Lietuvių terminologija atkurtosios nepriklausomybės pradžioje

258 Alvydas Umbrasas Lithuanian terminology restored nepriklausomybės pradžioje doi.org/10.35321/term27-11 Lietuvių terminologija atkurtosios nepriklausomybės pradžioje ALVYDAS UMBRASAS Lietuvių kalbos institutas ANNOTATION The article dedicated to the 30th anniversary of the restoration of Lithuanian independence examines the terminological aspect of the beginning of the significant period of Lithuanian history after the Soviet era – independence – and the problems of that time. The main focus is on the scientific and practical work veiklai. Nepriklausomybės pradžioje jame dirbti svarbiausi terminologijos of the Department of Terminology of the Institute of Lithuanian Language – the publishing of a scientific journal dedicated to terminology, the terminological evaluation of term dictionaries and standards, the development of the idea of a term database. KEY WORDS: terminology, terminology work, terminology department, history of terminology, Lithuania, restoration of independence ABSTRACT The article dedicated to the 30th anniversary of the restoration of the independent state of Lithuania addresses the beginning of the significant period in the history of Lithuania, i.e., the period of independence, which started after the Soviet era, and the problems of that time from the perspective of terminology. Most attention is paid to the activities of the Terminology Department at the Institute of the Lithuanian Language. It is where the major scientific and practical terminology work was accomplished after the independent state of Lithuania was restored: the publishing of the journal dedicated to terminology began; dictionaries of terms and terminology standards were evaluated from the perspective of terminology; the idea of the term database was conceived and developed. KEYWORDS: terminology, terminology work, Terminology Department, history of terminology, Lithuania, restoration of independence Language is part of the identity of the state, and terminology is part of the language, along with the developed terminology. The guarantor of terminology development is the use of language by the state, an indicator of development. Only a small state is closely linked to the termnumber of the world's languages have official and academic uses. The development of the 259Terminology | 2020 | 27 The development of a language, certain stages of the development of a state often occur at the same time, and for certain nijos raidos etapai. Žinoma, skirtingai nei valstybė, kuri susiklosčius tam circumstances the maps can appear or disappear from them quite quickly, language is an inert and slowly changing thing, its changes do not occur suddenly, but the changes of the state affect it over time. These changes are usually best seen from a time perspective. This year – the 30th anniversary of the restoration of Lithuanian independence – is an opportunity to look back a little bit. 30 years is a long time – a person becomes too mature, and the state perhaps too. After a certain stage, it is curious to remember the origins. The period 1990–2020 is very significant for the Lithuanian state and the Lithuanian language, and the beginning of this period, which determined the further processes, is especially interesting. On the occasion of the anniversary, it was decided to examine the terminological aspect of the beginning of independence, kūrus nepriklausomybę (daugiausia orientuojamasi į pirmąjį nepriklausothe first few years of the five-year period of independence, but no strict boundaries are drawn). The article presents an analysis of the terminological activity of the time using the descriptive method. The aim is to show the terminology concerns and future plans of the beginning of the restored independence, to look back on the terminology works of that time, touching on their development aspects, and to reveal the situation of that time. The work and research in terminology in Lithuania is closely linked to the Lithuanian Language Institute. Since the institute was founded in 1941, it has been dealing with terminology issues. In the year of the founding of the Institute of Lithuanian Language, a Practical Language and Terminology Sub-Section was established there, and in 1971 a Terminology Group (led by Kazimieras Gaivenis) was established in the Dictionaries Sector of the combined Institute of Lithuanian Language and Literature. Before that, from 1951 to 1971, a Terminology Commission was operating here for the purpose of considering terms (for more details, see Auksoriūtė 2005; Auksoriūtė 2014). On the eve of independence (1989) the Department of Language Culture and Terminology begins its work. At that time, linguists and literates were still in the same institute, but the year of the restoration of independence also marks the year of the restoration of a separate Lithuanian Language Institute. In 1991, a separate Terminology Department was established here – for the first time, an independent department for terminology science was created. The article focuses on the activities of the Terminology Department, which grew out of the Terminology Group, since at the beginning of independence it was the main place for researching and managing terms. The prehistory of this chapter and aspects of its creation are also touched on. The article is based mainly on unpublished archive data – as a 260 Alvydas Umbrasas Lithuanian terminology restored the protocols2 of nepriklausomybės pradžioje the Lithuanian Language Institute Terminology Group, Language Culture and Terminology Section, Terminology Section, as well as the scientific council1 of this institute and their annexes (reports, etc.). WORKS OF THE WORLD The beginning of independence, on the one hand, was a difficult period, because of mining works. In the daug dalykų valstybėje reikėjo sukurti ar atkurti, bet kartu tai buvo ir romantinis, tikėjimo gera ateitimi laikotarpis. Sąjūdžio pradėti valstybės virsmo darbai atsispindėjo ir terminologijos, taip pat