XIX a. pab.–XX a. pr. dvižodžiai sudėtiniai pavadinimai su pagrindiniu dėmeniu „liga“ ir būdvardžiu reiškiamais priklausomaisiais dėmenimis

233Terminology | 2020 | 27 doi.org/10.35321/term27-10 XIX a. pab.–XX a. pr. dvižodžiai compound names with disease as the main subject and adjectives as the dependent subjects PALMIRA ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas ANNOTATION The article examines the two-word compound names with the main subject disease and spaudoje (knygose, knygelėse, laikraščių ir kalendorių straipsniuose) vartoti the dependent subjects expressed by adjectives in popularized medicine of the late 19th–early 20th centuries. It is explained in what significant aspects the dependent elements characterize the main element of the disease and what are the characteristics of the expression of those elements. The main focus of the disease-dependent focus can be described in various significant aspects – according to terialiais (dažniausiai) (laiku, reiškimosi pobūdžiu ir kt.) ir materialiais (retai) its interface with non- (organism, body fluid, organ, etc.) things. Subordinate elements are expressed by ordinary, noun and derived (mostly) adjectives. In the case of a minority of two-word compound names with the main accent, the proper terms are somieji dėmenys įvardija rūšines sąvokas – žymi būdingąją ypatybę ir yra laikyused. Most of them have a temporary character and are considered to be descriptive word combinations. KEY WORDS: medicine, term, two-word compound name, disease name, pagrindinis dėmuo, priklausomasis dėmuo ABSTRACT The article sets out to analyse two-word composite names with liga as the head element and dependent elements expressed by adjectives, which were used in scientific style (books, booklets, newspaper and the medical press of the late 19th century–early 20th century written in popular calendar articles). It attempts to determine by which semantic aspects dependent elements describe the head element liga and what specific features of expression of these elements are. The dependent element may describe the head element liga by various semantic aspects – by the latter’s association with some non-material (usually) (time, and variety). To the credit of Lithuanian physicians and representatives of other professions who wrote on medical issues, it should be said that they first 234 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė XIX a. pab.–XX a. pr. dvižodžiai sudėtiniai pavatype of dinimai su pagrindiniu dėmeniu liga ir būdvardžiu reiškiamais priklausomaisiais dėmenimis manifestation, etc.) and material (rarely) (organism, body liquid, organ, cepts – etc.) matter. Dependent elements take the form of simple, pronominal and derivative (in most cases) adjectives. In rare cases the dependent elements of the composite names with the head component liga indicate superordinate conthey mark a general specific feature and should be considered proper should terms. In most cases dependent elements specify a temporary quality and therefore be considered descriptive word phrases. dependent element KEywOrDS: medicine, term, two-word composite name, name of disease, head element, INTRODUCTION In Lithuania, medical books have been printed in Latin since the end of the 16th century. The first printed Lithuanian medical texts appeared only in the 18th century (see Zemlevičiūtė 2009: 39–42), and they began to increase in number from the 19th century. This period could boldly be called the breakthrough and reaping period of Lithuanian medical literature. At that time, not only the press produced a large number of popular medical books lių1, bet sveikatos ir gydymo klausimais imta rašyti ir kitokios rūšies spauof various volumes, but also bookstores – newspapers and calendars. Kalbamųjų raštų gausa neabejotinai lėmė ir medicinos terminų poreikį looked for terms in the living language, and when they did not find suitable words to name concepts there, they did not choose the easiest way, borrowing from other languages (although, of course, Manding did not reproach him, so the Lithuanian medical terminology of that time, although perhaps looking at it with today’s eyes it seems immature, is peculiar and interesting to study, and the šiojo), bet rinkosi sunkesnį, kūrybos, kelią – terminus mėgino kurti patys. Lithuanian language uses the sources for terminology purposes. It was primarily written about diseases and their treatment. This was an acute problem of that time (for more on the situation of kianti ne tik medicinos istorijos žinių, bet ir bylojanti apie neišsenkamas health in the country see Grinius 1929; Micelmacheris 1959; Мицельмахерис 1967; Meškauskas 1987; Šuminas et al. 1988; Miežutavičiūtė 2001; Gurevičius 2007). The most commonly used word combinations are therefore perhaps those found in publications of the spoken time. 1 It is important to note that their authors