Terminology Work in South Tyrol: New Approaches, New Termbase, New Contents

Elena Chiocche i Te minology Wo k in Sou h Ty ol: New App oaches, New Te mbase, New Con en s 6 doi.o g/10.35321/ e m26-01 Te minology Wo k in Sou h Ty ol: New App oaches, New Te mbase, New Con en s ElEna ChioCChE i Ins i u e o Applied Linguis ics, Eu ac Resea ch AbST ACT The pape gi es an o e iew o he de elopmen o legal e minology wo k in Sou h Ty ol. Wo king me hods ha e e ol ed. Mic o-compa ison be ween he I alian and he Ge man-speaking sys ems (Aus ia, Ge many and Swi ze land) has become a hallma k o ou e minology wo k. The online sys em bis o (h p://bis o.eu ac.edu/) has also been enewed o accommoda e changing use needs, e.g. p o iding ad anced il e ing and a eedback unc ion. A policy o g owing a en ion o a ge use s has led us o include wo k on legal colloca- ions. Fu he use eques s conce n domains like occupa ional heal h and sa e y. This implies ea ing ele an echnical, medical and o he scien i ic e - minology. Doing his while emaining consis en wi h he me hods applied o legal e minology poses a no able me hodological challenge. Keywo ds: legal e minology, Sou h Ty ol, mic o-compa ison, bis o, legal colloca ions, e minology use needs. ANoTACIjA S aipsnyje apž elgiama eisės e minologijos da bo aida Pie ų Ti olyje. Me- odai y a pa obulėję. Išski inis a liekamų e minologijos s i ies da bų b uo- žas – i ališkos i okiškos (naudojamos Aus ijoje, Vokie ijoje i Š eica ijoje) kalbų sis emų lyginimas mik olygmeniu. A siž elgian į kin ančius a o ojų po eikius, a naujin a in e ne inė sis ema bis o (h p://bis o.eu ac.edu/), pa- yzdžiui, im a aiky i obulesnė il a imo i g įž amojo yšio unkcija. Vis daugiau dėmesio ski ian iksliniams a o ojams, eko į auk i eisės s i ies kolokacijas. Jau kyla a o ojų po eikių, susijusių su p o esinės s eika os i saugos s i imis, adinasi, eikia im is i echninės, medicininės bei ki ų s ičių mokslinės e minijos. Tai sude in i su eisės e minijai aikomais me odais – didelis me odologinis iššūkis. esminiai žodžiai: eisės e minija, Pie ų Ti olis, lyginimas mik olygmeniu, bis o, eisės s i ies kolokacijos, e minijos a o ojų po eikiai. 7Te minologija | 2019 | 26 INT oDUCTIoN by building upon and condensing p e ious esea ch which illus a es he beginnings o e minology wo k in Sou h Ty ol (Maye 1997, 2000), he wo king me hods adop ed o e a ime span o abou 25 yea s (Sand- ini 1998; Maganzi Gioeni d’Angiò, alli 2010; Chiocche i, alli 2016; Chioc che i e al. 2017, 2019; Chiocche i 2019) and he ools de eloped o dissemina e esul s (S ei e e al. 2004; alli, And ea a 2018), he pape aims o gi e an o e iew o he de elopmen o legal e minology wo k in Sou h Ty ol since Wo ld Wa II. Sou h Ty ol (Süd i ol – Al o Adige) is a mul ilingual p o ince in No h- e n I aly, wi h abou 525,000 inhabi an s (ASTAT 2018: 9). Two hi ds o he local popula ion a e speake s o a mino i y language: 70% ha e Ge - man as hei i s language while 4.5% a e Ladin1 na i e speake s (ASTAT 2018: 15). Today, bo h languages a e o icially ecognised a local le el, albei o di e en deg ees and in a eas o di e en size. Ge man has co-o icial s a us in he en i e P o ince (P esiden ial Dec ee No. 670/1972, A . 