apskritai kalbos tvarperiod of the then Language Culture and Terminology Department, Lithuanian became the only – state – veikla su tuo buvo glaudžiai susijusi. Po ilgai trukusio dvikalbystės laikolanguage, and this posed a number of challenges in language management bars, because in the Soviet era Lithuanian was completely or almost completely pushed out of some areas, such as transport, industry, writing, especially the army. On March 11, 1990, the Supreme Council of the Republic of Lithuania restored Lithuania’s statehood and, with the Provisional Basic Law of the Republic of Lithuania, opened the door to the Lithuanian language in various spheres of state activity3. Not long after, on 29-30 May, the Institute of Lithuanian Language organized the 7th Baltic terminology and language culture theoretical methodological seminar “State language and language normalization”, which examined the needs of the Lithuanian language.1 The name of the Scientific Council of the Institute of Lithuanian Language changed over time. As can be seen from the sources, it was initially the Scientific Council of the Lithuanian Language Institute, later for quite a long time simply called the Council of the Lithuanian Language Institute. The article does not make any distinction, in all cases referring to the Scientific Council. 2 The text of the article indicates in parentheses which protocol is referred to. Abbreviated as: LCTS – Language Culture and Terminology Section, TS – Terminology Section, MT – Scientific Council; next to the date of the recorded meeting. I would like to thank the director of the Lithuanian Language Institute, Dr. Albina Auksoriute, for giving me the opportunity to use the archive data of this institute, as well as the archivist of the institute, Rita Maldoniene, who kindly provided the necessary protocols from the archive. 3 Article 7 of that law provided: ‘The official language of the Republic of Lithuania is Lithuanian. The Republic of Lithuania shall ensure the use of the Lithuanian language in the activities of State and public bodies, educational, cultural, scientific, production and other institutions, enterprises and organizations, and the State shall take care of the comprehensive development and teaching of the Lithuanian language. Conditions shall be created for the use and development of the languages of national communities.” On 18 November 1988, the Supreme Council of the Lithuanian SSR had already adopted an amendment to the then Constitution (Article 771), declaring: “The state language of the Lithuanian SSR is Lithuanian. The Lithuanian SSR ensures the use of the Lithuanian language in the activities of state and public bodies, in educational, cultural, scientific, production and other institutions, enterprises and organizations, and the state takes care of the comprehensive education and teaching of the Lithuanian language. Conditions are created to develop other languages spoken in the Lithuanian SSR, to learn and use the Russian language as St. Keinys has drawn attention to the excessive compromise of this formulation, based on the foundation of insistent bilingualism of national minorities and Russians (Keinys 2012 [1994]: 21–22). More detailed use of the state language was laid down in the Law on the State Language of the Republic of Lithuania adopted by the Seimas on 31 January 1995. 261Terminology | 2020 | 27 after the change of its status, publications based on the reports of the seminar were published4, for example, Stasys Keinys examined the relations between the nation, language and state, covering historical aspects, the policy of rusification, the concept of the state language and related matters of national minority languages (Keinys 2012 [1994]). The draft of the passport of the citizen of the Republic of Lithuania, simus – 1990 m. rugsėjo 13 d. Kalbos kultūros ir terminologijos skyriaus which was sent to the Legal Department of the Supreme Council for language evaluation, was discussed at the closing session. The protocol shows that attention was paid to bilingualism – previously the passport was in Lithuanian and Russian, and now Lithuanian and English are proposed, but this issue was avoided because there were no examples of passports of other countries. Most of the discussions were caused by the questions of writing the surname, first name and father’s name (questions of writing personal names in documents even after 30 years still raise passions...) – some (Pranas Kniūkšta, K. Gaivenis) proposed to write the surname first, because officially it is more important, others (St. Keinys) emphasized that this order is Russian, and in Lithuanian language it is customary to write the name first (so it was agreed to propose). It was discussed that in Russian the name and surname are indivisible, and in our documents the father’s name can not be mentioned at all. It was agreed that instead of marital status, the passport should state marital status or, even better, marriage records. The draft passport term identification number was discussed, it was agreed to propose the identity number (here, apparently, what in the standard Lithuanian RST 1185-91 Personal code, which came into force on December 1, 1991, the composition and structure was called the personal code). Already at the end of the month of the declaration of independence (KKTS 1990 03 27) the issue was discussed, in the protocol entitled “The Lithuanian version of the ISO international standard prepared by the University’s Standardization Department” (here the standard Lithuanian RST 1115-90 Principles and Methods of Terminology, published later that year, is meant), thus important steps were taken towards the standardization of Lithuanian terms. In Lithuania, standards (not terms) began to be prepared and published in 1975 (Maslauskienė 2004: 257), until the declaration of independence Soviet standards (GOST) were in force in Lithuania, among them there were standards for terms, but they did not contain Lithuanian terms (Maslauskienė 2004: 260). At the meeting, various comments were made on the logical and linguistic aspects of the standard, for example, the need for synonyms and the relationship between concepts were discussed. Jonas Klimavičius proposed that, in addition to the term terminology, the 4th International Seminar reports should be published in Volume 31 of Lithuanian Linguistics Issues, which appeared only in 1994, although the publication was approved for publication in 1991 (MT 1991 12 13), but the Scientific Council objected to the publication of the articles in Estonian and later allowed them to be translated (MT 1992 02 04). 