Mokslinis seminaras, skirtas Lietuvos valstybės atkūrimo 100-mečiui

236 Ramunė Vaskelaitė Scientific seminar dedicated to the Lithuanian state atkūrimo 100-mečiui Scientific seminar 100th Anniversary of the Restoration of the Lithuanian State RAMUNĖ VASKELAITĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas In this special year, when Lithuania marks the centenary of the restoration of the state and practitioners and theoreticians of many fields, looking back, try to reflect on the most significant work done in various fields of the existence of the state during those years, the terminologists of the Lithuanian Language Institute decided to look at the centennial period through the eyes of a terminologist – on October 12, 2018, the Institute organized a scientific seminar “Experience of Lithuanian terminology: the 100th anniversary of the restoration of the Lithuanian state”. Obviously, the intention was not to evaluate in detail all the works of the century, because to list them alone, even the most significant ones, would probably take longer than one seminar, even if it were limited to one area – the creation of terminology, its management or research. Thus, the focus was mainly on the beginning of the century, on those difficult circumstances, when the concern for terms was not yet about the need for the representatives of the field to communicate with each other, but first of all about the need to reconstruct, restore, heal… And, as it became clear from the reports, the concern was not yet for organized groups using the possibilities offered by computing, but mainly for individual exceptional personalities. In the report “1918–1940 construction termite puncture” Lina Rutkienė (Vilnius Gediminas Technical University) presented specific figures indicating the need to reconstruct first, based on a 1929 source – the First World War had destroyed 13,250 residential and 24,680 non-residential buildings. With the need to raise the country from the ruins, there was also a need for a theoretical basis for activity – scientific literature, and in such literature, as you know, you can’t do without terms. It is true that the speaker’s finding of construction dates of that period was not only linked with the need to restore, but also with a clear ambition to create – to apply new compositional principles, to introduce new materials and technologies. From 28 sources of construction science terminology (scientific articles, textbooks, other publications written in a scientific style) 237Terminology | 2018 | 25 Having chosen a particularly common group of novelties at the time – stitches, the speaker linked the abundance of this group with the foreign language that was relevant at the time: when preparing textbooks or articles, unlike in this period, most often translations were made from German, and stitching is the most productive way of making. In 1918-1940 sources found a total of 262 related enriched statyo, the most productive type bos terminus, nustatyta, kad net 85 % jų antrasis sandas yra daiktavardinis, of work is dktv. + dktv. (rocky soil, rocky soil, oak, basliašulis, drainage trench, peat soil). As the most used construction innovations, which entered the subsequent literature and the 2002 published Dictionary of Construction Terms, the speaker mentioned chimney, chimney, reinforced concrete, balance, sidewalk, cross-section, pillar, water supply, and many others remained so-called textual terms used only by one author in one publication. L. Rutkienė associated the peculiarities of the construction terminology of that time not only with the foreign language, but also with the authority and attitudes of the authors who wrote scientific articles and books, and as authors were mentioned outstanding personalities – civil engineers Jonas Šimoliūnas, Pranas Morkūnas, Anatolijus Rozenbliumas, Pranas Jodelė, Jonas Kiškinas, Juozas Gabrys, who studied at foreign universities and knew several foreign languages. However, construction terminology has also been discussed in another presentation of this seminar, and it has already drawn attention to the anonymous, anonymous creators of construction terminology. Robertas Stunžinas (Institute of Lithuanian Language) first reminded that the main source of terminology in construction science, which began to appear in periodicals at least in the middle and late 19th century, was folk terminology. Having chosen to examine a group of words that, assessed from the point of view of scientific terminology, would be left outside the boundaries of terminology, namely verbs, and having selected from the electronic edition of the Lithuanian language dictionary 370 verbs designating construction actions and their derivatives, the report “Naming of actions in construction folk terminology” stated that such action names form over 30 more pronounced semantic groups. A lot of examples illustrate both the general terms of the groups (build, work, prepare, repair, build, cover, roof), and the words denoting the specific concepts related to