ined as “ ep esen a ion o a concep … by a sign which deno es i ” (iSO 1087-1:2000, 6). Basically, we dis inguish be ween h ee ypes o designa ions: e m, appella ion and symbol (c . Felbe 1984: 169; Felbe , Budin 1989: 3 .; iSO 1087-1:2000, 6; Pa el, Nole 2001: 18 . and 107; iSO 704:2009, ii and 34; DiN 2342:2011, 10). Te ms, such as “high-pe o mance ch oma og aphy” o “@ sign”, designa e gene al con- cep s and consis o wo ds o wo d-like cha ac e s ings (c . iSO 1087- 1:2000, 6). Appella ions, such as “Tempo®” o “Nobel Peace P ize 2013”, a e simila , bu designa e indi idual concep s. Finally, symbols such as o 1, “a e an impo an aid o in e na ional communica ion because hei isual ep esen a ion o concep s unc ions independen ly o any gi en language” (iSO 704:2009, 41). They ep esen gene al o indi id- ual concep s (c . iSO 704:2009, 34). … and beyond The abo e dis inc ion be ween e ms, appella ions and symbols is use- ul in p inciple. Also, i is en iched by a desc ip ion o a ious appella ions in iSO 704:2009, 56 . Howe e , all in all we should ha e a concep sys- em ‘designa ion’ ha is mo e g anula and mo e sys ema ic han exis ing classi ica ions. The ecen ly published Aus ian s anda d ÖNORM A 2704:2015 is an a emp o each his objec i e: in coope a ion wi h onomas icians and nomencla u e expe s, a comp ehensi e classi ica ion o designa ions, in pa icula o p ope names and ela ed designa ions, has been de eloped. As a i s example, le us ha e a look a he designa ion 2. Wha is i acco ding o he abo e di ision? An appella ion because i e e s o an in- di idual concep ela ed o a well-known in o ma ion echnology company? O a symbol because pa s o i a e non- e bal? While e ms may con ain symbols (c . iSO 1087-1:2000, 6), symbols ha e no ye been su icien ly de ined and classi ied. Bo h in e minology s udies and e minology wo k, 1 Clipa s aken om h ps://openclipa .o g/de ail/7608/s a ue-o -libe y and h ps://openclipa .o g/ de ail/194680/map-o -a ica-wi h-coun ies-in-cylind ical-equal-a ea-p ojec ion, espec i ely. 2 Taken om h p://www.hp.com/hpin o/images/hplogo.jpg. 8Geo g Löckinge Selec edTopicsinTe minologyWo k:  Bes P ac icesandBeyond we need a mo e de ailed concep sys em ‘symbol’, no he leas o easie da a main enance in e minological da abases (da a ca ego y selec ion, da a impo and expo , e c.). As a second example, le us e lec on he designa ion “978-3-7329- 0053-4” (iSBN). Many e minology expe s would no ega d his cha ac- e s ing as a designa ion a all. Howe e , wha is he undamen al di e - ence be ween an iSBN and he co esponding book i le, which we would conside an appella ion, hough? We need o b oaden ou in e p e a ion o wha cons i u es a designa ion, since uncon en ional designa ions such as a icle numbe s and iden i ie s used in e-comme ce a e gaining g ound in many di e en ields (c . Galinski, Gi aldo Pé ez 2012). A b oade , ye mo e de ailed classi ica ion o designa ions would also enable us o es ab- lish close ies be ween so wa e ools used in e minology managemen , p oduc managemen , en e p ise esou ce planning and he like. Hence, he deg ee o in e ope abili y could be inc eased as well. To his end, ex- pe s in e minology, nomencla u es and name s udies (onomas ics) should coope a e mo e closely in he u u e. The e a e many common p oblems ha will be easie o sol e by means o common solu ions. 3. CONCePT MODeLLiNG Bes p ac ices … When e minology expe s wan o illus a e a concep sys em by g aph- ical means, hey usually do so by d awing a concep diag am, i.e. a “g aphic ep esen a ion o a concep sys em” (iSO 1087-1:2000, 4). The no a ion used in concep diag ams oday has his o ical oo s and is de- sc ibed in s anda d li e a u e on e minology wo k, e.g. Wüs e 1991; Suonuu i 1997; iSO 704:2009; A n z, Pich , Schmi z 2014 (see ig. 1). Figu e 1. Concep diag am ‘alpine ski’ (de i ed om ISO 6289:2003, d awn acco ding o ISO 704:2009) balle ski Te minologija | 2015 | 22 9 The abo e no a ion, howe e , does no ollow a de ailed speci ica ion p o iding a o mal syn ax. Also, i is di icul o in e p e o compu e applica ions: mos ly, such concep diag ams come in he o m o bina y iles ha do no con ain any seman ics in addi ion o he pic o ial in o - ma ion i sel . … and beyond The e a e iT modelling languages, such as he Uni ied Modeling Lan- guage (c . iSO/ieC 19505:2012), ha lend hemsel es o use o e mi- nological pu poses. Thus, he e ha e been s anda disa ion e o s in he