262 Alvydas Umbrasas Lithuanian terminology should be reconstructed and a nepriklausomybės pradžioje broader term term (com)formation or term creation. Although the drafters are not mentioned in the minutes, it is obvious that K. Gaivenis also contributed to the preparation of the standard5, since it was decided at the meeting to “approve the standard from a linguistic point of view, and to allow K. Gaivenis to take into account the comments and suggestions”. The minutes of the Terminology Group show that already at the meeting of 10 March 1989, in which, in addition to the terminologists St. Keinis, K. Gaivenis and the then deputy director of the Lithuanian Language and Literature Institute, Aleksandras Vanagas, Zigmas Zinkevičius (a representative of the Language Society), A. Rėza (a representative of the Planning Committee), S. Daugėla, A. Januškis, A. Palšaitis, N. Dudlauskienė, A. Juodviršis, B. Palaima6 (Kaunas Polytechnic Institute) (see Figure 1), the organization of terminology work was discussed and it was decided to prepare some terminology standards, to entrust linguistic expertise to the Terminology Group (it was indicated that it needed to be expanded), and to carry out subject expertise in the institutes of the Academy of Sciences and higher schools, so that the standard for terminology principles and methods was part of these works. Discussing the work of the department in the first half of the year (KKTS 1990 06 15), P. Kniūkšta spoke about the preparation of the Office Language Guidelines7 and the problems arising from the preparation, because the documents and the names of the institutions are changing. He said that he had helped the Archives Board to prepare a writing instruction. Sectional discussion of the activities of the first year of independence (CCIS 1990 12 12) K. Gaivenis said that the work of the terminologists was more related to practice. He urged the staff of the department not to depart into the service sphere, but to take care of scientific works, their prestige, said that the value of articles on Lithuanian linguistics issues is doubtful, the reader is interested in the title of the article, rather than the content, regretted that few articles of a practical nature are published. St. Keinys offered consultation for the increasing number of practical work 5 The standard itself, Lithuanian RST 1115-90, states that it was prepared by K. Gaivenis (theme leader), N. Dudlauskienė, L. Laužikas, E. Paukštienė, J. Storpirštienė (names not provided). It was agreed with the Terminology Council of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences by Vilnius University and approved by the Department of Standardization and Quality of the Government of the Republic of Lithuania by Decision No. 3 of 28 September 1990. The standard was prepared according to the corresponding international standard ISO 704-87 Terminology work – Principles and methods. The Lithuanian standard of the beginning of independence was valid for a long time, even after the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) updated the standard in 2000 (ISO 704:2000) (Maslauskienė 2004: 261), and the newer Lithuanian version appeared only a few years later – LST ISO 704:2005/P:2006 Terminology work. Principles and methods (identical to ISO 704:2000). In 2010, the Lithuanian version was abolished and the English version LST ISO 704:2010 was adopted as the Lithuanian standard. It is worrying that in the 10 years up to now, unfortunately, a Lithuanian translation has never appeared. 6 Only the first letters of the names of the persons are mentioned in the Minutes, as is the case in the Article. 7 The title is based on the analogy of the Language Practice Advices, the publication was conceived in the Soviet era, was completed in 1992, published in 1993, quickly bought out, and subsequently republished several times (Kniūkšta 2018: 27–28). 263Terminology | 2020 | 27 1 pav. Terminologijos grupės 1989 m. kovo 10 d. posėdžio protokolas 264 Alvydas Umbrasas Lithuanian terminology in the years after its restoration and J. Klimavičius considered nepriklausomybės pradžioje ir redagavimus daryti mokamus, net svarstė, kad gal vertėtų steigti kokį kalbos praktikos kooperatyvą (tai buvo kooperatyvų steigimosi metas...), o mokslo įstaiga neturi tapti, pasako jo, „kalbos nemokančių tarnaite“ (po that it would be necessary to establish a “language services firm” that would translate terms and help with practical work (TS 1992 12 21)). One of the most significant works of the terminologists working in the Joint Section at the very beginning of independence is the collectively prepared book of terminology corrections. It was prepared by K. Gaivenis, Angelė Kaulakienė, St. Keinys, ti from their work practice, collected from Language Culture, Our Language, Mother Tongue and other publications. The work was completed in 1991 and J. Klimavičius, medžiagą rinkti padėjo Auksė Montvilienė. Taisymai kaupon 29 April the final (second) version, entitled Terminology advice, was submitted for consideration at the meeting of the Section of Language Culture and Terminology (KKTS 1991 04 29). As can be seen from the minutes, the material was mainly collected by A. Kaulakienė and K. Gaivenis, the entire preparation took 3 years, there were many meetings of terminologists. According to K. Gaivenis, the corrections in the first draft (which the terminologists discussed separately from the