99–100). The local public adminis a ion and he judicia y a e obliged o o e hei se ices in he language p e e ed by he ci izen and o publish legisla ion and o he o icial documen s in bo h I alian and Ge man. All public employees mus p o e knowledge o hese wo languages by passing an exam which has ou di e en le els and con- sis s o an o al and a w i en pa . The e a e schools o all deg ees wi h ei he I alian o Ge man as a main medium o ins uc ion and he o he language augh as a second language. Place names a e sys ema ically bilingual (Pale mo, Woelk 2011: 301; Albe , Pale mo 2012: 291–293). The Ladin language is o icially ecognised in he alleys o Ga dena and badia in Sou h Ty ol. Ladin speake s a e en i led o use hei na i e ongue wi h he local public adminis a ion in he wo alleys (e.g. he municipali ies) and wi h p o incial o ices loca ed ou side he co e a ea, p o ided ha he la e mainly wo k in he in e es o he Ladin commu- ni y (e.g. he Ladin school boa d). ele an legisla ion is made a ailable also in he local Ladin a ian o , a p o incial le el, al e na ely in one o 1 Ladin is an ancien hae o- omance language spoken in i e alleys o he Dolomi es ha a e pa o h ee di e en p o inces in I aly: bolzano, T en o and belluno. The e a e app oxima ely 30,000 speake s in he en i e a ea (Ve a 2005: 115). Abou 20,000 li e in Sou h Ty ol (ASTAT 2018: 15), u he 8,000 in T en ino (Lanza ame 2014: 6) and he emaining ew in he p o ince o belluno. In his pape we shall no deal wi h he his o y and language o he Ladin mino i y in de ail. Fo mo e in o ma ion con- sul , o example, Pescos a 2010. Elena Chiocche i Te minology Wo k in Sou h Ty ol: New App oaches, New Te mbase, New Con en s 8 he wo a ian s (Resolu ion o he P o incial Go e nmen No. 210/2003). Employees in he Ladin adminis a ion mus p o e he knowledge o all h ee o icial languages o he ex en equi ed o hei speci ic posi ion. In Ladin schools, I alian and Ge man a e equally used as a medium o ins uc ion and al e na ed egula ly. Ladin is also augh o a ew hou s pe week (Ve a 2005: 120). Place names in Ga dena and Badia a e i- lingual in Ladin, Ge man and I alian (Ve a 2005: 118). This b ie o e iew illus a es a si ua ion in which he wo Sou h Ty- olean mino i y communi ies enjoy a high deg ee o p o ec ion and many essen ial igh s, de ini ely being he bes sa egua ded mino i ies in I aly (Albe , Pale mo 2012: 290). Ye oday’s s a e is he esul o decades o social, economic and poli ical s uggles, including e en e o is a acks (Fo che , Pe e lini 2010: 338–362). Sou h Ty ol had become pa o I a- ly in 1919 a e Wo ld Wa I. Despi e all he p omises made a he ime by he King o I aly, he ascis egime ha ook powe in 1922 sys em- a ically supp essed he Ge man p ess and place names, ully I alianised he school sys em, he public adminis a ion and he judicia y, and basi- cally o bade he use o Ge man in public (Fo che , Pe e lini 2010: 267– 273; Pescos a 2010: 366–368). Ladin was delibe a ely conside ed a dialec o I alian (Pescos a 2010: 383). Fi s mino i y igh s we e g an ed wi h he Pa is Peace T ea ies a e Wo ld Wa II. Howe e , he ensuing Fi s S a u e o Au onomy (Cons i- u ional Law No. 5/1948), passed by he I alian epublic in 1948, le he Sou h Ty olean mino i ies la gely unsa is ied. Some language igh s and mino i y p o ec ion we e es ablished, such as Ge man language p ess and schools and he possibili y o eaching some Ladin a elemen a y school (Cons i u ional Law 5/1948, A . 15, 87). Ne e heless, he public ad- minis a ion as well as he legisla i e and judicial powe s emained la ge- ly I alian-speaking and basically inaccessible o membe s o he local mino i y communi ies (see Alcock 2001 o a mo e de ailed his o ical accoun in English). In addi ion, he use o Ge man o legisla ion, cou p oceedings and public adminis a ion emained a me e possibili y (Con- s i u ional Law 5/1948, A . 