them (straiguoti, žardyti, skiedruoti, išskiedruoti, užskiedruoti, pribudavoti, užbudavoti). The conclusions that species are determined by the means of word formation and lexical meanings, that special concepts are classified according to various 238 Ramunė Vaskelaitė Mokslinis seminaras, skirtas Lietuvos valstybės atkūrimo 100-mečiui characteristics, are also substantiated by numerous examples. About the origin, it was said that only more than half (63%) of the names of construction actions recorded in the Lithuanian language dictionary are of Lithuanian origin, and 47% are words of mixed origin with Slavic roots. However, if this study were to be developed further, it would probably be relevant to examine the relation of synonymy of borrowed and Lithuanian names, especially since the question of polysemy and homonymy has already been blocked in the report. Palmira Zemlevičiūtė (Institute of Lithuanian Language), who chose to examine medical terms, also drew attention to the rather difficult circumstances of the beginning of the 20th century – she recalled that the First World War and the German occupation had scattered the already small group of medical professionals, and the publication of specialized medical newspapers and magazines that had existed until then was interrupted. Nevertheless, medical knowledge was disseminated, and, as can be judged from the titles of the articles alone (“Apie karo ligas”, “Apie plaučių džiovą”, “Šiltinės”, “Niežai”), to disseminate them and at the same time to develop medical terminology, was encouraged by the dangerous diseases that spread after the war. However, it became clear from this report that the development of terminology promoted by the objective factor would not have been possible without the subjective – personalities. After the discontinuation of specialized publications, Antanas Vileišis, Eliziejus Draugelis, Danielius Alseika, Petras Avižonis began to spread medical knowledge in non-specialized publications at the time, such as Moterų balsas, Dabartis, Lietuvos aidas, Tėvynės sargas, etc. In the presentation “Presentation and recognition of synonymous medical terms in the text of 1918” the author chose to deal not with the work, but with another constantly relevant question for terminologists – synonymy of terms, and stated that in medical texts of 1918 it is a common type of semantic interrelationship of terms. However, this time the focus was not on the prevalence of synonyms, but on the methodological problem – how to identify synonyms. It is not difficult to identify those that are used in one text, because they are often presented in brackets or connected by a conjunction, or, but to establish the synonymic relationship of terms used in different texts (hemoglobin, hemoglobin disease, hemorrhage, dysentery; hunger, beramoji, dėmėta, dėmėtoji šiltinė) is not easy. Nevertheless, recognition possibilities were found, and the speaker listed such as the thematic of the texts, the context of the use of terms, synonyms of one text, characteristics of the concept, additional sources. The extent of synonymy prevalence in current medical terminology was not examined separately in the seminar, but one report related to the current state allowed to assume that it is abundant. Rūta Dubakienė (Lithuanian Academy of Sciences, Vilnius University), who identified allergology as the branch of immunology most related to the branches of biological sciences, in her presentation 239Terminology | 2018 | 25 „Lietuvių alergologijos terminai, darbai ir planai“ mentioned many questions that still arise for allergists, such as antigenic determinant or epitope, mites or house dust mites, DiGeorge syndrome or Di George syndrome, and they, as can be seen from several examples, are related precisely to the synonymy or variantity of terms. However, from the same report it became clear that a lot of work has already been done in standardizing allergology terms: in 2002, the first Lithuanian textbook on allergology was published – R. Dubakienė’s Alergology, in 2012, the Explanatory Dictionary of Immunology and Allergology Terms was published, which was evaluated by the State Lithuanian Language Commission, to the preparation of which also contributed the author of the report, active creator of allergology terminology, editor of textbooks, monographs and articles Prof. R. Dubakienė. The terminology is developed in the publication Allergija, astma, imunologija, on the website „Allergijos ekspertas“. Speaking about future work, the speaker mentioned “many soils that are still needed nearby”, but hopes that they will be plowed and the terminology of this field will be directed in the right direction, most of all gave the provision repeatedly in the report that Lithuanian allergology with its own face in Europe does not need to be copied – it is necessary to create its own terminology. The synonymy of terms, as well as the types of terminology, is perhaps the most frequently discussed problem by terminology researchers, and when speaking about