whole chapter) were more free, while in the second draft they were more strict, terminologized, and attempted to provide as few synonyms as possible. K. Gaivenis proposed to publish the work, and three years later to prepare a double-sized second edition, which "we could enter into a calculating machine". When approving this press release, the Institute’s Scientific Council also mentioned that by adding it “it would be possible to organize a bank of irregular terms next to the bank of regular terms” (MT 1991 05 08). During the discussion of the publication both in the section and in the Scientific Council, the title Terminology advice was discussed (apparently, harmonized with Language practice advice), and it was proposed to change it. There were proposals to name the book Terminology Dictionary (Kazys Ulvydas), Terms – Bad and Good (Vytautas Ambrazas). Finally, the more appropriate title Terminology corrections was chosen, and the publication was printed already in 1992 (TT). According to the preface, the set contains about 3,500 "corrections that fall more within the competence of terminologists". The Scientific Council recommended that the publication be approved by the Terminology Council of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences, but this was not done (in fact, in the 8 Protocols there is somewhere written Terminology t a r y b a, somewhere – Terminology k o m i s i j a, although it seems that the same thing is meant. The Terminology Council at the Presidium of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences was established in 1971, replacing the Terminology Commission at the Institute of Lithuanian Language and Literature (the same year the Terminology Group was established at the Institute). This council was composed of 23 prominent specialists from various fields of science and technology, chaired by academician Vytautas Mažiulis, the vice-chairman was Jonas Kruopas (after his death – St. Keinys), and the secretary metu jau būta diskusijų dėl šios tarybos8 egzistavimo ir reikalingumo (TS was K. Gaivenis (Auksoriūtė 2005: 12). 265Terminology | 2020 | 27 1991 12 23; MT 1991 06 25; MT 1991 09 27)). In general, the publication has played an important role in the work of language practice, was useful for editors and other terminology managers. The newer supplemented editions of it have never appeared (it cannot be ruled out that the hard work of the editors could have contributed to this). pozicijų taisymų klausimais derinimas tarpusavyje). ESTABLISHMENT OF THE TERMINOLOGY DEPARTMENT The Language Culture and Terminology Section9, established in 1989, was short-lived. This was probably due to political reasons. After the restoration of independence, the role of the Lithuanian language and the need to study and standardize various language issues increased significantly. On May 8, 1991, the Scientific Council of the Lithuanian Language Institute approved the reorganization of the Department of Language Culture and Terminology and decided to establish two new departments – Language Culture and Terminology. Among the reasons stated by the director of the institute, A. Vanagas, was the need to strengthen the work of language culture and terminology creation, since Lithuanian is now the state language (MT 1991 05 08). It should be said that the Department of Language Culture and Terminology was not homogeneous, the work was done in groups. As mentioned above, the Terminology Group has been active in the Institute’s Dictionaries Sector since 1971. The minutes show that the Terminology Group has also been active in the Language Culture and Terminology Section, and it is stated that it was headed10 by K. Gaivenis (the other section groups were headed by P. Kniūkšta and Simas Karaliūnas). Since the department was operated in groups, the reorganization of the staff “division” should not be difficult. A few days after the decision of the Scientific Council, the Lithuanian aide (14 May 1991) announces a competition for the positions of heads of the new departments – Language Culture and Terminology. There is one candidate in the competition – P. Kniūkšta and St. Keinys (the latter has been heading the Department of Contemporary Lithuanian Literary Language since 1987 and the Department of Language Culture and Terminology since 1989). In the competition of June 25, the Scientific Council confirms P. Kniūkštas by secret vote as the Director of the Department of Language Culture 9 By the way, the headings of some of the minutes (27 March 1990; 13 September 1990; 15 November 1990) indicate that it is the Department of Terminology and Language Culture (the fields are inverted). This inequality can be seen as a sign of internal competition. vadovu, o St. Keinio Terminologijos skyriaus vadovu neišrenka. Skelbia10 At the time of K. Gaivenis’ certification in the Department (KKTS 1991 03 13), it was stated that he heads the Terminology Group, and it was proposed to the Directorate to re-certify him as a senior research associate. būti paaukštintos iki vadovaujančiojo mokslinio bendradarbio (pagal statusą jos buvo tarp vyresniojo ir vyriausiojo mokslinio bendradarbio; dabar tokių pareigų nėra, o mokslinis bendradarbis dabar vadinamas mokslo darbuotoju). 