Knyga iš medicinos žodyno praeities

188 Stasys Keinys | A book from the past of medical dictionary A book from the medical dictionary of the past Palmira Zemlevičiūtė The termology of small Lithuanian dictionaries of the 17th–18th centuries Lex. Monograph. – Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute, 2016. – 517 p. IsBn 978-609-411-181-5 StaSyS KeinyS The book reviewed in this paper1 is the second major work of Palmira Zem-Pirmas was defended in The doctoral dissertation Development of Lithuanian medical terminology at the end of the 19th 2009 humanities (philology) levičiūtė work from the past of Lithuanian healing and medical dictionary. century and the beginning of the 20th century, covering the times of the nation’s rebirth until the establishment of Lithuanian higher education in Kaunas shortly after the restoration of the independent state in 1918. In addition, as an exploration of the development of the written Lithuanian medical terminology in Lesser Lithuania, 1 Zemlevičiūtė P. XVII—XVIII amžinės Mažosios Lietuvos žodynų terminologinė medicinos leksika, published in the scientific journal Archivum Lithuanicum in 2007, can be considered. monograph, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute, 2016. – 517 p., il. 189Terminologija | 2017 | 24 study article „terminological medical vocabulary in Lithuanian orders of the Prussian government from 1738 to 1831“ (these 12 surviving orders dedicated to health subjects are considered one of the first printed Lithuanian announcements in this field). A very commendable feature of P. Zemlevičiūtė’s studies of medical language is the thoroughness of the investigation and the completeness of the presentation of the accumulated material. Undoubtedly, this increases their value. The research of the monograph (what is studied in it) consists of nouns and noun combinations referring to concepts related to the treatment of humans, which have been read from six (three manuscript and three printed) translated German-Lithuanian and Lithuanian-German dictionaries of the 17th and 18th centuries. These are the anonymous manuscripts Lexicon Lithuanicum, Clavis Germanico–Lithvana and the remaining part of Jacob Brodowski’s Lexicon Germanico–Lithvanicum et Lithvanico–Germanicum (these dictionaries were scientifically prepared by Professor Vincentas Drotvinas and published in Vilnius in eight large volumes between 1987 and 2009), as well as the Lithuanian–German and German–Lithuanian dictionaries by Friedrich Wilhelm Haak, Pilypas Ruigis and Kristijonas Gotlybas Milkauskas, which were published at the time. According to the author, over 700 different anatomy and medicine words and word combinations have been found in these sources, in addition to which the work presents in detail numerous spelling and grammar variants of these names not included here (p. 16). The content of the monograph, in addition to the usual subjects of scientific papers (preface, sources, literature and abbreviation lists, index of personal names and German abstract), consists of a small introduction (12–36 pp.), two large parts describing the medical semantics of the researched names (37–279 pp.) and expression (280–402 pp.), summary conclusions (403–409 pp.) and a detailed index of names and their variants (435–504 pp.). both parts are based on a very detailed breakdown of the names under examination, both in terms of meaning and expression, and, as mentioned above, on the presentation of all of them. This, without losing sight of the author’s dedication, patience and diligence, makes it possible to assume that the book presents a reliable picture of the vocabulary used for medical purposes in the land of Lithuanians, which entered the dictionaries under investigation five to four hundred years ago. In the introduction of the book, doctors, linguists and specialists from other fields who have written on the language and terminology of Lithuanian medical history and science in this field in the 20th and 21st centuries are welcomed, and several works on medical terminology by Slovak, French and German scientists are mentioned (by the way, it would be useful to 190 Stasys Keinys | Book from the medical dictionary of the past hoped to at least take a look at the works of our closest neighbors, especially Latvians and Poles, in this field – after all, the people of Latvia and part of Poland lived for several centuries in similar circumstances as our Lithuanians). In the first part of the book „Semantics of the lexicon of medical terminology of the small Lithuanian dictionaries of the 17th–18th centuries“, based on special medical žvalgėlė ir primenami knygoje tiriamo laikotarpio tyrinėjimai. literature and textbooks (the list of literature includes three dozen books in this field), the entire material of the work is divided into the following eight chapters: 1) Names of body parts, organs and their systems, 2) Names of diseases and morbid states, 3) Names of treatment methods, 4) Names of persons, 5) Names of treatment institutions, 6) Names of actions, events and states, 7) Names of characteristics and 8) Names of medical science fields and related sciences. Most of the sections are divided into subsections (most of them, as many as twenty, are in the section of disease names), and the subsections of the largest section of body parts, organs and their systems are divided into sections, and some sections are also divided into subsections, for example, the section of the support and movement organs system of the subsection of organs and their systems has two – musculoskeletal system and muscular system – subsections (such a fine anatomical division, obviously, was caused by the complexity of the human body, the abundance of particles of particles of various parts of it). Bearing in mind that the description of each individual name consists of the heading current Lithuanian term, followed by the Latin term, the original spelling of all variants of the Lithuanian names of that time, their German equivalents with a page