Models of Formation of Multi-Word Terms in Legal Acts of a Constitutional Nature in English and Lithuanian

5 5Terminologija | 2018 | 25 Models of Formation of Multi-Word Terms in Legal Acts of a Constitutional Nature in English and Lithuanian LIUDMILA MOCKIENĖ Mykolas Romeris University, Lithuania SIGITA RACKEVIČIENĖ Mykolas Romeris University, Lithuania KEYWORDS: term-formation, multi-word terms, contrastive analysis, pre-nominal modification, post-nominal modification INTRODUCTION The article presents a contrastive analysis of formation of multi-word terms in legal acts of a constitutional nature in English and Lithuanian focusing on modification patterns (pre-nominal, post-nominal or both) and syntactic models (indicating word classes of constituents and their interrelations). Legal terms denote abstract legal concepts which are created by generalizing the main features of similar phenomena. Legal concepts are expressed through one-word or multi-word terms. According to the research conducted by Liudmila Mockienė (2016: 43–45), in Lithuanian one-word terms in legal acts of a constitutional nature constitute 38.5%, meanwhile 61.5% of terms are multi-word. In English, the ratio of one-word and multi-word terms is almost the opposite to Lithuanian, i.e. 57% of terms are one-word, whereas 43% are multi-word. Thus, multi-word terms constitute the largest part of terms in constitutional acts in Lithuanian and a substantial part of terms in English, which makes the analysis of the way they are formed relevant for both languages. The analysis of models of formation of multi-word terms helps to establish the existing trends in term-formation and maintain systematicity of newly formed multi-word terms, which can be of particular use for translators and developers of new terms. However, thorough research on formation of multi-word terms in the area of the legal language is not numerous. Scholars usually address the fundamental issues of terminology science, such as prin- 5 6 Liudmila Mockienė Models of Formation of Multi-Word Terms in Legal Acts Sigita Rackevičienė of a Constitutional Nature in English and Lithuanian ciples and criteria of term formation in general, typology of terms, specific features and sources of terms, development of terminologies as systems, e.g. M. Teresa Cabré et al. (Cabré 1999; Cabré, Condamines & Ibekwe-SanJuan 2007), Kyo Kageura (Kageura 2002; Kageura 2012), Juan C. Sager (Sager 1990; Sager 1997; Sager 2004), Alain Rey (Rey 1995), Rita Temmerman (Temmerman 2000), etc. in English; Kazimieras Gaivenis (Gaivenis 2002), Stasys Keinys (Keinys 1980; Keinys 2005; Keinys 2012), Evalda Jakaitienė (Jakaitienė 2010), etc. in Lithuanian. A number of Lithuanian researchers focus on formation of multi-word terms in Lithuanian, e.g. Gintautas Akelaitis conducted a qualitative analysis of structural models of multi-word terms of the administrative language with the focus on preposition and post-position of the dependents (Akelaitis 2008), Alvydas Umbrasas analysed models of multi-word terms in legal Lithuanian of 1918-1940 with the focus on the way the dependent constituent is attached to the head (Umbrasas 2010), K. Gaivenis discussed and analysed terms of different areas of science at large (2002). Judita Džežulskienė (2010) analysed preand post-nominal modification of English and Lithuanian three-word terms in the area of telecommunication. In English models of multi-word terms are usually analysed for the purpose of term extraction and recognition. However, contrastive analysis of Lithuanian and English multi-word terms, in particular of the legal area, is scarce. Violeta Janulevičienė and Sigita Rackevičienė conducted a contrastive analysis of formation of criminal law terms in English, Lithuanian and Norwegian (Janulevičienė & Rackevičienė 2010, 2014). Olga Ušinskienė and S. Rackevičienė analysed syntactic structure and modification patterns of a sample of 55 English compound terms on migration policy and their Lithuanian equivalents. The present research attempts to fill the gap in the area of formation of multi-word terms in the