85), hus sca cely pu in p ac ice (Albe , Pale mo 2012: 293). The si ua ion changed adically in 1972, when he New S a u e o Au- onomy (P esiden ial Dec ee No. 670/1972) was app o ed by he Pa lia- men in ome. F om ha momen on, he Sou h Ty olean mino i ies ecei ed a g owing numbe o igh s and ample au onomy, including 9Te minologija | 2019 | 26 p ima y and seconda y legisla i e powe s in many domains o adminis a- ion, which lead o he cu en asse and, no su p isingly, o an inc eased need o legal e minology. Due o space cons ain s, he ollowing Sec- ions will concen a e on he e minological de elopmen o Ge man bu no o Ladin in Sou h Ty ol. 1. THE BEGINNINGS OF TERMINOLOGY DEVELOPMENT IN GERMAN Legal language poses a speci ic e minological challenge in Sou h Ty ol. Designa ing I alian legal concep s in Ge man equi es pa icula e o s e en oday, o se e al easons. Fi s , in he pas , Ge man had ne e been used o exp ess he I alian legal sys em and i s concep s; he e o e, no e e ence e minology was a ailable (Coluccia 2000: 381). Second, o many decades he de elopmen o a Ge man legal e minology o he abo e-men ioned pu pose was hampe ed bo h by he ascis ban on he Ge man language in Sou h Ty ol and la e , un il he 1970s, by he ma - ginalised s a us o he mino i y language in he judicia y sys em and in adminis a ion. Thi d, he e a e o he na ions in Eu ope whe e Ge man is an o icial language a na ional o egional le el (Ammon e al. 2016: XXXIX). Howe e , due o he di e ences be ween legal sys ems and he esul ing sys em-bound na u e o legal concep s (de G oo 1999: 12), Aus ian, Ge man o Swiss e ms, o example, canno simply be bo owed o exp ess he concep s o he I alian legal sys em (Albe , Pale mo 2012: 300–310; Chiocche i, Ralli 2016: 103–105). An e iden case in poin is he ede al o ganisa ion o Aus ia, Ge many and Swi ze land ha is e lec ed in hei e minology. Such e ms a e la gely inadequa e o designa e he mo e cen alised I alian o m o go e nmen . Un il hal a cen u y ago, he de elopmen o Ge man legal e minol- ogy in Sou h Ty ol was uncoo dina ed and no a ely ad-hoc. Mainly in he 1970s and 1980s, di e en eams o local academics, lawye s and judges wo king in speci ic domains joined e o s o ansla e he I alian legal codes pe aining o hei espec i e ields o ac i i y om I alian in o Ge man. The esul ing pa allel ex edi ions o he Ci il Code, C im- inal P ocedu e Code, Insol ency Code, e c. we e p in ed and dis ibu ed by a local publishing house (Zanon 2001: 178). In he a e ma h o he New S a u e o Au onomy and due o he new s a us o Ge man as co- o icial language, many o he ex s, such as laws and adminis a i e doc- umen s o all kinds, we e ansla ed in o Ge man by public o icials, cle ks Elena Chiocche i Te minology Wo k in Sou h Ty ol: New App oaches, New Te mbase, New Con en s 1 0 and p o essional ansla o s o bo h in e nal and public use. eg e ably, all hese e o s we e no di ec ed by a cen al o ice and lacked he nec- essa y s a egic language and e minology planning. T ansla ions we e o en d a ed on a needs basis o le o he (p i a e) ini ia i e o o ices, cle ks, associa ions, e c. conce ned wi h speci ic opics (Maye 1997: 128; Pale mo, P ös l 1997: 53; Woelk 2000: 213; Chiocche i e al. 2017: 258). As a consequence, he same concep s o en ended up being designa ed by di e en e ms in Ge man (Maye 1997: 128–129; Sand ini 1998: 399– 400; Zanon 2001: 178; Chiocche i e al. 2013: 261; Chiocche i, alli 2016: 105; Chiocche i 2019: 178), c ea ing concu ing designa ions, con- usion and e minological unce ain y. Fo example, beni e edi a i (p op- e y belonging o a deceased pe son’s es a e) was ende ed E bscha sgü e in he ansla ed Ci il Code and Nachlassgü e o Ve lassenscha sgü e in he Ci il P ocedu e Code. When he New S a u e o Au onomy was app o ed in 1972, i