266 Alvydas Umbrasas Lithuanian terminology restored mi re-election of nepriklausomybės pradžioje head of the terminology department (Lietuvos aidas 1991 08 16). K. Gaivenis is now a candidate for this position and On 27, he was elected president. After the division of the Department of Language Culture and Terminology into two departments, the Department of Terminology had 11 employees (out of 21), an aspirant, and two more employees were also immediately accepted, so the department consisted of: dr.11 K. Gaivenis (supervisor), senior research associate habil. dr. S. Karaliūnas, senior research associates Dr. A. Kaulakienė and Dr. St. Keinys, research associate J. Klimavičius, junior research associates A. Auksoriūtė, Nijolė Banevičienė, Gina Kavaliūnaitė, Adelė Noreikaitė, Rosita Medišauskienė and Audronė Šalkauskaitė, senior laboratory assistants Jolanta Gaivenytė, Giedrė Šilinskaitė and aspirant Vilija Drėgūnienė. When the departments were divided, S. Karaliūnas’s request to be assigned to the Terminology Department was accepted, although it was said that according to his research field he could go to the Language History Department (MT 1991 09 27) (at the same time the Sociolinguistics group led by him, which had been established “due to economic circumstances”, was abolished, and he was the only one left in that group). As can be seen, the department was quite large, it had a lot of both experienced and young specialists12. PLANS FOR THE FUTURE The report of the first year of the Terminology Department’s existence (TS 1991 12 23; see fig. 2 for the first page of the meeting at which the report was discussed) shows that the department took over the topic “Linguistic research of Lithuanian terminology and management and standardization of scientific and industrial terms” from the previous department (only S. Karaliūnas worked independently, his research works did not belong to this topic). It has been said that contacts with Eastern scientific institutions have almost been broken, and with the West – not yet established. It is indicated that the practical work of terminology management and standardization was more intensive than the examination of terminology problems. Work was done on the dictionaries in preparation (e.g. geology, geodesy, physics, chemistry), while regretting the poor situation of the publication of term dictionaries, because there are more than 10 large term dictionaries (e.g. mathematics, commerce, psychology, construction, zoology), which no one wants to publish. The work of terminology standardization in that year was described as “difficult”: “Department of Quality and Standardization11 Degrees are presented here as they were treated after the nostrifation in 1993.12 In the current Terminology Centre, which was established in 2003 in place of the Terminology Department, of those first specialists of the Department, only Dr. A. Auksoriūtė works. She is now the senior researcher of the centre and director of the Lithuanian Language Institute. 273Terminologija | 2020 | 27 thread committees, which should produce more standards than the terminologists will be able to approve. However, K. Gaivenis believed that it was not appropriate to abandon the work on the evaluation of terminology standards, since it had already been started and was useful not only for specialists in other fields, but also for young terminologists (TS 1994 12 22). In general, the task of education of scientists was raised, because at that time none of the terminologists studied in doctoral studies18. In the 1993 report of the Terminology Unit it was planned that 1) in the future all practical terminology work should be based mainly on terminological expertise, which should include not only terminology standards but also dictionaries; 2) when the volume of practical work increases, priority should be given to works of state institutions and companies (since funding is received from the state); 3) practical work will be smooth only when it will be done about half of the researcher’s working time, it must not overshadow the scientific work. Although there was a lot of work done, attention was drawn to the fact that dictionaries are being published that are not checked by terminologists. The director of the Lithuanian Language Institute, A. Vanagas, then said that terminology work was becoming spontaneous, uncontrolled, and that therefore the terminology department should take over coordination (TS 1994 12 22). Due to the increased volume of practical work, in 1994 it was discussed that the dictionaries of terms could be approved not only by the Terminology Department but also by the State Commission for the Lithuanian Language, but at the same time it was feared that then the discussions could increase even more (TS 1995 12 19). In 1996, the Terminology Department was still evaluating term dictionaries and standards, but it was already clear that this function was to be taken over by the State Commission for the Lithuanian Language (TS 1996 12 13) – it was in that year that the State Programme for the Use and Education of the Lithuanian Language 1996-2005 began to operate, which through funding encouraged the preparation and publication of term dictionaries. The need to harmonize the authorized dictionaries of terms and the standards of terms with the State Commission of the Lithuanian Language was legally established by the resolutions of this institution (resolution No. 59 on the approval of dictionaries of terms adopted on January 30, 1997, and resolution No. 69 on the rules for the approval of standards of terms adopted on January 29, 1998). The terminologists of the Terminology Department, of course, continued to work on the dictionaries and standards of terms, but they did so on behalf of the State Lithuanian Language Commission (working together in the Subcommittee on Terminology of the latter institution). A. Auksoriūtė (who defended her dissertation under St. Keinis in 2000) and G. Kavaliūnaitė (though the latter did not write her dissertation in the field of terminology and soon left the Terminology Department). 