were not only Lithuanian physicians (among the most prominent mentioned Petras Avižonis, intelligentsia – linguists, priests, engineers, lawyers, writers, etc. prantama, kad ligų pavadinimų ar ligas įvairiais atžvilgiais apibūdinančių Juozas Bagdonas, Kazys Grinius, Stasys Matulaitis, Antanas Vileišis ir kt.), bet ir kitų profesijų lietuvių 235Terminology | 2020 | 27 One of the characteristics that allows a combination of words to be kad jis įvardija tam tikros profesinės žmogaus veiklos srities rūšinę sąvoką (Kvašytė 2005: 70; Кузовлева 2014: 107). Sudėtinio termino2 dėmeconsidered a term is that they are words of general lexicon, and only the combination of these words becomes a term (Левенкова 2015: 1399). A biword or polyword compound term in semantic terms is a complex name that unites two or more lexical units into one whole. It, like the solid term, performs a nominative function, but the ways of creating these terms differ – the solid term is characterized by lexical semantic, and the composite term – by syntactic (Татаринов 2006: 188, 192; Кузовлева teratūroje pažymima, kad gana dažni ir produktyvūs sudėtiniai terminai, 2014: 108). In terminology, the remainder is defined by attribute word combinations. This type of word combination is a handy tool for creating terms. In addition to nouns, adjectives, participles and numerals can be attributes of two-word compound terms (Демьянова 2019: 44). It is believed that composite terms are more characteristic of young and actively developing sciences. But at the same time, over time, the reverse process is taking place, and homogeneous terms are emerging to define concepts that previously required word combinations to be named (Grossi 2015: 55). Thus, a composite term3 is a connective or conjugative, free or phraseological compound formed by the grammatical and semantic cohesion of two or more words, which identifies one composite species concept of a certain subject area and is used in special texts (Danilenko 1977: 104; Головин, Кобрин 1987: 47, 132; Татаринов 2006: 192; Кузовлева 2014: 108). All Lithuanian terminologists have examined composite terms more or less extensively in their terminological publications. There are a number of studies of purely compound terms (see. Gaivenis 1963; Gaivenis 1968; Auksoriūtė 1996; Gaivenytė 2000a; Gaivenytė 2000b; Gaivenis 2004; Umbrasas 2004; Drukteinis 2011; Kitkauskienė 2011; Litevkienė 2013; Litevkienė 2014; Zemlevičiūtė 2014; Litevkienė 2015; Mitkevičienė 2019). The most detailed study of the two-word composite terms in Lithuanian language was done by Kazimieras Gaivenis in his doctoral dissertation Sudėtiniai terminai dabartinėje lietuvių kalboje (Composite terms in contemporary Lithuanian language) in 1969. 37, 104, 132; Головин, Кобрин 1987: 72), terminological word combinations (терминологические словосочетания, 2 Plačiau apie sudėtinio termino bruožus žr. Турчинская 2001: 1; Паршина 2009: 12; Кузовлева 2014: 109. 3 Dar plg. terminai žodžių junginiai (термины словосочетания, термины-словосочетания) (Даниленко 1977: терминосочетания) (Головин, Кобрин 1987: 43, 45; Татаринов 2006: 192). 236 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė End of the 19th century – beginning of the 20th dinimai su pagrindiniu dėmeniu liga ir būdvardžiu reiškiamais priklausomaisiais dėmenimis Sudėtiniai pavadinimai4 su pagrindiniu dėmeniu liga ir būdvardžiu5 reiškiamais priklausomaisiais dėmenimis rinkti iš XIX a. pab.–XX a. pr. pocentury two-word compounds of popularized publications in the field of medicine and health and other publications that deal with issues in those fields (newspapers, calendars). The study material consists of 128 two-word compound names (excluding variants). The aim of the article is to investigate in what significant aspects the dependent elements expressed by adjectives characterize the main element disease and what are the features of the expression of those elements. To achieve this goal, the following tasks are set: 1) to collect two-word compound names with the main element disease and dependent elements expressed by an adjective from books, booklets, articles popularized in the field of medicine and health from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century, 2) to divide these names into groups according to the type of adjectives used to represent their dependent elements, 3) to determine the meanings and types of expression of dependent elements within these groups. The analysis of the material is based on analytical descriptive (mostly), mų atitikmenys, nors, tiesą pasakius, ne visada pavyksta identifikuoti, interpretation and comparative method. The latter is used to identify the current names of diseases used in the late 19th century and early 20th century, and the names of diseases used in the past. Of course, the Latin equivalents, which are rarely presented side by side, and