area of the legal language in English and Lithuanian. Relations between the constituent words of a multi-word term can be expressed by different means depending on the particular language and its system: a particular word order, the use of a particular word class, the use of a word in a particular case, and even a function word (preposition or conjunction). Modifiers in a multi-word term can be attached to the head noun either prepositionally, postpositionally, or both. Thus, the aim of the research is to analyse the models of formation of multi-word terms in legal acts of a constitutional nature in English and Lithuanian. The objectives of the research are 1) to establish the distribution of modification patterns (pre-nominal, post-nominal or both) and syntactic models 5 7Terminologija | 2018 | 25 (indicating word classes of constituents and their interrelations) of multiword terms in English and Lithuanian, and 2) to conduct contrastive analysis of models of English and Lithuanian terms to reveal the major trends in formation of multi-word terms in the area of the legal language. The object of the research is multi-word terms used in legal acts of a constitutional nature in English and Lithuanian. The research sample comprises 595 terms: 347 terms were selected from the Lithuanian source and 248 terms were selected from the sources of the UK constitutional law. The data for the analysis was collected from the primary sources of constitutional law in the Republic of Lithuania and in the UK. In Lithuania, the primary source of constitutional law is the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania (1992), which is codified. The nature of the UK constitution is different, as it is unwritten (uncodified) and does not exist as a single document. The UK constitution consists of a number of different sources, such as legal acts of a constitutional nature (the acts of Parliament), judicial decisions, parliamentary constitutional conventions, the Royal Prerogative and other constitutional sources (Blick 2012). For the purposes of the research several major legal acts of a constitutional nature were chosen, namely, translations into Modern English of Magna Carta (1297), Habeas Corpus Act (1679), the Bill of Rights (1689) and the Act of Settlement (1700), including the amendments as in force today, and the original texts of the Parliament Act (1949), the Human Rights Act (1998), the House of Lords Act (1999), and the Fixed-term Parliaments Act (2011). The research uses descriptive, quantitative, and contrastive methods. Multi-word terms were collected from sources of constitutional law in English and Lithuanian and were analysed according to models of their formation. Next, the obtained data from the two languages were contrasted to reveal the main trends and differences in the principles of term-formation. The main criterion taken for classification of terms was the type of modification – pre-nominal, post-nominal, and a combination of both. The following abbreviations are used in the schemes below: Adj – adjective gen – the genitive case inst – the instrumental case loc – the locative case N – noun Num – numeral P – participle Prep – preposition/prepositional V – verb X (capital) – an attributive word x (small, subscript) – any case of a noun and an adjective/participle which modifies that noun and agrees with it in gender, number and case 5 8 Liudmila Mockienė Models of Formation of Multi-Word Terms in Legal Acts Sigita Rackevičienė of a Constitutional Nature in English and Lithuanian MODELS OF FORMATION OF MULTI-WORD TERMS IN LEGAL ACTS OF A CONSTITUTIONAL NATURE IN ENGLISH Multi-word terms found in legal acts of a constitutional nature in English are formed on the basis of three patterns of modification of the head noun: modifiers are either in the pre-head position, post-head position, or both. Multi-word terms with modifiers in the pre-head position in English The modifiers of majority of the analysed multi-word terms in English are attached to the head noun prepositionally. This pattern may include a great variety of syntactic models: 