18 J. Klimavičius disertaciją apgynė 1993 m., o iš jaunųjų skyriaus darbuotojų 1995 m. pirmosios į dokto- 274 Alvydas Umbrasas Restored Lithuanian terminology nepriklausomybės pradžioje TERMS DATABASE Nuo terminų žodynų rengimo ir skelbimo šiais laikais neatsiejamos informacinės technologijos. Filologiniai tyrimai kompiuterizuoti (tuo metu tai vadinta mokslinių tyrimų automatizavimu) pradėti dar praėjusio amžiaus devintajame dešimtmetyje tuometiniame Matematikos ir kibernetikos institle (after restoring independence renamed the Institute of Mathematics and Informatics19). A. Vanagas, then deputy director of the Lithuanian Language and Literature Institute (he soon became the director of the restored Lithuanian Language Institute), began to talk about the computerization of terminological data and the need for a term bank in 1988. In general, he must have thought that there were no doubts about the čių dėl plačios terminologijos programos (Urnėžiūtė 2002: 20–21). Matyterminological data bank in the ranks of terminologists at the beginning of independence, this was supported by St. Keinys, who headed the Language Culture and Terminology Section (MT 1991 06 25), even at that time he stated that “recently it is being talked about, but nothing is being done” (TS 1991 12 23). Targeted discussions were started in the newly established Terminology Section – already in the spring of 1992 a meeting of this section was held exclusively on the issue of creating a term bank, in which Valentinas Černiauskas (the head of the laboratory) and Vida Žilinskienė (TS 1992 05 11) from the Laboratory of Scientific Research Automation of the Institute of Mathematics and Informatics participated. The meeting discussed the need for a term bank not only for specialists, but for the whole society, the selection of possible sources, the necessity of computerizing them according to a single structure, and decided to “create a universal terminology database (bank) for the general public” (TS 1992 05 11). It was agreed to create the database on the basis of the term dictionaries (starting with technical and physics terms), later to fill it with terms from encyclopedias, the Contemporary Lithuanian Language Dictionary (at that time it was already being computerized), Terminology Amendments, etc. In 1993 the same discussion participants (Gediminas Daugėla from the Science and Technology editorial board also joined) met again to discuss the work of creating the term bank and the problems that arose (TS 1993 06 24). We talked about the “structure of the term card”, i.e. the structure of the term article, agreed on the pronunciation of terms, indicated whether the term is normative, provided certain grammatical parameters, classification features (genus, species, subspecies) etc. It was decided to create the structure of the term article according to the standard 19 Now it is Vilnius University Institute of Data Science and Digital Technologies. Lietuvos RST 1115-90 Terminologijos principai ir metodai. 275Terminology | 2020 | 27 It is clear that K. Gaivenis was interested20 at the time in how similar work is done abroad, what has been done in other institutions in Lithuania and which term bank would be the most suitable for us. He presented his overview and ideas in an article (Gaivenis 1993: 8–11), in which he advanced that the functions of the term bank should include inventory of Lithuanian terminology, exchange of information with other term banks, etc. A real impetus was given when, on the basis of all the discussions and the aforementioned article, the Terminology Department prepared a programme for the preparation of the Term Bank (see Figure 3), which was approved by the Scientific Council of the Lithuanian Language Institute in 1995 (MT 1995 03 15). about terminography, but also about the collection of terminological bibliography data), signs of term search. Funding issues were resolved when the work carried out at the Institute of Mathematics and Informatics Programoje buvo numatyti darbo tikslai, bazės šaltiniai (galvota ne tik began to be supported by the State Lithuanian Language Commission in 1996 under the State Language Use and Education Programme 1996-2005. Terminologists contributed as content selection and structure, term search system consultants21. It is true that, due to technological obstacles (the software environment was initially not favorable to Lithuanian, there was a lack of fonts, etc.) and the complex structure of the database, partly oriented to scientific needs, the work was completed only in 200322. The Lithuanian language terminology database of the Institute of Mathematics and Informatics, otherwise known as the Lithuanian language terminology23, included data from a total of 27 selected best dictionaries of terms published between 1965 and 2003 and covering various fields. The creation of this database was assisted by the basics of digitization of terminological data in Lithuania. Base capabilities basically 20 It should be noted that terminologists did not have computers for a long time. It was in the context of the creation of a term database, in the words of V. Ambraz, who participated in the meeting, of a “computerized” term base, that the need for a computer in the Terminology Department was first mentioned in 1994 (the question was raised by G. Kavaliūnaitė) (TS 1994 12 12), but, as can be seen from the 1997 report of the Terminology Department, the Department received its first computer only in 1997, and its programs were helped to be set up not only by internal employees of the Institute, but also by the term database creators who worked in the Institute of Mathematics and Informatics. 21 There have been considerations that the Research Automation Laboratory of the Institute of Mathematics and Informatics, which has digitized the terminology dictionaries and created the term bank, should be transferred to the Institute of Lithuanian Language (MT 2000 05 23). 22 Initially (when the term bank creation program was still being discussed) it was thought that the term padaryti prieinamą visuomenei su bent 10 terminų žodynų duomenimis, o vėliau duomenis palaipsniui base could be completed within 3 years (MT 1995 03 15). 