pas yea s o o e al e na i e o ms o g aphical ep esen a ions. Fo in- s ance, a ecen iSO s anda d on e minology wo k deals wi h concep models, i.e. “concep diag am[s] <…> o med by means o a o mal lan- guage” (iSO 24156-1:2014, 1). Mo e p ecisely, he use o he Uni ied Modeling Language no a ion is p oposed (see ig. 2). Figu e 2. Concep model ‘alpine ski’ (de i ed om ISO 6289:2003, d awn acco ding o ISO 24156-1:2014) The main bene i o he abo e no a ion is ha i ollows a de ailed (and eely a ailable) speci ica ion p o iding a o mal syn ax. Also, i can be in e p e ed au oma ically by dedica ed UML modelling ools. Fu he mo e, a semi-au oma ic con e sion om UML concep models o e minological de ini ions and ice e sa migh be possible in he u u e (c . Löckinge , Kockae , Budin 2015: 78 .). These a e s ong a gumen s o using o mal- ised means ins ead o (o a leas in addi ion o) con en ional no a ions only. Fo inno a i e me hods o ep esen ing e minologies in g aphical o m, a close coope a ion be ween e minology expe s and da a modelling expe s is essen ial. balle ski 1 0 Geo g Löckinge Selec edTopicsinTe minologyWo k:  Bes P ac icesandBeyond 4. ReFeReNCe TOOLS FOR TRANSLATORS Bes p ac ices … Language p o essionals need a ious ypes o domain-speci ic in o ma- ion o accomplish hei complex asks. T ansla o s, de ined as “language p o essional[s] who <…> ende [s] w i en sou ce language con en in o a ge language con en in w i en o m” (iSO 13611:2014, clauses 2.5.1 and 2.5.2), a e no excep ion o his ule. A p esen , howe e , mos e e - ence ools do no ul il hei needs: ele an in o ma ion is o en sca e ed o e di e en media (p in ed s. online) and appea s in a ious compu e applica ions such as in e ne b owse s, e minology managemen sys ems, ansla ion memo y sys ems and local elec onic dic iona ies. This si ua- ion can be illus a ed as ollows (see ig. 3). Figu e 3. T ansla o s and hei e e ence ools oday Some o he language esou ces a ailable o ansla o s may in ac be e y sophis ica ed e e ence ools in elec onic o m. Howe e , hese e- sou ces a e usually kep wi hin indi idual in o ma ion con aine s all o which ha e hei indi idual use in e aces as well. … and beyond Recen esea ch on he in o ma ion needs o ansla o s (Löckinge 2014 and Löckinge o hcoming) has demons a ed ha an in elligen combi- na ion o ailo -made esou ces in “dynamic e minology and ull- ex da abase[s]” (Löckinge 2014: 316) is conside ed desi able by he language Te minologija | 2015 | 22 1 1 p o essionals in ques ion. Thus, inno a i e e e ence ools o ansla o s should be in eg a ed language esou ces as depic ed below (see ig. 4; c . also Bowke 2011 and Alla d 2012). Figu e 4. T ansla o s and hei e e ence ools in he u u e While he e a e many so wa e ools ha combine bo h ansla ion memo ies and e minological da abases, ha dly any o hem include ex co po a as a hi d pilla . i is o be hoped ha mo e language echnology endo s will conside adding ele an ex co pus managemen ea u es o hei so wa e ools in he u u e. This would help ansla o s o co e hei in o ma ion needs as e and in a mo e com o able manne .3 5. iMPLiCATiONS FOR TeRMiNOLOGy TRAiNiNG F om he bes p ac ices/and beyond compa ison abo e, we can d aw a ew conclusions speci ic o e minology aining. Wi h ega d o des- igna ions as e minological uni s, e minology aine s bo h a uni- e si ies and in o he con ex s should aise s uden s’ awa eness o non- adi ional designa ion ypes, since p oduc classi ica ions, e-comme ce sys ems and he like a e becoming mo e and mo e common. Closely ela ed o ha , he in e disciplina y na u e o e minologies should be emphasised: many academic disciplines and ields o p ac ice (name s udies, nomencla u es, classi ica ion, e c.) deal wi h e minologies, al- bei om di e en pe spec i es. 3 Machine ansla ion is no included he e, since he ocus is on language esou ces c ea ed by humans a he han on language echnologies enabling au oma ed p ocesses. 