1) Adj ← N The majority of the analysed multi-word terms (132 terms) consist of an adjective attached to the head noun prepositionally. This syntactic model has 3 variants: 1a) Adj ← N 127 terms are composed of the head noun modified by an adjective in the pre-head position: advisory opinion, arbitrary power, capital offence, civic obligation, civil proceeding, conditional release, conscientious objector, consequential provision, criminal case, criminal offence, ecclesiastical authority, executive function, free elections, fundamental freedoms, general election, hereditary peer, high treason, human rights, judicial office, judicial review, lawful arrest, legal assistance, legal authority, legal order, legal person, national law, national minority, national security, natural person, parliamentary procedure, political activity, political opinion, primary legislation, public authority, public interest, public safety, regal authority, regal government, regal power, royal prerogative, secret ballot, spiritual authority, statutory instrument, subordinate legislation, territorial integrity, unlawful act, vacant seat. 1b) Adj ← N × 2 In this variant, the modifying adjective refers to two nouns, which are connected by a conjunction. Both nouns in this case are head nouns: Royal (Care and Concern). 1c) Adj × 2 ← N In this variant, a conjunction is used to connect two adjectives in the pre-head position which modify the head noun. Four terms of this 5 9Terminologija | 2018 | 25 type were found: cruel and unusual punishments, forced or compulsory labour, independent and impartial tribunal, illegal and cruel punishments. 2) N ← N In this syntactic model, the head nouns are modified by other nouns in the pre-head position. From the syntactic point of view this pattern is typical of English. The nouns placed in the pre-head position express the same meaning which could have been expressed by a modifying phrase or clause in the postposition of the head noun, e.g. circuit judge = a judge of a circuit, Convention right = a right entrenched in the Convention, replacement order = order for replacement. The pattern of using a noun instead of a phrase or clause to modify the head noun helps to compress the term and make it shorter. Terms composed of the head noun modified by a noun in the pre-head position are bank holiday, Church Assembly, circuit judge, Convention right, coronation oath, county court, death penalty, Family Division, prerogative function, priv acy code, replacement order, vacation time. 3) X ← [Adj/Num ← N] Multi-word terms of this type are composed of a complex head (nominal phrase consisting of a head noun and an adjectival word) which is modified by one more constituent. In the investigated material, 3 variants of this syntactic model were found: 3a) Adj ← [Adj ← N] In this variant, a complex head is modified by an adjective: ordinary general election, parliamentary general election, public general act, unreasonable public expenditure. 3b) P ← [Adj ← N] In some cases, a complex head is modified by a past participle: supposed criminal matters. 3c) N ← [Num ← N] Moreover, in some cases a complex head is modified by a noun: deputy first minister. 4) P ← [N ← N] Multi-word terms of this type are composed of a complex head (a nominal phrase consisting of a head noun and another noun) modified by a past participle in the pre-head position: authorised government department. 6 0 Liudmila Mockienė Models of Formation of Multi-Word Terms in Legal Acts Sigita Rackevičienė of a Constitutional Nature in English and Lithuanian 5) [Adj ← N] ← N In multi-word terms of this type, the head noun is modified by a complex modifier (nominal phrase Adj + a noun) in the pre-head position: (judicial office) holder. In this syntactic model, the adjective ‘judicial’ refers not to the head noun ‘holder’, but to the modifying noun ‘office’, the term has the meaning ‘holder of the judicial office’. 