from all dictionaries, then the medical part of that name in the electronic version of the Great Lithuanian Language Dictionary (LKž) with abbreviations indicating its writing sources and the location of dialects, words, word combinations or only their meanings not included in that dictionary are also mentioned. By the way, based on the Lithuanian language dictionary, which mainly contains 20th-century Lithuanian dialect data, it would be difficult to make a precise judgement about the prevalence and vitality of some of the names studied in the dialects of the Little Lithuania of those times, because of the lack of Lithuanian dialect data and the difference of several centuries. However, the LKž data presented are interesting and useful insofar as they show the use of the investigated names from the oldest monuments of our writing and the survival and partly spread in the dialects of the 20th century, i.e. the vitality of those names. in general, this part of the monograph could be considered a historical 191Terminologija | 2017 | 24 Comparative ideographic dictionary (compendium) of medical vocabulary of the 17th–18th centuries (as it is presented in the investigated sources). the second part, the expression of the researched names, is also based on a gradual, but linguistic division, the first stage of which is chosen the most common origin of words and word combinations – specifics (called proper names in the work), borrowings and hybrids, or mixtures, the second – the number of words forming the names (singulars and compounds), the third – the single words (in the monograph they are fashionably called solid) stage – ordinary (with regard to the work), compounded adjectives and participants and derivatives, and compounds – according to the number of elements; borrowed names (only single words were found) – according to the direct or indirect (through intermediaries) borrowing, and then from which languages they are borrowed or originated; hybrid derivatives, by the origin of the constituent parts of the word, and composite mixtures, by the origin of the elements. Firstly, purely Lithuanian monosyllabic common names are described, divided into the same groups as in the part of meaning, within the groups are distinguished words entered into dictionaries with primary and secondary meanings and words excluded on other grounds, whose existing meanings in the sources are not included in the LKž. For example, in the section of body parts names, the word hare is presented in the primary meaning section with the meaning “leg (from trunk to foot), pest” (p. 281, in the table inserted on p. 289, a subjunctive is added to the primary meaning), in the secondary meaning section – with the meaning “4. šlaunis“ (p. 286) and those not included in the LKž section – with the meaning „strėna“ (p. 287). derivatives, as usual from the work of Professor Vincas Urbutis, are described divided according to the method of production, categories and types. It is not surprising that, when studying words of the far past, there may be problems with the composition of derivatives and their base words. To make them at least fewer, it is important first of all to well understand the spelling of each source. For example, the names of verbs are written only with the suffix -imas (the dictionaries also include gydimas, p. 314, gimdymas, p. 313, and it is unclear whether this reflects the pronunciation of those days, or whether the long vowel y is only written in certain cases in this way), it is unclear what the letter ën means, because in Clavio’s dictionary, for example, besides cough, pain, sop, it is written alpėllys and prieppėlis (they are all mentioned on p. 316 as the -ulis/-ulys suffixes, the latter of which, no doubt, has accidentally fallen out of company). apparently, for the same reason (lack of attention), in another case the base gender or word is incorrectly given, e.g.: pilvavimas (: pilvojo), p. 313– 314, ißgydijimas (: išgydė), p. 314; who can now tell why there is also dusaujimas, p. 313, which is not how to relate to dūsavo. will not be- 192 Stasys Keinys | Book from the medical dictionary of the past liai measured j. Brodovskis word iß-perauga (: to grow), p. 339. Other inaccuracies or mistakes occur occasionally, for example, the name of the disease leprės is considered to be derived from the verb rupti, but if so, it cannot be the name of the possessors of the noun property, p. 320–321; if the name of the disease is very differently spelled namirrulis / numirrulis / namir rulys … (: die), it would have been expected to present it together with other abstracts of the verbs of that suffix (p. 315–317), rather than with the names of the actors and the possessors of the noun property (p. 322). flea hunters would find a little more of such flaws or dubious, questionable things. By the way, the book hardly discusses the possibilities of unequal interpretation and the reasons for a different than usual choice, for example, why nesveikata is considered as the suffix -ata (p. 325), and not as a prefix, as is done in Lithuanian grammar (I t., p. 428) by Prof. V. Urbutis. There are some editing errors – molgamas (p. 337) is incorrectly mentioned as a derivative of the prefix, while quite nearby (p. 338) pagamas and priegamas are correctly presented as derivatives of the ending -as. To conclude the discussion of word formation, I would like to say something about the research methodology in general (not just about this book). Firstly, in the writings of all times there are vague, unusually made, inaccurately read words, as well as writing or rewriting (in manuscripts), printing errors and other bugs. the spelling inconsistencies already mentioned. It would be useful to discuss such matters separately. secondly, one should not desperately try to give a firm interpretation of the formation of ambiguous words. For example, the only derivative of the suffix -ūnas/-ūnė of names of persons with noun characteristics in the book is considered to be, like many other words