Pragmatics for developing a terminological glossary: UNESCO’s Internet Governance Glossary

5 9Terminologija | 2017 | 24 Pragmatics for developing a terminological glossary: UNESCO’s Internet Governance Glossary BLANCA STELLA GIRALDO PEREZ Infoterm (International Information Centre for Terminology) KEYWORDS: terminological glossary, specialised communication, digital divide, Internet Governance Glossary (IGG) methodology, terminological principles and methods, content 1. BACKGROUND FOR THE INTERNET GOVERNANCE GLOSSARY DEVELOPMENT The swift development of information and communication technologies (ICTs), the growing knowledge societies and the political aim to reduce digital divides of all sorts are issues high on the agenda of decision makers in industry, public administration and academia. To improve the efficiency and effectiveness of specialised communication and knowledge sharing, the upgrading of existing methods and conceptions for new methods and application of tools are needed. There are several proposals for developing knowledge tools that contribute to the creation of suitable content that can be reused, re-purposed and enriched while fostering interoperability and sustainability. Glossaries properly developed are basic tools to leverage the efficiency and effectiveness of specialised communication and knowledge sharing. For understanding the relation of a glossary and its value for the digital divide one needs to know about the digital divide and the issues that it comprises. In its general meaning, ‘Digital Divide’ refers to the gap between demographics and regions that have access to modern ICTs. Andy Carvin (2000) stated: “The digital divide is one of the most important civil rights issues facing our modern information economy.” Nevertheless, access to the Internet, to Information and ICTs have proved not sufficient to reduce the digital divide, which as Carvin highlighted, is also about content, literacy, pedagogy, and community. Nowadays, it even goes beyond these dimensions. “Digital exclusion is part of a broader divide contributing to social and economic exclusion of people. Multiple 6 0 Blanca Stella Giraldo Perez Pragmatics for developing a terminological glossary: UNESCO’s Internet Governance Glossary aspects: economic, geographic, languages, gender, etc.” (Patru 2008). As a social issue, the digital divide is becoming manifest in several different forms, which different stakeholders and public or private organizations try to overcome. However, “Closing the digital divide will not suffice to close the knowledge divide for access to useful, culturally relevant knowledge is more than a matter of technology access.” (ibidem) “Intergovernmental organizations such as UNESCO and global organizations such as the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), in addition to regional organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and others are highlighting the indispensable role of languages in building inclusive Knowledge Societies. Each language offers a unique testimony of its civilization’s cultural genius and contributes to the world’s heritage – not to mention its crucial role in building intercultural dialogue, reconciliation and peace.” (UNESCO 2017) UNESCO’s message here: “In a globalized world with interconnected societies, intercultural dialogue is vital if we are to live together while acknowledging our diversity. In an uncertain world, the future of nations depends not only on their economic capital or natural resources, but on their collective ability to understand and anticipate changes in the environment - through education, scientific research and the sharing of knowledge.” (Wikiprogress knowledgebase n.d.) Therefore, designing strategies that contribute to reduce the digital divide as well as defining principles that impact the information society have always been major topics of UNESCO’s programmes and activities. Statistical reports usually indicate an increase of Internet users and technology market penetration. Internet World Stats provide useful statistical information about Internet users in the world. Global Digital Snapshot provides key statistical indicators for the world’s Internet, mobile technology and media users. Most of these figures show growing trends and predict amazing swift changes in the coming years. The accelerated change does not occur evenly in all sectors, as it should be. From the figures shown by the study of the Scientific Foresight Unit (STOA) on the ‘language equality in the digital age’ about the level of support of machine translation (MT) by language, only few languages benefit from good-quality software and resources in certain application areas, while the rest of languages have no software or resources for MT support. Even most of the languages used in the European Union do not enjoy equal 6 1Terminologija | 2017 | 24 opportunities with respect to information, communication and the knowledge sharing that is required in our globalized world. “While multilingualism is one of Europe’s greatest assets, it is also one of the most substantial challenges for the creation of a truly integrated EU. Around 80 languages are used in the EU, and language barriers have a profound