6) Adj ← [Adj ← [Adj ← N]] One term of this type was found. It is composed of four independent words: three adjectives and the head noun: early parliamentary general election. The complex head (the nominal phrase general election) is modified by the adjective parliamentary and the resulting nominal phrase parliamentary general election is modified by one more adjective early. Multi-word terms with modifiers in the post-head position in English 1) N → Prep phrase The majority of the analysed multi-word terms with modifiers in the post-head position consist of the head noun followed by a prepositional phrase, which consists of a preposition and a noun phrase. There are 73 terms of this type. The most frequent preposition used in a prepositional phrase is of. It was used to form 57 terms: e.g. Act of Parliament, certificate of vacancy, consent of parliament, conviction of a crime, deprivation of life, dissolution of parliament, force of a law, freedom of assembly and association, freedom of election, freedom of expression, freedom of speech, freedom of thought, conscience and religion, functions of a public nature, house of parliament, justice of the peace, member of parliament, minister of the crown, oath of allegiance, office of trust, person of unsound mind, prohibition of discrimination, prohibition of torture, right of appeal, secretary of state service of a military character, session of parliament, time of peace, violation of a right, writ of summons. Modifiers of 11 multi-word terms are connected by the preposition to: amendment to the legislation, party to the proceedings, protocol to the convention, right to education, right to life, right to petition, succession to the crown, right to a fair trial, right to free elections, right to liberty and security, right to respect for private and family life. 6 1Terminologija | 2018 | 25 Modifiers of 3 multi-word terms are connected by the preposition for: period for consideration, proposal for legislation, warrant for removal. Other prepositions have been used only once to connect the modifiers: in - order in council; into - coming into force. 2) N → Vinf (+ N/N phrase) The multi-word terms of this syntactic model may be of two types – either with a bare infinitive or with an infinite and a noun/nominal phrase attached to it: 2a) N → Vinf 2 multi-word terms are composed of the head noun and a bare verb infinitive: failure to act, right to marry. 2b) N → Vinf +N/N phrase 7 multi-word terms are formed by combining a head noun and a verb phrase consisting of an infinitive which is followed by a noun or a nominal phrase: power to prorogue parliament, power to award damages, power to make the rules, freedom to manifest one’s religion or beliefs, power to amend or revoke subordinate legislation, power to amend primary legislation, right to found a family. 3) N → N Several cases of the modifying noun in the post-head were found. This syntactic model is not typical of English as modifying nouns are usually in the pre-head position. Terms composed of the head noun modified by a noun in the post-head position are: levying money, Lord Chancellor, Lord Keeper. 4) N → Adj A few cases of modifying adjectives in the post-head position were found. This syntactic model, as the previous one, is not usual in English. It is typically used in certain particular grammatical constructions to modify compound indefinite pronouns such as something, someone, and for archaic and poetic uses. The structure of the terms found resembles the structure which is characteristic of the Romance languages. Terms composed of the head noun modified by an adjective in the post-head position are: Lord Spiritual, Lord Temporal, sheriff principal. 