spelled differently, alkunas, alkunė, elkunas, elkunė … (p. 319–320), but since the necessary base word for the action relationship has not been found, there is no way to assign a suffix and thus to consider it a derivative. The author of the unclear word-making is considered and assigned to the abstracts of verbs, apparently, the name of the disease tylysis, german. Schlag (Krankheit), which has a separate suffix -ysis, although she herself writes that "the suffix seems to be absent" (p. 317). And such cases, if it is absolutely desired and if it is considered a matter of word formation, and not, say, morphology, should be considered separately. thirdly, in synchronic (state, not development) descriptions of past participles, it would be most accurate to look for the basis of the participle and to interpret the relationships in the language of the time and region under study (rather than in the present). The number of compound names of medical terms (different from the current terminology) in both places of the description (separately purely Lithuanian and in another section mixed with regard to the origin of the 193Terminology | 2017 | 24 quarter of all researched names. the majority of them are two-word, and three-word and longer ones are perhaps only one-sixth of all compound names, by the way, there seems to be no other way to consider the name of the concept (Liekorÿʃte kurri Waiʃu numirruʃi prawara, p. 401). the investigated noun-word combinations in the book are usually divided according to the number of constituent words, expression (parts of speech and their forms) and relation of the elements. By the way, the words of the official parts of the language are often not counted. This is also done in the reviewed book, cf. the heading of the section “two-word compound names, whose dependent elements are expressed by prepositional jomis“ (p. 365). tačiau mūsų autorė nėra nuosekli, pavyzdžiui, trižodžiais constructs, are considered both Pływę around Smáginės, and Paudėjimas Pilwo nag Tullies (p. 367), and others. borrowings from other languages make up only a small part of the researched names, their number is 41 (p. 370) out of about 150, i.e. less than 10% of the researched mononymous names. they are described according to the languages from which they entered into the Lithuanian language directly or through intermediaries. 61% of the borrowed words are Slavic, mostly from Belarusian and Polish (p. 383), 22% are Germanic (p. 386). bearing in mind that at the time of the writing of the dictionaries, this region had been under German rule for several hundred years (after the conquest in the 13th century), the above data can be a stimulus for various considerations and interpretations. also few (19 names, p. 390) sources only found hybrid derivatives and composite names of hybrid origin (49, p. 393). The lack of borrowed and mixed forms indicates that the dictionaries examined bear witness to a high degree of Lithuanianness of words and compound names related to health matters in the Lithuanian language of that time. true, some of those purely Lithuanian names may be values or sequences. At the end of the monograph is inserted an alphabetical index of medical terms found in 17th-18th century dictionaries of Lesser Lithuania, in which the meaning is given after the title name written in the current spelling, the Lithuanian and German names themselves in the order of appearance of the dictionaries and spelling with dictionary abbreviation and page. Each variant of expression and each meaning is highlighted with a separate article, for example, the word šlazda (p. 441) is inserted with five articles according to the different meanings mentioned in the dictionaries „leg“, „calf“, „thigh“, „part of the leg below the knees, steep“, „waist, equator, thighs“ and immediately after them the expression variant šlazdas „calf“. Such a breakdown of words according to their meaning and expression is very convenient for readers who will be 194 Stasys Keinys | A book of words and sayings from the medical dictionary of ancient times, examined and presented in detail with regard to the past. this is a great idea of the author of the book. By the way, this important part of the book can be boldly called not an index (arrow) of a narrower meaning, but a dictionary. In total, it consists of 1115 articles, arranged on seven dozen pages. In general, the book presents a qualitative and quantitative picture of the medical field names that have entered the old dictionaries of Lithuania Minor in a clever, inventive and versatile way. It is highlighted by 26 figures and 64 tables, which in the meaning part show the relationship of old and current terms, and in the expression part (18-26 diagrams and 51-64 tables) the number of things described. Almost everything is presented here in precise figures and percentages, only more summary summary data is missing. interested in various aspects of the book. The terminological medical lexicon of the 17th—18th-century dictionaries of Lesser Lithuania by Dr. P. Zemlevičiūtė is very valuable in many respects. It introduces into the circulation of our linguistic science a considerable deposit of carefully collected and described in various respects vocabulary of ancient writings in one area, showing the diversity and endurance of the vocabulary of our language in that area. it is important to know the state of the technical language of the old ages of our writing and its development. it can be useful for researchers of the history of medical science, because dictionaries help to understand who, how and with what treated people several centuries ago. The book will also be useful for current medical terminology managers. Finally, it makes sense that this work, which is dedicated to the study of the lexicographical works of several Lutheran enlightened persons, was published by the Lithuanian Language Institute in the fiftieth anniversary of the Reformation. received stasys Keinys 2017-10-29 rinktinės g. 13-11 Lt-09201 Vilnius, Lithuania