was soon ealized ha he implemen a ion o he new language p o isions needed o be based on consis en , comple e and uni ocal legal e minology. I ook o e a decade o u he uncon olled de elopmen be o e a dedi- ca ed Te minology Commission was es ablished by P esiden ial Dec ee 574/1988. The Te minology Commission was se up in 1991 and con- sis ed o six expe s (bilingual judges, lawye s and ansla o s). I s manda e was o o icially alida e legally binding couples o I alian and Ge man e ms in he main subdomains o law (e.g. ci il law, c iminal law, p oce- du e law, adminis a i e law, e c.). The Commissione s’ aim was o de- elop a consis en se o well- esea ched Ge man e ms designa ing he mos impo an legal concep s o he I alian legal sys em, which had o be used by he Sou h Ty olean legisla u e, judicia y and adminis a ion. These e ms we e in ended as one- o-one co esponden s o he legal e minology in I alian and as a means o os e ing legal ce ain y and educing e minological a ia ion in Sou h Ty olean Ge man (Albe , Pale mo 2012: 97–298; Chiocche i e al. 2013: 266–268; 2019: 176–177; Chiocche i, Ralli 2016: 105–106). The I alian and Ge man e m couples we e published p og essi ely in he local o icial Gaze e in o m o pa allel lis s. F om he momen o hei publica ion, he o icially s anda dised e minology became legally binding in Sou h Ty ol. In abou 20 yea s o ac i i y, he Te minology Commission managed o s anda dise app oxima ely 7,400 couples o e ms. The i s lis was published in 1994, he las in 2012. In addi ion, u he 1 1Te minologija | 2019 | 26 e minology was al eady a ailable in he pa allel ex edi ions o he main I alian legal codes. The e minology con ained in hese ansla ions was ba ch s anda dised, b inging he amoun o o icially alida ed e ms in Sou h Ty ol o an es ima ed numbe o 15,000 o 20,000 (Chiocche i e al. 2017: 265; 2019: 187). The Commissione s we e suppo ed in hei s anda disa ion wo k by a eam o e minologis s and legal expe s a Eu ac esea ch (h p://www. eu ac.edu/linguis ics) aking ca e o he p elimina y esea ch ac i i ies. The in e disciplina y eam s a ed wo king wi h a sys ema ic and domain- o ien ed app oach by delimi ing e e y subdomain unde analysis and acqui ing ele an sou ce ma e ial. F om he e hey ex ac ed, selec ed and o de ed he mos impo an e ms wi hin he key subdomains o he I alian legal sys em (e.g. c iminal law, amily law, labou law) in I alian. Then hey collec ed exis ing Ge man designa ions o hese na ional legal concep s in Sou h Ty olean ex s. De ini ions and con ex s o use om ele an and au ho i a i e books o no ma i e ex s we e added, oge he wi h in o ma ion on hei sou ces (Maye 1997: 126; Chiocche i e al. 2019: 177–178). These ully- ledged e minological en ies elabo a ed acco ding o e minological p inciples and me hods (A n z e al. 2014: 211– 219) se ed as a basis o he decisions o he Te minology Commission ha o icially alida ed one Sou h Ty olean designa ion o e e y legal concep ea ed. In his way s anda disa ion wo k con ibu ed g ea ly o supp essing old imp omp u o inco ec e ms and o educing e mino- logical a ia ion in Sou h Ty olean legal Ge man. Fo example, he s and- a dised e m E bscha sgü e is now he only designa ion used o ende beni e edi a i in local legisla ion. The sys ema ic app oach allowed o c e- a e a s ock o cohe en Ge man e minology o he mos impo an domains o ac i i y o he local legisla u e, ju isdic ion and adminis a ion. 2. NEW APPROACHES The i s change in wo king app oach conce ns legal compa ison. This me hod allows o compa e di e en legal sys ems agains each o he o de ec simila i ies and di e ences. The compa