effect, not only on the establishment of a common European identity, but also on worker mobility and cross-border e-commerce, trade and public services. This study, published by STOA in March 2017, charts the emergence of new technological advancements, based on increased computational power and access to big data, through which human language technologies (HLT) are becoming real solution to overcoming language barriers. However, most of the technical progress so far has been with only one language, English.” (Pataki, Dawood 2017) Not only MT, but also all areas that cover information and communication are subject to fast growth of the Internet and ICTs that bring about new options to access, preserve, create, and share information and knowledge. Sharing implies availability to people with the possibility to have global impact. Consequently, information and knowledge should be equally available to communities with highly developed specialised languages as well as those with less developed specialised language and terminologies. “In its early development, the Internet would often be assessed from a technological perspective. However, during the last decade, other issues, often qualified as “soft”, have emerged focusing on topics such as human rights, democracy, privacy, social equity, inclusion, local content creation, interdependence, and other cultural, educational, economic and political aspects of Internet use. Such discussions have been ongoing since the creation of the Internet Governance Forum (IGF), which resulted from the two World Summits on the Information Society (WSIS in Geneva, 2003, and Tunis, 2005) and WSIS+10 Review Process and outcomes. In this context, ‘language’ increasingly is recognized as an issue, as the utilization of language today is highly supported by ICTs and the Internet. Therefore, the lack of relevant terminology indirectly affects digital and knowledge divides. Today, the international community has several multi-stakeholder mechanisms for the dialogue and implementation of solutions to Internet governance issues. The WSIS events and IGF belong to some of the major ones. To participate in international multi-stakeholder processes, countries and their national representatives need also to be equipped with language tools that facilitate understanding, cooperation and coordination. One of the latter are the rapidly growing multistakeholder partnership mechanisms related to the governance of the Internet.” (Infoterm, UNESCO, ICANN 2017: 12) 6 2 Blanca Stella Giraldo Perez Pragmatics for developing a terminological glossary: UNESCO’s Internet Governance Glossary Generally speaking, when language tools are developed for different communities, ICTs take the lead, and the development of technological aspects has priority. But with respect to language tools, content development and resources are at the fore. Examples of language resources are: written and spoken corpora, computational lexicons, terminology databases, speech data collection and processing, etc. Basic software tools are also important for the acquisition, preparation, collection, management, customisation and use of these language resources and other kinds of content. However, as the utilization of language today is highly supported by information and communication technologies (ICT) and the Internet, the lack of relevant terminology indirectly, but inevitably, establishes digital and knowledge divides, which can manifest themselves in different ways. There is, therefore, a need for continuous terminology planning, institutional capacity building and effective coordination mechanisms at regional and country levels. (See: Infoterm, UNESCO, ICANN 2017) Hence the development of terminologies that contribute to the exchange of information, knowledge and to active participation in specialised community discussions, constitutes not only a great opportunity for users of lesser developed languages but also for the development of structured content with a view to interoperability and sustainability. There are several products with terms representing concepts such as thesauri, dictionaries, databases, glossaries. A glossary is a type of terminology resource whose value depends on the aim and way it is developed. Broadly, “A glossary, also known as a vocabulary or clavis, is an alphabetical list of terms in a particular domain of knowledge with the definitions for those terms. A core glossary is a simple glossary or defining dictionary that enables definition of other concepts, especially for newcomers to a language or field of study. It contains a small working vocabulary and definitions for important or frequently encountered concepts, usually including idioms or metaphors useful in a culture.” (Wikipedia) There are different types of glossaries: monolingual, bilingual (usually a list of words with equivalents and explanations in another language) and multilingual. Some of them may include pictures or symbols to represent concepts. There are also glossaries in the form of a vocabulary, including definitions of the concepts. 