6 2 Liudmila Mockienė Models of Formation of Multi-Word Terms in Legal Acts Sigita Rackevičienė of a Constitutional Nature in English and Lithuanian 5) N → P phrase 2 terms formed on the basis of this syntactic model were found. In one case, the participial phrase is in the post-head position and is a complex structure which contains a past participle and a prepositional phrase: obligation prescribed by law. In the other, the participial phrase is in the post-head position and is a complex structure which contains a present participle and a nominal phrase: proclamation summoning a new parliament. Multi-word terms with modifiers in the pre-head and post-head position in English In this pattern, the head noun is preceded by a modifier and is followed by a modifier. The pre-head modifier is an adjectival word whereas the post-head modifier is a prepositional phrase. The adjectival word in the pre-head position may be an adjective or a past participle: 1) Adj ← N → Prep phrase: enforceable right to compensation, free assistance of an interpreter, great seal of England, peaceful enjoyment of possessions; 2) P ← N → Prep phrase: unauthorised entry into the country. Generalised results of the analysis of models of formation of multi-word terms in legal acts of a constitutional nature in English To sum up, the majority of multi-word terms in legal acts of a constitutional nature in English (see Table 1) follow the pattern of pre-nominal modification (153 terms out of 248, which is 62%). This pattern of modification comprises a number of different syntactic syntactic models. In general, the head is modified prepositionally by an adjectival word (an adjective, a participle (past or present)), a noun or a combination of them, however, the prevailing syntactic model of formation is an adjective in the pre-head position. One third of multi-word terms (90 terms out of 248, which is 36%) are formed on the basis of the post-nominal modification pattern. The most productive syntactic model of term-formation under this pattern is a head noun modified by a prepositional phrase, with the preposition of used most frequently. Other types of modifiers in post-head position are verb infinitives, verb infinitive phrases, nouns, adjectives and participial phrases. 6 3Terminologija | 2018 | 25 Table 1. Modification patterns and syntactic models of formation of multi-word terms in legal acts of a constitutional nature in English Modification patterns Syntactic models Number of terms Examples Pre-nominal modification (153 terms, 62%) Adj ← N 132 royal prerogative N ← N 12 coronation oath X ← [Adj/Num ← N]: Adj ← [Adj ← N] P ← [Adj ← N] N ← [Num ← N] 6 ordinary general election supposed criminal matters deputy first minister P ← [N ← N] 1authorised government department [Adj ← N] ← N 1judicial office holder Adj ← [Adj ← [Adj ← N]] 1early parliamentary general election Post-nominal modification (90 terms, 36%) N → Prep phrase 73 Act of Parliament N → Vinf (+ N/N phrase) 9failure to act; power to prorogue parliament N → N 3Lord Chancellor N → Adj 3Lord Spiritual N → P phrase 2obligation prescribed by law Pre-nominal and postnominal modification (5 terms, 2%) Adj/P ← N → Prep phrase 5unauthorised entry into the country; enforceable right to compensation Finally, multi-word terms formed on the basis of the pre-nominal and post-nominal modification pattern are rare and constitute only 2%. In this case the head noun if modified by a participle or an adjective in the prehead position and a prepositional phrase in the post-head position. MODELS OF FORMATION OF MULTI-WORD TERMS IN LEGAL ACTS OF A CONSTITUTIONAL NATURE IN LITHUANIAN Multi-word terms found in legal acts of a constitutional nature in Lithuanian are formed on the basis of three patterns of modification of the head noun: modifiers are either in the pre-head position, post-head position, or both. 7 0 Liudmila Mockienė Models of Formation of Multi-Word Terms in Legal Acts Sigita Rackevičienė of a Constitutional Nature in English and Lithuanian in a particular case, for instance the prepositions iš’ and nuo require the subsequent noun to be in the genitive case, the prepositions į and už’ require the noun to be in the accusative case, whereas the preposition su requires the noun to be in the instrumental case. 2) Nx → Nloc Another syntactic model of post-head modifiers consists of the head noun followed by another noun in the locative case. Only one term of this type was found: tarnyba kariuomenėje ‘military service’. The modifying noun in this syntactic model of two-word terms can also occur in other cases, such as dative or instrumental (Akelaitis 2008: 7). 