ison can in ol e en i e legal amilies and legal sys ems wi h ega d o hei gene al me hods and app oaches o legal issues, legisla i e p ac ice, legal in e p e a ion, ju is- p udence, e c. (mac o-compa ison). I can also conce n speci ic concep s o p oblems. In he la e case he me hod is e med mic o-compa ison (Zweige , Kö z 1996: 4–5; Pomme 2006: 84–85) and becomes ele an Elena Chiocche i Te minology Wo k in Sou h Ty ol: New App oaches, New Te mbase, New Con en s 1 2 o e minology wo k in he domain o law (Sand ini 1996: 160–166; Maye 1997: 126–127; de G oo 2002: 222; Chiocche i 2019: 180–182). Mic o-compa ison allows o unde s and whe he wo designa ions belong- ing o di e en legal sys ems e e o he same legal concep o no , i.e. o check whe he he ele an cha ac e is ics o he gi en concep s coin- cide o o de ec impo an concep ual disc epancies (see e.g. Chioc- che i, Ralli 2016: 107–110 o examples). In ela ion o e minology wo k in Sou h Ty ol, applying mic o-compa ison means looking o legal con- cep s in Aus ia, Ge many and Swi ze land ha a e concep ually equi a- len o he I alian legal concep s unde analysis and which ha e a simila unc ion wi hin hei espec i e legal sys ems (Maye 2000: 299; Chioc- che i, Ralli 2016: 106–111). A he onse o e minological ac i i ies in Sou h Ty ol, i soon became clea ha e minology wo k was no possible wi hou cas ing a look ac oss he bo de . Sou h Ty ol has only o e 300,000 speake s o Ge man (ASTAT 2018: 9), while he e a e almos 100,000,000 o he na i e speake s in Eu ope, mainly esiding in Aus ia, Ge many and Swi ze land (bie e 2017: 22). In addi ion, Sou h Ty ol has always main ained h i ing social, cul u al, com- me cial and poli ical con ac s wi h hese coun ies (Woelk 2000: 213–214). The e o e, o a oid an excessi e egionalisa ion o Sou h Ty olean Ge man and o os e ansna ional communica ion wi h he o he Ge man-speaking a eas (Sand ini 1998: 408), conside ing he e minology used in he neigh- bou ing coun ies would ha e been an ad an age. Also, on e y p ac ical e ms, he Te minology Commission could adop wo s a egies o ill any e minological gaps: ei he p oduce neologisms o bo ow o eign Ge man designa ions used o equi alen concep s. This implied in oducing mic o- compa ison o concep s wi h non-exis ing o inadequa e designa ions in Sou h Ty olean Ge man (Maye 1997: 129; 2000: 299). A i s , his a he “labo ious and ime-consuming me hod” (Maye 2000: 297) was applied spo adically o ill e minological gaps o p opose be e i ing designa ions. A he beginning o he new millennium, howe e , an EU- inancing allowed o ex end he me hod o a g owing numbe o concep s. o e he yea s, legal compa ison became a undamen al p ac ice o ensu e a high deg ee o e minological quali y in Sou h Ty ol (Maye 2000: 297), p ima ily by educing imp omp u and o en li e al ansla ions om I alian and inade- qua e Ge man designa ions. Today, legal compa ison be ween he I alian legal sys em and he neighbou ing Ge man-speaking sys ems i is he hall- ma k o e minology wo k a Eu ac esea ch (Chiocche i e al. 2019: 178). 1 3Te minologija | 2019 | 26 The second change in wo king app oach, abou a decade la e , was a shi om a sys ema ic and basically s anda disa ion-o ien ed o a mo e desc ip i e app oach, which also allows o ad-hoc and ex -o ien ed e - minology wo k. This ansi ion became necessa y when he ac i i ies o he Te minology Commission we e discon inued in 2012 due o se e al easons. All he Commissione s we e employed ull- ime in o he posi- ions, so ha hey could wo k on e minology issues only occasionally and s anda disa ion wo k did no p oceed a high speed. In addi ion, only