6 3Terminologija | 2017 | 24 Such glossaries are valuable resources to understand the terminology of a domain or specific subject. If they are organized according to such domain/subject knowledge, they can be more useful for users to apprehend the concepts. Their value becomes more prominent in the new specialised fields whose quick development demands for practical solutions that later can be shared, updated, replicated or improved according to the needs of their users. “[…] a language which lags behind in its terminology for a given domain or across many domains, risks losing the ability to communicate in different thematic domains of that language over time. A language community whose language has not developed scientific and technical terminologies is unavoidably forced to use some other, more developed foreign language for thematic domain communication.” (UNESCO 2017) After having outlined some of the issues in connection with the digital divide and the role of a glossary, this article intends to summarize the main aspects about the methodology for the Internet Governance Glossary (IGG) development and is directed towards raising awareness about the different possibilities when planning and developing this type of language resource, as well as the potential use it can have for ‘continuous terminology planning, institutional capacity building and effective coordination mechanisms at regional and country levels’. It also aims at sharing the IGG experience which can be scaled up or replicated by other communities that do not enjoy the possibilities of those with highly developed specialised languages. At the same time, it can be an example for many communities which do not participate in multi-stakeholder processes due to the lack of terminology in new domains or across new domains. “Under this aspect, Arabic-speaking countries and communities currently have limited opportunities to be fully engaged in constructive dialogue and joint action in multi-stakeholder processes due to the inadequate use of supportive language tools. Hence, solutions are needed to strengthen technical terminology in the Arabic language to facilitate the dialogue on the use of Arabic on the Internet, in an effective, efficient, and coordinated manner. Partners involved in the IGG project commonly agree that the Internet should serve all people around the world.” (Infoterm, UNESCO, ICANN 2017: 12) Finally, this article is an opportunity to reach a wider audience and to show the actions that major organizations such as UNESCO and ICANN, here in cooperation with Infoterm, are undertaking to accomplish their societal missions. 6 4 Blanca Stella Giraldo Perez Pragmatics for developing a terminological glossary: UNESCO’s Internet Governance Glossary 2. OVERVIEW OF THE METHODOLOGY The Internet Governance Glossary Methodology describes “a framework to establish an Arabic glossary of Internet governance terms to support engagement in multi-stakeholder Internet governance and policy making processes by Arabic-speaking communities on various platforms, including the World Summit on Information Society (WSIS) and Internet Governance Forum (IGF).” (Infoterm, UNESCO, ICANN 2017: 7) From the very beginning, the IGG project was developed with the aim to provide Arabic-speaking countries and communities with a glossary on Internet governance (IG) along with a generic methodology for the creation or harmonization of terminology based on international standards. However, the real challenge was to live up to the stated expectations that “[…] Arabic speaking countries will use the glossary of Internet governance terms developed in a collaborative, accurate and multi-stakeholder way; • To help formulate joint agendas, contribute to decision making processes, communicate more effectively and encourage their engagement in multistakeholder IG mechanisms; • To participate in all kinds of multi-stakeholder processes; • To build institutional capacities of and coordination mechanisms among regional and national organizations working on language issues with a view to contributing to the promotion of and access to the Arabic language on the Internet.” (Infoterm, UNESCO, ICANN 2017: 13) Regarding the glossary itself, five major phases were conceived to achieve the expected results: • Screeningkeydocumentsforidentifyingcoreconceptsinthefield of Internet governance (IG). • PreparationofadraftglossaryofIGtermsinEnglish. • Publicconsultations. • LocalizationoftheglossaryofIGtermsintoArabicandsubsequent validation process. • Distribution. Parallelly, in relation to the methodology, it was necessary to outline the preliminary considerations under four broad categories: • Terminologyworkfromthepointofviewofmethodology: considering the subject field, target audience, and purpose of the IGG; • Kindsofworkflowdesignandplanning: adaptation of the major phases (according to ISO 15188:2001), rules of major International 6 5Terminologija | 2017 | 24 Standards of ISO/TC 37 “Language and terminology”, and good practice examples; • DocumentstobeconsultedforthepreparationoftheIGG,inaddition toexpertandpolicydocumentsprovidedbyUNESCO: existing glossaries, additional sources, defining criteria to evaluate the documents; • Termcandidatesandtheircontextsinthedocuments:taking into consideration the kind of information provided by the term candidates’ sources. Three cases were identified: without defining context, cases of insufficient context, and terms used inconsistently in different texts. Approaching Internet Governance as a specific subject helped to identify dimensions and representative core concepts under the following perspective: “The matter of how the Internet is governed is a critical one. How we manage this precious, global resource directly impacts our economic and social opportunities far into the future. The Challenge Internet governance refers to the processes that impact how the Internet is managed. As policy makers and technical experts work to connect the remaining twothirds of the world’s nations, the WAY in which the Internet is governed will likely have an impact on how we use it and how it evolves. […] The need to create a clear and simple ways for everyone - regardless of background - to understand and be a part of how the Internet is run is critical. […] In the policy world, this is talked about as the “multi-stakeholder approach.” Basically, it means that everyone who has a stake in the future of the Internet needs to have a voice in how it’s run.” (Internet Society) In brief, it can be said that a dynamic field such as IG undergoes rapid technical and conceptual development. Politically, it is a highly sensitive field with many controversial terms implying strategic importance for industry, society and policies/public administration. Besides, the cultural dimension of the Internet has great impact on the preservation of the cultural heritage. As IG is essential for every country and every citizen, the IGG contributes to clarifying core terms and facilitates a better understanding to all interested parties. The methodology of preparing the IGG while following international standards had to be adapted to cope with the characteristics mentioned above. Based on the state of the art of literature in the field, it was struc- 6 6 Blanca Stella Giraldo Perez Pragmatics for developing a terminological glossary: UNESCO’s Internet Governance Glossary tured into seven dimensions: Internet governance general; infrastructure and standardization; economic dimension; legal dimension; development and socio-cultural dimension; stakeholders, and organizations, forums, networks, groups, conferences, regulations and legal instruments. Formulations were crafted as neutral as possible from the point of views of interest groups. At the same time, IGG entries were formulated as userfriendly as possible addressing well-educated readers. In other words, the needs of the average users had to be duly considered. Internet Governance has adopted the multi-stakeholder approach whose flexibility allows “Individuals and organizations from different realms participating alongside each other to share ideas or develop consensus policy.” (Internet Society 2016) From the experts’ point of view this approach aims at setting on a number of tools or practices rather than one single solution. Hence, stakeholder’ critical issues had to be carefully addressed, as they are not the same for each stakeholder. Bearing in mind the need for translation was another requirement to be followed. This resulted in an alphabetical index as a practical quick-finder for looking up the IGG terms. Based on international standards and best practices, a generic methodology was conceived regarding the following facets: • Evaluationandselectionofsources. • StructuringthewholefieldofInternetGovernanceintodimensions. • Systematicapproachconcerningthedesignof o the glossary structure (macrostructure), o the individual glossary entries (microstructure), §term-related information, §description-related information, §additional information. • OveralllayoutoftheIGGpublication. For pragmatic reasons, a combination of descriptive and prescriptive approaches following terminology theory and terminology work was chosen. This approach took into account specialised lexicography approaches which focus on the terminology occurring in the specialised communication of a domain. In real terminology work practice, depending on the purpose and the resources (in terms of human resources and technology) available, each project requires an adapted workflow. Best practices illustrate how researchers have duly adapted the rules of major International Standards of ISO/TC 37 “Language and terminology”. 6 7Terminologija | 2017 | 24 The following diagram shows the IGG workflow model designed for its development phases. Figure 1: IGG workflow model “[While] formulating the descriptions, special care had been taken to provide cross-references to conceptually related entries. This and the harmonization of style, layout etc. of all entries necessitated a meticulous adaptation of the formulations.” (Infoterm, UNESCO, ICANN 2017: 24) In fact, a final process to agree on all modifications to the Glossary and to finalise the description of the methodology took place after step 26. 