the context, i.e. the subject matter of the texts in which the terms are used, are most often helpful. For the sake of clarity, the names are often accompanied by illustrative sentences. Terms are presented in the original spelling with bibliographic data – abbreviation of the source, year of publication, number (if periodical) and page. Speech data is sorted in chronological order. Two-word composite names are written in italics, and their dependent elements are marked in bold. Name options6 are listed after the slash. The tables provide quantitative data. 4 The article uses the semantically broader term compound name, because not all names with the main focus disease can be considered terms (see more in the section “On the (non-)termity of two-word compound names with the focus disease”). 5 It should be said that in the material of the study two-word compound names with the main focus were found. liga, kurių priklausomieji dėmenys reiškiami daiktavardžio kilmininku ir dalyviais, tačiau šiame straipsnyje dėl medžiagos gausos apsiribojama tik tais pavadinimais, kurių priklausomieji dėmenys reiškiami būd6 In the article, the following dependent elements are considered variants, which differ in their expression: bjauri and biauri, baisi and baiſi, aštri and aštri, seksualinė and seksualinės, vandenininė and vandeninē, epidemiška and ėpidēmiška, etc. It is also possible that the main focus, for example, disease and disease, varies. 237Terminologija | 2020 | 27 REGARDING BIWORD COMPOUND NAME WITH THE LEGEND OF (NON)TERMINITY In the texts examined, there are two-word compound names with the main focus disease. First of all, it is necessary to distinguish the names of diseases (so-called real terms), such as dysentery, cyanosis, etc., which identify specific clinical terms. However, there are also so-called descriptive names, which are most commonly used to describe diseases. For example, the name of a terrible disease. In this case, a terrible tikrieji ligų pavadinimai cholera, sifilis pakeičiami apibūdinamuoju padisease is not a term. Although it happens that the same word combination in one text is the real name of the disease, and in another – only its description. For example, in frequent publications syphilis is called the term ugly disease, but in others this word combination is only a description of the disease (the most often evaluated) – scabies is called ugly disease. 1. Biword compound names with the principal element disease and the dependent elements reiškiami būdvardžiais7 K. Gaivenis has written that the signs of composite terms can describe the main element in various ways. As a result, compound terms, even if they have the same main element, can form several (in rare cases – even several dozen) thematic groups (Gaivenis 2014 [1975]: 70). The two-word compound names with the main accent disease are divided into 3 groups according to the type of adjective (ordinary, derivative, noun) that denotes the dependent accent. In the study material, the dependent elements of two-word compound names with the main element disease are represented by three types of adjectives – ordinary, derivative (adverbial, prepositional, enriched) and noun (see Table 1). 7 This article deals only with compound names consisting of two words, the dependent elements of which are of pure Lithuanian origin or hybrids, i.e. words which have in their composition elements of foreign (usually roots) and Lithuanian (usually affixes, such as prefixes, suffixes) origin. There is a distinction between such hybrids, which have only foreign components in their composition, e.g. prancuzkas (a root of international origin and a suffix of Slavic origin) (term prancuzka liga LieUK 1905 36), although composed names with dependent elements of such origin have hardly occurred, except for the mentioned term. 238 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Late 19th–early 20th centuries two-word compound nouns dinimai su pagrindiniu dėmeniu liga ir būdvardžiu reiškiamais priklausomaisiais dėmenimis Table 1. Types of expression of the structural model Bdv ← Dktvliga and their percentage expression TYPES OF EXPRESSIONS PERCENTAGE EXPRESSION Bdvppr ← Dktvliga 23 % Bdvišv ← Dktvliga 59 % Bdvįvardž ← Dktvliga 18 % In attributive compounds, the object8 is described directly, i.e., it is assigned a direct property, which is named by a word of unmotivated meaning. džiais – nusakoma kaip savaime jam priklausoma (žr. Bunevičiūtė 1998: 33). 