h ee ou o six Commissione s we e na i e Ge man speake s. These h ee had a highe wo kload han hei I alian-speaking colleagues, espe- cially when neology was necessa y. The o mal p ocedu e o s anda disa- ion u he hampe ed ac i i ies, because he lis s alida ed by he Te mi- nology Commission needed o be app o ed by bo h he local go e nmen and he local ep esen a i e o he cen al go e nmen be o e being pub- lished in he o icial Gaze e. This mean a sys ema ic delay o six mon hs. The lack o ime and he leng hy p ocedu e in he end made i di icul o keep up wi h new legisla ion, he designa ion o new concep s and he necessa y e isions in case o legal e o ms. Indeed, i happened ha p e iously s anda dised e ms became ou da ed qui e soon. Finally, i we conside ha he e minological needs became u gen in 1972 when he New S a u e o Au onomy was passed and ha he i s s anda disa ion esul s we e published in 1994, a delay o o e 20 yea s becomes e iden . In he mean ime, e minological de elopmen kep happening in an un- coo dina ed and unplanned way, making subsequen s anda disa ion e en mo e challenging (Chiocche i e al. 2017: 262–263). Despi e all hese obs acles, he s anda disa ion e o s ha e p o ided a ai amoun o es ablished e minology in se e al subdomains o law and – mos impo an ly – d awn a en ion o he quali y o language, ansla ion and e minology as well as o he exis ing e minological eposi o ies. No all s anda dised e ms we e accep ed by he use s, e minological a ia ion s ill exis s and he e emain se e al domains which would need some sys ema ic e minology wo k (e.g. ax law). Such sys ema ic wo k is s ill done when new domains a e explo ed, bu a no able sha e o he e mi- nological ac i i ies a Eu ac esea ch oday a e ex - ela ed ( o example, when new legisla ion is passed on impo an opics) and ad-hoc ( o ex- ample, when new concep s become ele an o speci ic eques s a e pos - ed). In addi ion, he exis ing s ock o e minology is egula ly checked Elena Chiocche i Te minology Wo k in Sou h Ty ol: New App oaches, New Te mbase, New Con en s 1 4 and, i necessa y, upda ed. Today, main enance and upda ing a e essen ial s eps o p ese e he quali y and eliabili y o any e minological esou ce o i s end use s (D ewe , Schmi z 2017: 37; Zanola 2018: 77). S anda disa ion wo k was always based on essen ially desc ip i e e mi- nological en ies. Wi h he las no ma i e s ep being abandoned, he de- sc ip i e app oach emained in place. In addi ion, since i is now easie o dissemina e e minology widely (e.g. ia he In e ne ) and he aim o e minology wo k oday is no jus de eloping Sou h Ty olean legal lan- guage anymo e, bu acili a ing and os e ing ansna ional communica ion, s anda disa ion is no needed wi h he same u gency as be o e. When he e a e s ill doub s on which e m, among a se o wo o mo e concu ing ones, should be used in Sou h Ty ol, he e minologis s a Eu ac esea ch consul wi h he o ice o Language Issues, which is esponsible o he ansla ion and e ision o local legisla ion, and wi h domain expe s, so ha a join ecommenda ion may be gi en. Howe e , his ecommenda ion is in no way legally binding and he use s emain ee o choose based on he in o ma ion made a ailable in he e minological en ies. The hi d and las change in wo king app oach conce ns coope a ion wi h end-use s. In he 1990s, he mos u gen domains had been se- lec ed on a needs basis, a ou ing he subdomains ha we e mo e ele an o he Sou h Ty olean public adminis a ion and he judicia y, while essen ially lea ing ou some o he s such as, o example, ma i ime law and chu ch law. In he las h ee decades he local go e nmen has acqui ed