3) Nx → Vinf (+Prep phrase/N/P) The multi-word terms of this syntactic model may be of two types – either with a bare infinitive or with an infinitive phrase: 3a) Nx → Vinf Only one term of this type was found: teisė streikuoti ‘right to strike’. 3b) Nx → Vinf+ Prep phrase/N/P 3 terms were formed by combining a head noun and a verb phrase consisting of verb infinitive followed by a prepositional phrase, a noun or a participle: teisė kreiptis į teismą ‘right to apply to court’, teisė turėti advokatą ‘right to an advocate’, teisė būti išrinktam ‘right to stand for election’. 4) Nx → Nx Finally, 2 cases of the modifying noun in the same case as the head noun were found: Ministras Pirmininkas ‘Prime Minister’, valstybė narė ‘Member State’. This pattern is not typical of Lithuanian as modifying nouns are usually either in the pre-head position in the genitive case, or in the post-head position in some other cases (locative, dative, instrumental). Multi-word terms with modifiers in the pre-head and post-head positions in Lithuanian In this pattern of modification, the head noun is preceded by a modifier and is followed by a modifier. Two types of multi-word terms with modifiers in the pre-head and post-head position were found: 7 1Terminologija | 2018 | 25 1) Ngen ← Nx → Prep phrase In this syntactic model, the head noun is modified by a noun in the genitive case and a prepositional phrase, which consists of a preposition į and a noun in the accusative case: žmogaus teisė į gyvybę ‘right to life of a human being’. 2) Ngen ← Nx → Nloc In this syntactic model, the head noun is modified by a noun in the genitive case and a noun in the locative case: sutuoktinių teisės šeimoje ‘rights of spouses in the family’. Generalised results of the analysis of models of formation of multi-word terms in legal acts of a constitutional nature in Lithuanian To sum up, the majority of multi-word terms in legal acts of a constitutional nature in Lithuanian (see Table 2) follow the pattern of prenominal modification (329 terms out of 347, which is 95%). This pattern of modification in Lithuanian comprises a great variety of different syntactic models of term-formation. The two most productive syntactic models in the pre-nominal modification pattern consist of the head noun modified either by a noun in the genitive case, or an adjective which agrees with the head noun in gender, number and case. Other productive syntactic models include a modifier and a complex head (consisting of two constituents) or a complex modifier (consisting of two constituents) and the head noun. In the investigated material, some terms of even more complex syntactic models were found, but their number is low. Only 4.5% of multi-word terms (16 terms) in Lithuanian are formed on the basis of the post-nominal modification pattern. The most productive syntactic model of term-formation under this pattern is a head noun modified by a prepositional phrase, with a variety of prepositions. Other types of modifiers in post-head position are verb infinitives, verb infinitive phrases and nouns. The least productive pattern of term-formation in Lithuanian is prenominal and post-nominal modification, which constitutes only 0.5% of the analysed multi-word terms. In this case the head noun is modified by a noun in the genitive case in the pre-head position and a prepositional phrase or a noun in the locative case in the post-head position. 7 2 Liudmila Mockienė Models of Formation of Multi-Word Terms in Legal Acts Sigita Rackevičienė of a Constitutional Nature in English and Lithuanian Table 2. Modification patterns and syntactic models of formation of multi-word terms in legal acts of a constitutional nature in Lithuanian Modification patterns Syntactic models Number of terms Examples Pre-nominal modification (329 terms, 95%) Ngen ← Nx145 tautos suverenitetas ‘sovereignty of the Nation’ Adjx/Px/Numx ← Nx135 antikonstitucinis veiksmas ‘anti-constitutional action’ renkamos pareigos ‘elective office’ pirmoji kadencija ‘first term of office’ X ← [Ngen ← Nx]: Adjx ← [Ngen ← Nx] Px ← [Ngen ← Nx] Numx ← [Ngen ← Nx] Adjx × 2 ← [Ngen ← Nx] 16 