23 Although the database is now technologically outdated, it can still be used today if the necessary software is installed. For more details see. Meškauskienė 2005, as well as www.terminynas.lt (here you can find links to the programs and the list of terminographic sources of the database). Part of this database data was later transferred to other databases, for example, the Lithuanian Republic Term Bank, the Integrated Lithuanian Language and Writing Resource System, etc. temą Raštija.lt. 276 Alvydas Umbrasas Lietuvių terminologija atkurtosios nepriklausomybės pradžioje Figure 3. The first page of the term bank preparation program (1995) 277Terminologija | 2020 | 27 remained unused, its relevance decreased when the term bank of the Republic of Lithuania24 was started to be created on the basis of the law on the term bank of the Republic of Lithuania adopted at the end of 2003 (completed since 2005). This bank, established on the initiative of the State Lithuanian Language Commission, is primarily intended for administrative purposes – it is a state information system for managing the terms of legislative acts, but it also includes scientific terminology, and it publishes a large number of data from terminology dictionaries (for more information see the website of the State Lithuanian Language Commission). Umbrasas 2013, also http://terminai.vlkk.lt). CONCLUSIONS The restoration of Lithuanian independence in 1990 significantly affected various areas of state activity. The Lithuanian language, which had become the state language, gradually began to spread throughout the public life of the state, including those areas from which it had been almost expelled during the Soviet period. There were a lot of challenges in the field of terminology, because after the change of state order and the opening of borders, it was necessary to name previously obsolete concepts. As the power of the Lithuanian language increased, the need for terminology also increased. Since its establishment in 1941, the Lithuanian Language Institute has been focused on the research and management of terms, and after the restoration of independence, favourable conditions were created to concentrate even more the forces of terminologists here – in 1991 an independent Terminology Department was established, which K. Gaivenis took over as its head. Terminologists had previously worked in the Terminology Group (since 1971) as part of other departments, and from 1989 to 1991 the group was part of the Language Culture and Terminology Department headed by St. Kane. The work of terminology dictionaries working groups has long been usual for terminologists, and in the beginning of independence, with the proliferation of terminology, this activity had to be devoted even more attention, especially since the activities of the Terminology Council, which had been operating at the Academy of Sciences since 1971, silently faded and the Terminology Section became the main approver of term dictionaries. In the first years of independence, the then Department of Standardization and Quality adopted the standard Lithuanian RST 1115-90 Principles and Methods of Terminology (harmonized with the corresponding international standard ISO 704-87), to the preparation of which the Terminology Department contributed. In order to avoid confusion between the two databases, the successful name Terminynas was devised for the database of the Institute of Mathematics and Informatics, which was previously commonly referred to as a term bank. 278 Alvydas Umbrasas The Lithuanian terminology department has started to nepriklausomybės pradžioje do linguistic expertise of the terminology standards, and almost all the department’s employees have been involved in this activity. There was so much practical work that there was even concern that it was overshadowing the scientific work, which should be more important for the scientific institution. Along with the establishment of the Terminology Department, the idea of publishing an independent journal dedicated exclusively to terminology, Terminologija, arose (previously, individual issues of Language Culture and Lithuanian Linguistics were devoted to this field). Its editorial board was confirmed at the very beginning of 1993, but the vision of the publication was still vacillating, the first editor-in-chief St. Keinys supported the concept of a semi-scientific, semi-science-popularizing publication (probably that is why the first issue of the journal was named Terminologijos vagos), but later under the editing of K. Gaivenis went more in the scientific direction and over time this journal became the main tribune of terminologists. From the very beginning of independence, the need for computer technologies in terminology work was considered – in 1992, the Terminology Department together with the then employees of the Institute of Mathematics and Informatics began to discuss the idea of a term database and agreed to jointly create a term bank for the public. As early as 1993, a decision was taken on various aspects of the structure of the term article, and even more aspects of the structure and scope of the database were provided for in the Term Bank preparation program prepared by the Terminology Department in 1995. The term database, which was prepared at the Institute of Mathematics and Informatics, was consulted by terminologists and financed by the State Commission for the Lithuanian Language. It was later named the Lithuanian Language Terminology and became available to the public only in the 21st century. Its data and the work of its creators were used to create subsequent term databases, including the current term bank of the Republic of Lithuania. During the first few years after the restoration of independence, a lot has been done in the field of terminology, both in terms of terminology management and terminology research (as a combination of science and practice, we can mention the booklet of Terminology Amendments (1992) prepared by terminologists at the very beginning of the existence of the restored state). At that time, the Department of Terminology gave impetus perimtai Valstybinės lietuvių kalbos komisijos, padėti koncepciniai komto the evaluation of terminology dictionaries and standards, later laid the foundations of the Lithuanian terminology databases and created a medium for Lithuanian terminology research. 