terminology as the organization of terms, the question of the individual and collective work relationship probably arises not less often. There are various opinions on this issue, but especially often the creation of terminology, especially its management, tends to be viewed as a collective activity and it is believed that the dictionaries of terms that are created and discussed by collectives are better prepared. However, not only the history of terminology, but also the present day shows how many innovations would not have been created if not for the dictionaries prepared by individual creative and enthusiastic personalities, and the scientific literature considered one of the main sources of terminology, including the textbooks of higher schools, is indeed more the result of the activities of individuals than of collectives. The speakers who examined the terminology of the beginning of the century also mentioned many outstanding personalities, and Asta Mitkevičienė (Institute of Lithuanian Language) reminded about the particularly outstanding ones – the signatories of the Act of Restoration of the state marking the centenary: Jonas Basanavičius, Mykolas Biržiškas, Antanas Smetona, Pranas Dovydaitis, Jurgis Šaulis, Jonas Vileišis, Saliamonas Banaitis. In her presentation “Traces of the signatories of the Act of 16 February in the terminology of Lithuanian literature” she listed the signatories who contributed in one way or another to the creation of literary terminology. 240 Ramunė Vaskelaitė Scientific seminar dedicated to the Lithuanian state atkūrimo 100-mečiui Bizauskas and the terms of his first textbook of literary theory. However, it became clear from the report that only the terms included in the first editions of this textbook were author’s terms, and in the third edition (1922) they were considered by the Terminology Commission, which began its work in 1921 and which, incidentally, also consisted of outstanding personalities: Kazimieras Būga, Jonas Jablonskis, Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas and others. However, the work of the commission was not always smooth: not all members attended the meetings, the terms of drama and theatre were not discussed… What is more decisive in creating and managing terminology – the uniqueness of the individual, his or her efforts and creativity, or the strength and competence of the collective, and whether there is any conflict in general – was not discussed in the report, but it ended with a rather eloquent conclusion: “The setting of terms is not the business of one or another interested person or author, but a common affair of all of us.” It is eloquent because it was made by... an exceptional personality – K. Bizauskas. The extraordinary personality was also mentioned in the presentation of Rita Katelytė (Institute of Lithuanian Language) entitled „Mečislovo Reinio psychological terms noun making“. Archbishop, diplomat, politician, professor of theology and philosophy Mečislovas Reinys translated from Russian the textbook of psychology by Georgiy Chelpanov (free translation, published in Vilnius in 1921). Having discussed one group of terms in the textbook – Lithuanian and hybrid monosyllabic nouns – the speaker found that the largest part of such terms consists of derivatives of suffixes (reproduction, thinking, consideration, distraction, attention, pity, smell, revenge, imagination). There are as many as 77% of them, and punches, which were widespread in construction textbooks at the same time, were found in the psychology textbook (together with prepositional derivatives) about 4%. The question of what led to such marked differences in the terminology created at a similar time (field, the attitudes of the creators of the terms or other factors) was not raised in the seminar, but it is assumed that one of the stimuli could be a foreign language – the author of this textbook translated not from German but from Russian. The presentation read by Reg inas Kvašytė also began with the remarkable personality and the centenary celebration, but she mentioned the Latvian-born linguist, better known in Lithuania as the creator of the Esperanto language, an interlinguist. In 1992 an international conference was held in Latvia to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Ernests Drēziņš’ birth. Having started her presentation with a fact and name apparently unrelated to the centenary of Lithuania, the author of the presentation “On the cooperation of Lithuanian and Latvian terminologists” revealed a particularly important aspect of the state restoration, which today, 241Terminology | 2018 | 25 references, often supported by the self-evident. mokslininkams be jokių kliūčių dalyvaujant europinėse ir pasaulinėse konThe conference held in Latvia in 1992 was attended by scholars from 13 countries of the world, and this is a continuation of the conference (2002, rodė, kaip ima plėstis jų bendradarbiavimo galimybės. Dėmesį sutelkusi į lietuvių ir latvių bendradarbiavimą, pranešimo autorė minėjo ne tik 1992 