aktyvioji rinkimų teisė ‘active electoral right’ nemokama medicinos pagalba ‘medical aid provided free of charge’, pirmasis balsavimo ratas ‘first voting round’, dvasiniai ir materialiniai autoriaus interesai ‘spiritual and material interests of an author’ X ← [Adjx ← Nx]: Adjx ← [Adjx ← Nx] Px ← [Adjx ← Nx] Ngen ← [Adjx ← Nx] Ngen ← [Adjx ← Nx×2] 13 aukščiausia suvereni galia ‘supreme sovereign power’; nepriklausoma demokratinė respublika ‘independent democratic republic’; žmogaus privatus gyvenimas ‘private life of a human being’ asmens pagrindinės teisės ir laisvės ‘human rights and fundamental freedoms’ [X ← Ngen] ← Nx: [Adjgen ← Ngen] ← Nx [Pgen ← Ngen] ← Nx [Ngen ← Ngen] ← Nx 16 privačios nuosavybės teisė ‘right of private ownership’, nepriklausomos valstybės atkūrimas ‘restoration of the independent state’, Seimo nario mandatas ‘mandate of a member of the Seimas’ [Ninst ← Px] ← Nx1referendumu priimtas įstatymas ‘act adopted by referendum’ Adjx ← [[X ← Ngen] ← Nx]: Adjx ← [[Ngen ← Ngen] ← Nx] Adjx ← [Adjgen ← Ngen] ← Nx] 1alternatyvioji krašto apsaugos tarnyba ‘alternative national defence service’, nuolatinis administracinio vieneto gyventojas ‘permanent residents of the administrative unit’ [[Ngen ← Ngen] ← Ngen] ← Nx11 įstatymų leidybos iniciatyvos teisė ‘right of legislative initiative’ Adjx ← [[Ngen ← [Pgen ← ← Ngen]] ← Nx] 1vyriausiasis valstybės ginkluotųjų pajėgų vadas ‘Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces’ 7 3Terminologija | 2018 | 25 Modification patterns Syntactic models Number of terms Examples Post-nominal modification (16 terms, 4.5%) Nx → Prep phrase 9pajamos iš valstybinio turto ‘income from State property’ Nx → Nloc 1tarnyba kariuomenėje ‘military service’ Nx → Vinf (+Prep phrase/ N/P): Nx → Vinf Nx → Vinf + Prep phraseN/P 4teisė streikuoti ‘right to strike’; teisė turėti advokatą ‘right to an advocate’ Nx → Nx 2Ministras Pirmininkas ‘Prime Minister’ Pre-nominal and post-modification 2 terms (0.5%) Ngen ← Nx → Prep phrase 1žmogaus teisė į gyvybę ‘right to life of a human being’ Ngen ← Nx → Nloc 1sutuoktinių teisės šeimoje ‘rights of spouses in the family’ CONCLUSIONS The analysis of models of formation of multi-word terms in legal acts of a constitutional nature in English and Lithuanian reveals that in both English and Lithuanian modifiers in multi-word terms are predominantly attached prepositionally. This proves the tendency to place the most important information, in this case the head noun, at the end of the multi-word unit. In English, two-thirds of modifiers in multi-word terms are attached to the head noun prepositionally (62%). The predominant type of the modifier is an adjective. Other syntactic models are rare and constitute a combination of an adjectival word and a noun. Similar to English, in Lithuanian the absolute majority of modifiers in multi-word terms are attached prepositionally (95%). The predominant types of the modifiers in the pre-nominal modification pattern are a noun in the genitive case and an adjective which agrees with the head noun in gender, number and case, or a combination of two adjectives or two nouns in the genitive case. This pattern of modification in Lithuanian comprises a far greater variety of different syntactic models in comparison with English. Unlike in Lithuanian, the post-nominal modification pattern is quite productive in English. One third of multi-word terms (36%) are formed 7 4 Liudmila Mockienė Models of Formation of Multi-Word Terms in Legal Acts Sigita Rackevičienė of a Constitutional Nature in English and Lithuanian on its basis. The predominant type of the modifier in this pattern is a prepositional phrase. The post-nominal modification pattern is quite productive in formation of longer multi-word terms. Last, multi-word terms formed on the basis of the pre-nominal and post-nominal modification pattern are rare in both languages. In conclusion, the research results reveal that although the distribution of prepositionally and postpositionally attached modifiers in English and Lithuanian differs, the predominant pattern of modification in both language is pre-nominal. In both languages, the same tendency of language economy is observed – the more constituents the syntactic model includes, the less productive it is. 