7 4 Blanca Stella Giraldo Perez Pragmatics for developing a terminological glossary: UNESCO’s Internet Governance Glossary A resource like the IGG “can be seen as an initiative to comply with the need for continuous terminology planning, institutional capacity building and effective coordination mechanisms at regional and country levels”. (UNESCO 2017) The IGG or similar types of terminological resources can greatly benefit the involvement and participation in the communication processes of countries and communities with less developed specialised language and terminologies. In this connection, it needs to be said that the demand for content quality and content curation is becoming a critical requirement in the framework of Internet of Things (IoT) developments. In any case, if high content quality needs to be assured, best practice terminological processes based on pertinent standards must be followed. SOURCES Home » What We Do » Issues » Internet Governance. – InternetSociety.[Online] [Cited: August 30, 2016.] http://www.internetsociety.org/what-we-do/internet-issues/internet-governance. We are social & Hootsuite. 2017. We are social Special Reports Digital in 2017: Global Overview. – We are social. [Online] January 24, 2017. [Cited: May 20, 2017.] https://wearesocial.com/special-reports/ digital-in-2017-global-overview. REFERENCES Carvin A. 2000: Mind the Gap: The Digital Divide as the Civil Rights Issue of the New Millennium. – Multimedia&InternetSchools.January–February 2000, The weekly e-Newsletter from MMIS.com. Infoterm, UNESCO, ICANN 2017: Home Internet Governance Glossary (IGG). – InternetGovernanceGlossary(IGG)Methodology (E. Baher, C. Galinski, B. Giraldo, & I. Kasinskaite-Buddeberg, Eds.) [Online] April 4, 2017. [Cited: May 3, 2017.] http://en.unesco.org/sites/default/files/internet_governance_glossary_methodology.pdf or https://en.unesco.org/internet-governance-glossary. Internet Society 2016: Home » Internet Governance - Why the Multistakeholder Approach Works. – InternetGovernance-WhytheMultistakeholderApproachWorks.[Online] April 26, 2016. [Cited: June 30, 2016.] Briefing Papers. https://www.internetsociety.org/doc/internet-governance-why-multistakeholderapproach-works. Pataki Z. G., Dawood A. 2017: European Parliamentary Research Service Blog Language Equality In The Digital Age. – EuropeanParliamentaryResearchServiceBlog.[Online] May 10, 2017. [Cited: May 18, 2017.] https://epthinktank.eu/2017/05/10/language-equality-in-the-digital-age/. Patru M. 2008: IN Slide share Attainingqualityeducationforall:AUNESCOperspective. [Online] October 31, 2008. [Cited: September 5, 2015.] Slide 11-12. https://www.slideshare.net/eden_online/attainingquality-education-for-all-a-unesco-perspective-presentation?qid=69b4a61a-3066-4867-8069-0514ef0a125 0&v=&b=&from_search=1. UNESCO 2017: Home Internet Governance Glossary (IGG). – InternetGovernanceGlossary(IGG).[Online] March 27, 2017. [Cited: April 4, 2017.] http://en.unesco.org/internet-governance-glossary. Wikiprogress knowledge base. – WikiprogressOrganisationsUNESCO.[Online] [Cited: March 14, 2017.] http://wikiprogress.org/data/organization/unesco. Wikipedia – Glossary. [Online] [Cited: February 21, 2017.] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary. World Stats 2017: Internet World Stats usage and population statistics. – InternetWorldStats.[Online] June 30, 2017. [Cited: June 30, 2017.] http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm. 7 5Terminologija | 2017 | 24 TERMINŲ ŽODYNO RENGIMO PRAGMATIKA: UNESCO INTERNETO VALDYMO ŽODYNAS Spartiinformaciniųirkomunikaciniųtechnologijųplėtra,didėjantisžiniųvisuomenėsirpolitinissiekismažintiįvairiųrūšiųskaitmeninęatskirtįyraprioritetiniaiklausimai,kuriuoskeliapramonės,viešojoadministravimoirakademinėspolitikosformuotojai.Kadbūtųgalimapagerintispecializuotoskomunikacijosirdalijimosižiniomis efektyvumąbeinaudingumą,galireikėtitobulintiesamusmetodusirkurtinaujųmetodųbeipriemoniųtaikymokoncepcijas.Yranevienasžiniųtvarkybospriemonių plėtojimopasiūlymas,prisidėjęspriekūrimotinkamoturinio,kurįbūtųgalimanaudotipakartotinai,taikytikitaistikslaisirpapildyti,tuopatmetugerinantsąveikumąbei tvarumą.Geraiparengtižodynaiyrapagrindiniaiįrankiaispecializuotoskomunikacijos irdalijimosižiniomisefektyvumuiirnaudingumuigerinti. Straipsnyjeaptariamikaikuriepraktiniaiterminųžodynųrengimo,remiantis UNESCOinternetovaldymožodyno(IGG)sudarymopatirtimiirmetodika,aspektai. IGGmetodikaapimapraktinįnustatytųterminologijosprincipųirmetodų,ypačpateiktųISOTK37standartuose,pritaikymąirnaudojimą.Jągalimataikytiskirtingiemstikslamsįvairiosesrityse,taippatskirtingomsįvairiųišsilavinimolygmenų tikslinėmsgrupėms. IGGmetodikaparodo,kadterminologiniodarboprincipaiirmetodaigalibūtipritaikytispecialiųtiksliniųnaudotojųporeikiams.IGGmetodikanepakeičiasisteminės terminologijos,betgalibūtipanaudotakaiplabaidinamiškaibesiplėtojančiossrities, tokios kaip interneto valdymas, terminologinio darbo geroji praktika. Žodynopasvetainėje(http://en.unesco.org/internet-governance-glossary/about-igg) rašoma,kadtokįištekliųkaipIGGgalimalaikytiiniciatyvapatenkintitęstinioterminologijosplanavimo,instituciniųgebėjimųgerinimoirveiksmingųregioniniobeinacionaliniolygmenskoordinavimomechanizmųporeikį.Tokieištekliaigalidaugprisidėti priešaliųirbendruomenių,kuriųspecialiosioskalbosirterminijosnėrapakankamai išplėtotos,įsitraukimoirdalyvavimogerinimo. Gauta 2017-09-05 Blanca Stella Giraldo Perez International Information Centre for Terminology (Infoterm) c/o CO SPACE, Gumpendorfer Strasse 65/1, 1060 Vienna, Austria E-mail [email protected]