1 2 Geo g Löckinge Selec edTopicsinTe minologyWo k:  Bes P ac icesandBeyond As o concep modelling, he ole o g aphical ep esen a ions o concep ields and concep sys ems should be gi en mo e emphasis. Con- cep diag ams and concep models hold a g ea lea ning po en ial compa ed o he unde lying adi ional ‘ e ms and de ini ions’ ex s (ease o com- p ehension due o a clea isibili y o concep ela ions, e c.). Also, so - wa e ools o concep modelling should be pa and pa cel o e minol- ogy ainings when i comes o isualising e minologies. Conce ning e e ence ools o ansla o s, he main need is in- dep h aining in language echnology- ela ed ma e s. Ha ing ecei ed well- ounded aining in his a ea, ansla o s will be in a posi ion o be - e assess wha so wa e ea u es a e ealis ic and easible oday and whe e well-es ablished and inno a i e ea u es con e ge. Secondly, ansla o s should be encou aged o communica e hei (in o ma ion) needs mo e o en and mo e clea ly o language echnology endo s. Thi dly, in e- g a ed language esou ces such as hose men ioned abo e should be buil and/o used in ansla o aining. 6. CONCLUSiON AND OUTLOOK Today, e minology wo k is ca ied ou p o essionally in many ields and o ganisa ions. i is based on a s a e-o - he-a body o knowledge eco ded in ex books, specialis jou nals, na ional and in e na ional s and- a ds, e c. The main goal o his a icle was o iden i y and discuss h ee essen ial opics in e minology wo k: designa ions as e minological uni s, concep modelling, and e e ence ools o ansla o s. To do so, we ha e desc ibed cu en “bes p ac ices” and p esen ed no el solu ions (“and beyond”) based on ecen s anda disa ion e o s and esea ch. in he u u e, he e minology expe communi y should con inue o p omo e and e ine he p o essional p o ile o e minology wo k and e - minology expe s. Also, he in e ac ion be ween e minology s udies and e minology wo k should be deepened, o ins ance ia empi ical esea ch and ele an indus y p ojec s whose esul s may eed back in o esea ch in e minology s udies. Finally, we should es ablish o os e coope a ion wi h ela ed ields in o de o lea n om each o he , o mu ual bene i and in a common in e es . Te minologija | 2015 | 22 1 3 REFERENCES Ahmad K., Bon h one R., engel G., Fo opoulou A., F y D., Galinski C., Humbley J., Kal on N., Roge s M., Roulin C., Schmalenbach K., Tanke e. (eds.). Ca. 2000: Poin e FinalRepo , sec ion „Wha is Te minology“. A ailable online a h p://www.compu ing.su ey.ac.uk/ai/poin e / epo /con en s.h ml. 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Suonuu i H. 1997: Guide oTe minology, Helsinki: Tekniikan Sanas okeskus. Wüs e e. 1991: Ein üh ungindieallgemeineTe minologieleh eund e minologischeLexikog aphie. 3. Au l., Bonn: Romanis ische Ve lag. TERMINOLOGIJOS DARBO PASIRINKTOS TEMOS: GEROJI PRAKTIKA IR ATEITIS Šiandien e minologijos da bas p o esionaliai di bamas daugelyje s ičių i o ganizaci- jų. Jis emiasi naujausiomis žiniomis, už iksuo omis ado ėliuose, specializuo uose žu - naluose, nacionaliniuose bei a p au iniuose s anda uose i k . Pag indinis šio s aips- nio ikslas – išski i i ap a i is s a bias e minologijos da bo emas: žymiklius kaip e minologinius iene us, są okų modelia imą i in o macines p iemones e ėjams. Kalban apie žymiklius kaip e minologinius iene us eigiama, kad daba inė są okos „žymiklis“ sis ema nė a okia de ali i sis emiška, kokia u ė ų bū i. ypač eika- linga išsamesnė ik inių a dų i į a dus panašių žymiklių klasi ikacija, u in omenyje 1 4 Geo g Löckinge Selec edTopicsinTe minologyWo k:  Bes P ac icesandBeyond augančią jų s a bą el. p ekybos sis emose i panašiais aikymo a ejais. Kalban apie są- okų modelia imą a k eipiamas dėmesys į g a inio są okų laukų i są okų sis emų aizda imo s a bą yšiams a p są okų pa ody i. T adicinė ženklų sis ema u i kele ą ūkumų (pa yzdžiui, nė a pag indinės speci ikacijos su o malia sin akse, sunku p i ai- ky i kompiu e iams), odėl p is a oma al e na y i są okų modelių ženklų sis ema, pa- em a Vieninga modelia imo kalba (UML). In o macinės p iemonės e ėjams y a ečia šiame s aipsnyje nag inėjama ema. Ve ėjams, kaip i ki iems kalbos specialis- ams, eikia į ai ios am ik os s i ies in o macijos, padedančios a lik i sudė ingas už- duo is, ačiau šiuo me u dauguma in o macinių p iemonių negali pa enkin i jų po eikių. Remian is naujais y imais, apimančiais empi inius y imus, „dinaminė e minologija i isa eks ės duomenų bazės“ siūlomos kaip in o macinės p iemonės e ėjams ie oj ag men iškų kalbos iš eklių, ku ie dažniausiai naudojami šiandien. Ap a iamas galimas šių ijų emų į aukimas į e minologijos mokymą. Te mino- logijos ekspe ams siūloma daugiau dėmesio ski i g e imoms s i ims, okioms kaip a dų y imai a nomenkla ū os. Tai padė ų as i bend us sp endimus bend ų p oble- mų, susijusių su e minologijos y imais i da bu. Gau a 2015-06-26 Geo g Löckinge Uni e si y o Applied Sciences Uppe Aus ia S elzhame s asse 23 4600 Wels/Aus ia e-Mail: [email p o ec ed]