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KONSTiTuCiNėS TEiSėS aKTų DaugiažODžių TERMiNų DaRYbOS MODELiai aNgLų iR LiETuvių KaLbOSE Straipsnyje analizuojami daugiažodžiai konstitucinės teisės terminai anglų ir lietuvių kalbomis, siekiama nustatyti ir sugretinti jų darybos modelius bei aptarti terminų darybos tendencijas tiriamose kalbose. Ištirti 595 daugiažodžiai terminai (daiktavardiniai junginiai, atliekantys terminų funkcijas): 347 terminai iš Lietuvos Respublikos (LR) teisės šaltinio ir 248 terminai iš Jungtinės Karalystės (JK) teisės šaltinių. Visi lietuviški terminai išrinkti iš vieno dokumento – Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucijos (1992). JK konstitucinė teisės nėra kodifikuota, todėl angliški terminai buvo renkami iš svarbiausių konstitucinės teisės aktų – į šiuolaikinę anglų kalbą išverstų senųjų, bet tebegaliojančių teisės aktų Magna Carta (1297), Habeas Corpus Act (1679), Bill of Rights (1689) ir Act of Settlement (1700) bei XX–XXI amžių teisės aktų Parliament Act (1949), Human Rights Act (1998), House of Lords Act (1999) ir Fixed-term Parliaments Act (2011). Atlikta analizė leidžia daryti tokias išvadas: •Ir anglų, ir lietuvių kalboje dominuoja prepozicinė daugiažodžių terminų modifikacija, t.y. atributiniai dėmenys eina prieš pagrindinį terminų dėmenį. Tai rodo aiškią tendenciją svarbiausią informaciją (pagrindinį termino dėmenį) nukelti į junginio pabaigą. •Ištirtuose JK konstitucinės teisės aktuose 62 proc. daugiažodžių terminų yra sudaryti pagrindiniam dėmeniui prisijungiant atributinius dėmenis prepoziciškai. Vyrauja dvižodžiai terminai, kurių atributinis dėmuo yra būdvardis (Adj ← N: royal prerogative). •LR Konstitucijoje net 95 proc. daugiažodžių terminų yra sudaryti pagrindiniam dėmeniui prisijungiant atributinius dėmenis prepoziciškai. Dominuoja dvižodžiai terminai, kurių atributinis dėmuo yra kilmininko linksnio daiktavardis arba būdvardis, suderintas su pagrindiniu dėmeniu (Ngen ← Nx, Adjx ← Nx: tautos suverenitetas, antikonstitucinis veiksmas). •Lietuvių kalbos daugiažodžių terminų prepozicinių darybos modelių įvairovė didesnė nei anglų kalbos: lietuvių kalbos medžiagoje nustatyti 9 prepoziciniai dary- 7 6 Liudmila Mockienė Models of Formation of Multi-Word Terms in Legal Acts Sigita Rackevičienė of a Constitutional Nature in English and Lithuanian bos modeliai, iš kurių 4 turi įvairių variantų, o anglų kalbos medžiagoje – 6, iš kurių 1 turi keletą variantų. •36 proc. anglų kalbos daugiažodžių terminų yra sudaryti pagrindiniam dėmeniui prisijungiant atributinius dėmenis postpoziciškai. Tarp šių terminų vyrauja junginiai, kuriuose atributinis dėmuo yra prielinksninė konstrukcija (N → prielinksninė konstrukcija: Act of Parliament). •Lietuvių kalbos medžiagoje postpozicinė modifikacija nustatyta tik 4,5 proc. terminų, atributiniai dėmenys taip pat dažniausiai prisijungiami per prielinksnį (Nx → prielinksninė konstrukcija: pajamos iš valstybinio turto). •Daugiažodžiai terminai, sudaryti naudojant tiek prepozicinę, tiek postpozcinę modifikaciją, reti tiek anglų, tiek lietuvių kalboje, jų rasta vos po keletą. •Abiejų kalbų medžiagoje pastebėta ta pati tendencija – kuo sudėtingesni modeliai, tuo jų produktyvumas mažesnis. Tai rodo, kad abiejų kalbų terminų kūrėjai stengiasi laikytis kalbos ekonomijos principo. Darybos modelių analizė atskleidžia pagrindines konstitucinės teisės terminų darybos tendencijas anglų ir lietuvių kalbose. Analizės rezultatai gali būti naudingi terminų kūrėjams ir vertėjams, suteikti idėjų, kaip kurti naujus bei tobulinti jau vartojamus terminus. Nustatyti terminų darybos modeliai gali būti naudojami, kuriant kompiuterines programas automatiniam terminų atpažinimui. Gauta 2018-06-18 Liudmila Mockienė Mykolo Romerio universitetas Ateities g. 20, LT-08303 Vilnius E. paštas [email protected] Sigita Rackevičienė Mykolo Romerio universitetas Ateities g. 20, LT-08303 Vilnius E. paštas sig[email protected]