279Terminology | 2020 | 27 LITERATŪRA Auksoriūtė Albina 2005: Terminology work at the Lithuanian Language Institute. – The terminology of the Baltic nations problemos ir Europos Sąjunga: straipsnių rinkinys, atsak. red., sud. A. Auksoriūtė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos instituto leidykla, 11–20. Auksoriūtė Albina 2014: Terminologijos komisijos (1945–1971) veiklos apžvalga. – Terminologija 21, 192–208. Gaivenis Kazimieras 1993: Keletas pastabų dėl terminijos ugdymo. – Kalbos kultūra 65, 4–11. Keinys Stasys 2012 [1994]: Lithuanian State, Nation and Language. – Keinys St. Development of Lithuanian Terminology, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute Press, 19–28. Klimavičius Jonas 2003: Lithuanian terminology: past features, present difficulties and challenges. – Terminology 10, 9–32. Kniūkšta Pranas 2018: From the experience of administrative language work. – Native Language 10, 27–29. Lietuvos RST 1115-90 Terminologijos principai ir metodai. Maslauskienė Renata 2004: Standardization of terms. – History of terminology and current problems: a collection of articles: in memory of Kazimieras Gaivenis, ed. A. Auksoriūtė, atsak. red. St. Keinys, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute, 256–270. Meškauskienė Snieguolė 2005: Lithuanian language terminology database of the Institute of Mathematics and Informatics (Lithuanian language terminology). – Problems of terminology of the Baltic nations and the European Union: a collection of articles, ed. A. Auksoriūtė, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute, 89–96. TT – Terminology corrections, para. K. Gaivenis, A. Kaulakienė, St. Keinys, J. Klimavičius, Vilnius: Mokslas, Umbrasas 1992. Alvydas 2013: The term bank of the Republic of Lithuania: 10 years after the adoption of the law. – Terminologija 20, 96–122. Urnėžiūtė Rita 2002: Computerized term bank is being prepared [conversation with Dr. V. Černiauskas]. – Mother tongue 7–8, 20–24. VLEe – Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia, Vilnius: Science and Encyclopedia Publishing Center, 2001–2020. Online access: https://www.vle.lt [accessed 2020-09-07]. LITHUANIAN TERMINOLOGY AFTER THE RESTORATION OF THE INDEPENDENT STATE OF LITHUANIA Summary The article is dedicated to the 30th anniversary of the restoration of the independent state of Lithuania. It addresses the terminology work accomplished in Lithuania after the restoration of independent Lithuania (with the focus on the first five years). After the independent state of Lithuania was re-established on 11 March 1990, a number of terminological problems came to the fore, as the Lithuanian language was nearly pushed away from certain domains during the Soviet period; terminology was not developed in certain other fields; dictionaries of terms were lacking. The status of search of terms. Lithuanian as the official language increased the need for the management and rePolitical circumstances determined that a separate Terminology Department led by Kazimieras Gaivenis was founded at the Institute of the Lithuanian Language in 1991 (before this date terminologists worked as part of the Terminology Group within other departments). The article focuses on the activities of this department. It sheds light on the circumstances of its establishment, major work, the problems of that time and the plans created for the future. It was common practice for terminologists to work within the working groups compiling the dictionaries of terms during the Soviet era as well; however, as terminography was growing after the restoration of independence, even more attention had to be paid to this activity, because the Terminology Department became the main body of 280 Alvydas Umbrasas Lietuvių terminologija atkurtosios approval of the dictionaries of nepriklausomybės pradžioje terms. What is more, the issues of standardization of terms had to be solved – it was decided to prepare Lithuanian terminology standards; in 1990, the standardization authority of that time adopted Lithuanian Standard RST 1115-90 Terminologijos principai ir metodai (it was harmonised with the respective international standard ISO 704-87 Terminology work – Principles and methods); the Terminology Department also contributed to its development. Starting from 1992, the linguistic expertise of terminology standards was organised at the department. There was so much practical work to do that it was already worried that it would soon overshadow scientific work. The establishment of the Terminology Department gave rise to the idea to publish Terminologija, an independent research journal dedicated to terminology exclusively. Its first editorial board was approved at the start of 1993, but the vision of the publication was not yet completely clear; the first editor-in-chief, Stasys Keinys, favoured the concept of the journal which would be written in half-scientific and half-popularscience style; however, later, with Kazimieras Gaivenis as the editor-in-chief, the journal took the direction of science. Right from the start of independence, the inclusion of computer technologies in terminology work was on the agenda; it was in 1992 when the idea of the term database was first conceived at the Terminology Department in collaboration with the workers of the Institute of Mathematics and Informatics of that time, and it was agreed to jointly create the term bank intended for public use. A decision on various term-entry composition related issues was made as soon as 1993; even more aspects pertaining to the composition and scope of the database were provided for in the Program on the Development of the Term Bank developed at the Terminology Departthe Lithuanian ment in 1995. Advised by terminologists and financed by the State Commission of Language, the first large-scope database of Lithuanian terms was created at the Institute of Mathematics and Informatics (it was made public in the 21st century). The experience gained in the process aided the authors in creating other term databases, including the contemporary Term Bank of the Republic of Lithuania. Retrieved 2020-09-07 Alvydas Umbrasas Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius Email: [email protected]