m. 2012) and the participation of Lithuanian terminologists in those conferences, but also the mutual dissemination of information – articles on Latvian terminology published in Lithuania, and vice versa, participation in editorial boards, bibliographic material. Rūdolfs Grabis (Rūdolfs Grabis), Valentina Skujinia (Valentīna Skujiņa), Juris Baldunčiks (Juris Baldunčiks), Maris Baltinis (Māris Baltiņš) and others are named as the main disseminators of information, from Lithuanian scholars – Stasys Keinys, Solvita Labanauskienė, Albina Auksoriūtė, Kazimieras Župerka, and perhaps the most active disseminator of information about Latvian terminology, terminologues and terminology is the author of the report herself. Another report of the seminar seemed to add: over a century, not only the cooperation, but also the technological possibilities of the management and research of thermal energy have expanded incredibly. Gintautas Grigas (Vilnius University) presented the Microsoft terminology portal (https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/language) which allows comparison of computer terms in more than 100 languages. And although the report “Overview of the Lithuanian part of the Microsoft dictionary” revealed that even this computerized dataset did not avoid shortcomings (translation of some terms into Lithuanian is questionable, there are terms not translated at all), but in September 2018 it contained a total of 115 bilingual (English and another language) dictionaries, so the possibilities of comparing computer terms in one go are impressive. In anticipating the potential uses of the portal, the speaker first mentioned its use in the development of computer dictionaries and translation memories. When talking about the relationship between computing and language, it is common to mention not so much the possibilities opened up by computing for the study of language, as the other side – the danger to the functioning of the Lithuanian language. A lot of things are identified as a threat – and computing in general, and the Internet, and electronic media, and computer terminology. There is a widespread opinion in society that it is not worth translating computer terms into Lithuanian, it is better to use English ones, so one of the suggestions made by Alvydas Umbrasas (Institute of Lithuanian Language) in his presentation “Personal computer terms” was quite unexpected. 242 Ramunė Vaskelaitė Scientific seminar on the conclusions of the Lithuanian atkūrimo 100-mečiui state. Having examined a group of computer terms presented in 7 computer dictionaries, the speaker noted that at least the borrowed new words naming individuals (internet user, cyber user, info user; hacker, cracker, lamer, luger) do not match the terms of their origin in abundance and diversity, and most of the other borrowed words (subscriber, administrator, addressee, analyst, expert), as well as hybrid derivatives, are not created, but taken from the common language. However, this conclusion was drawn only on the basis of dictionaries, which, as we know, are usually evaluated from the point of view of linguistic norms or at least edited by a language editor. A study of actual usage, especially on the Internet, would probably reveal different trends in the use of new words. On the other hand, the tendency not to translate directly from English, but to take words already used in Lithuanian, may be a characteristic of computer dictionaries only for the group of personal names. Many of the English terms (employee, reviewer, owner, liveware, media librarian, software designer, network surfer, first-time user) show that if they were adapted only phonetically, they would be quite inconvenient to pronounce, which may also be an important factor in the tendency to avoid so-called foreign words. Thus, the aforementioned conclusions alone would not be enough to refute the myth about the danger of computing for the Lithuanian language. However, the rapporteur did not even raise this objective. It aimed to analyze the terms denoting persons in computer dictionaries, and after analyzing them, the main conclusion was the tendency to take person names (Lithuanian and non-Lithuanian) from other fields in dictionaries, rather than creating special ones for computer purposes only. The totality of the reviewed papers shows that the seminar dedicated to the centenary of the restoration of the Lithuanian state examined only some areas of terminology use. However, the problems, actualities and conditions of both the beginning and the end of the century have created a whole field of meanings that allows to evaluate what has not changed in terminology over the centuries and is probably to be considered unchangeable, and what is already the past or the challenges of today, and taking into account this, to foresee the guidelines and directions of activity at the beginning of the new century. Retrieved 2018-10-20. Ramunė Vaskelaitė Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania E-mail ramune.v[email protected]