addi ional p ima y and seconda y legisla i e powe s and some subdomains ha e gained ele ance, o example occupa ional heal h and sa e y. Con- sequen ly, he cu en app oach o e minology wo k is e y ocused on he needs exp essed by he end use s. Fo example, he eques o e - minology wo k in he domain o occupa ional heal h and sa e y was oiced by he esponsible o ices wi hin he local adminis a ion. Te minology wo k on li ing wills was igge ed by a new law app o ed in 2017 in I - aly. Se e al ad-hoc eques s we e pos ed by o he local public o p i a e o ganisa ions, e.g. he Cou o Audi o s, he Cus oms Agency and p i a e use s o associa ions. Such eques s a e analysed, answe ed and he esul s a e made a ailable o he gene al public. Paying g ea e a en ion o he eal needs o use s allows he e minol- ogy wo k a Eu ac esea ch o be ocused on cu en opics and, a he same ime, o dissemina e wo k mo e easily among speci ic p o essional communi ies. Wo king on p esen -day legisla ion and deba ed opics as 2 1Te minologija | 2019 | 26 LeGaL eFe enCes Cons i u ional Law No. 5/1948 (Fi s S a u e o Au onomy). – Legge cos i uzionale del 26 ebb aio 1948, n. 5 “S a u o speciale pe il T en ino - Al o Adige”. A ailable a : h p://www.consiglio-bz.o g/download/1.S a- u o-di-Au onomia-1948.pd [accessed 19.08.2019]. 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Zweige K., Kö z H. 1996: Ein üh ung in die Rech s e gleichung. 3 d ed., Tübingen: Moh Siebeck. Te minoLoGijos da bas PieTų Ti oLyje: nauji Požiū iai, nauja Te minų bazė, naujas Tu inys San auka S aipsnyje ap ašoma eisės e minologijos da bo aida Pie ų Ti olyje nuo An ojo pasaulinio ka o laikų iki šių dienų. Pie ų Ti olis y a daugiakalbė Šiau ės I alijos p o in- cija, ku ioje kaip mažumų kalbos y a į eisin os okiečių kalba i ladinų kalba. Daugiau- sia dėmesio ski iama okiškos e minijos a kybai, a skleidžiami me odų i požiū ių pokyčiai. Sis eminį, į s anda iza imą o ien uo ą požiū į neseniai pakei ė labiau ap ašo- mojo pobūdžio me odas, suda an is sąlygas specialesnei, į eks ą o ien uo ai e minolo- gijai. Esmine Eu ac Resea ch a liekamų e minologijos s i ies da bų me odologine ypa- ybe y a apęs i ališkos i okiškos (naudojamos Aus ijoje, Vokie ijoje, Š eica ijoje) kalbų sis emų lyginimas mik olygmeniu. In e ne e pa eikiamoje eisės e minijos in o - macinėje sis emoje (h p://bis o.eu ac.edu/) kiek ienas e minas p iski iamas ienai a kelioms konk ečioms eisės sis emoms i aip pa odomas sis eminis eisės e minijos pobūdis. Ku ian Pie ų Ti olio okiečių kalbos e miniją, oks sis emiškumas padeda iš- eng i pe didelio ie inės eisės kalbos egioniškumo, nes kai ik galimi p iim ini a i- ik menys užsienio kalba, e minai gali bū i adap uojami i a ojami Pie ų Ti olyje. Ša- lims bend ada biaujan i p ekiaujan , ai ge ina a p als ybinius I alijos i okiškai kal- bančių šalių san ykius. Siekian enkin i ikslinių a o ojų po eikius i eikala imus, 2016 m. sis ema bis o bu o iš esmės a naujin a. Daba inė apima eisines kolokacijas, obulesnes il a imo unkcijas, išplės inį kon eks ą, p ieigą p ie isos bibliog a inės in- o macijos, g įž amojo yšio unkciją. Va o ojų pageida imu į aukiama naujų s ičių, pa yzdžiui, p o esinė s eika a i sauga, o ai kelia nemažų me odologinių iššūkių. Kad e minologijos da bai i oliau u ė ų e ę, jie u i bū i aikomi p ie eisinių, echnolo- ginių i isuomenės pokyčių. Taikomieji me odai, p iemonės i u inys u i a i ik i kin- ančius ikslinių a o ojų g upių po eikius, ska in i e minijos sklaidą. Gau a 2019-08-19 Elena Chiocche i Eu ac esea ch Ins i u e o Applied Linguis ics Viale D uso 1, I-39100 Bolzano E-mail elena.chiocche i@eu ac.edu