1.1. Two-word compound names with the principal element disease, the dependent elements of which are expressed by ordinary9 adjectives. This subgroup deals with two-word compound names, whose dependent elements are expressed by ordinary adjectives. Most of the time, these are compound names of the descriptive relation. Their dependency function is pa34). rodyti kokį nors esminį apibūdinamojo dalyko požymį (Bunevičiūtė 1998: According to the prevailing semantic characteristics, the dependent focus expressed by a simple adjective can describe the main focus disease in various respects; therefore, according to this, the following groups of • pavadinimai pagal priklausomojo dėmens sąsają su names are distinguished: internal (intangible) characteristics. These titles clearly show the author's evaluative, usually negative, attitude to the described disease: terrible disease LKV 1891 (1890) 27, RM 1893 13, U 1895 (1899) 60, 13 100, TSp 1898 8 9, DžLA 1899 3, PmP 1899 2, UK 1900 LtUK 1901 (1900) 34, NK 1905 (1904) 19, Vž 1905 232 1: Already in Warsaw, Lodz and elsewhere people are sick and dying of that terrible disease10, Vž 1905 56 3, DN 1906 36, UKT 1907 53, 1915 1, LUL 1915 30, UkK 1917 70, LietK 1918 75, Svk 1920 1 3 / baiſ MGV 1909 216, ŪKT 1910 45, Svk 1911 5 1, Svk 1914 4 16, PR Liga LKA 1895 120, bjauri liga DMS 1912 31 / biauri liga Szv 1888 3 81: Only hardly any race would want to be sick 8 In this case, the main focus is disease. 9 This group includes mainly adjectives with primary suffixes (see LKG I 551, 555–556 for more information on primary and secondary suffixes of adjectives). Speech adjectives have an individual qualitative nature of reikšmę (LKG I 551). 10 cholera. Šiame ir kituose iliustraciniuose sakiniuose retinta mano – P. Z. 239Terminologija | 2020 | 27 Svk 1910 1 6, Svk 1910 8 5, Svk 1914 3 10, niežais; visi gerai žino, kokia tai b i a u r i l i g a , U 1895 21 167: Tai kuom-gi galima gydyti nuo pasiutimo? Iki paskutinių metų daktarai nežinojo tikro vaisto nuo tos b i a u r i o s l i g o s ; <...> bili11 disease DMS 1912 LieUK 1905 36, didelė liga13 Svk 1909 6 3, 16, bloga liga12 ZGL 1886 9: b ł o g a l i g a , brantaj (Sifilis), gresmi14 disease SK 1905 1920 5–6 1: Therefore, we can only 26, įkiri liga SK 1905 50, jautri liga NG 1908 88, maža liga Svk advise one thing – to go to the doctor immediately, even with a small illness / maża liga DK 1908 161, pikta liga MGV 1909 190, DMS 1912 61 / pikta Liga VL 1890 27 4: <...> children are willing to be sick with all kinds of p i k t o m i s l i g o m i s, e.g., typhoid, pertussis, water pox, etc. <...>, SK 1905 65, NLc 1910 9 33, bad disease – syphilis V 1897 3 42, rusti disease DN 1906 93, important disease BK 1911 44, real disease TSp 1898 4 7, Svk 1912 10 39: It [the burning spirit - P. Z.] is very suitable for virinamoms mašinėlėms, bet gerti jo niekam nepatariame, nes iš to lamps and will be t i k r a l i g a or even death. • pavadinimai pagal priklausomojo dėmens sąsają su expression: akūtri15 slimība V 1891 4 54: Cita visai ar sausligē; it rarely begins, as a s t r i l i g a, <...>, Vž 1908 9 4, žin 1911 192, DMS 1912 81 / aštri liga LAK 1885 56, dažna liga PR 1915 4, lepna liga LKV 1891 (1890) 26, DN 1906 139, lė1912 77: <...> there occurs some minor disease, which can be eliminated with simple household pleasures and medicines, simple disease SK 1905 161, Svk 1915 1 1: Cholera is also a s m a r k i l i g a, which is quite a lot of millions ni16 (-a ?) liga UK 1900 (1899) 38, menka liga SK 1901 1, DMK of people eliminated, sudden disease žin 1911 127, DMS 1912 17, U 1892 4/5 137, U 1892 9 340, Hyg 1897 58, TSp 1898 8 10, LietUK 1901 (1900) 39, SK 1901 3, SžK 1902 129, NK 1903 (1902) 152, Vž 1905 56 3, Vž 18, DMS 1912 17, reta liga VL 1890 30 4, smarki liga MGV 1909 11 žr. bilus žr. bylus „kalbus, šnekus; iškalbingas“ LKže. 12 Syphilis. Epilepsy. 14 žr. grėsmus „grėsmingas“ LKže. 15 Strong, strong; severely manifested. 16 see lėnus, -i, lėnas, -a 4. “mild, mild” in LKže. 240 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė End of the 19th century–beginning of the 20th century two-word compounds dinimai su pagrindiniu dėmeniu liga ir būdvardžiu reiškiamais priklausomaisiais dėmenimis 1906 146 4: If the cause of the cold continues, as it is, while riding a sledge or being in cold rooms, it can occur approximately s u n k i l i g a: rhinitis of the nose, throat, sausgila ramatas, etc., DN 1906 114, MGV 1909 196, DS 1910 34, žin 1911 187, DMS 1912 81, DMK 1914 78, PR 1915 1, Kol 1915 5, LietK 1917 70, žmK 1919 51 / ſunki liga LKA 1903 108, tanki liga SK 1905 46, public illness Vž 1908 8 4. • pavadinimai pagal priklausomojo dėmens sąsają su time: long illness Hyg 1897 88, SK 1901 23, Vlt 1913 130 1, old illness LPr 1883 49, DK 1908 149, fresh illness DMS 1912 17. 1.2. Biword compound names with the main element disease, the dependent elements of which are represented by derivative adjectives17. The generic elements of the compound names of this group are represented by adjectives derived from suffixes and prefixes, as well as by enriched adjectives (see Table 2). Table 2. Structural patterns of two-word compound names with the main focus on disease and their types of expression STRUCTURAL MODEL RESOLUTION TYPE Bdvppr ← Dktvliga Bdv-inis ← Dktvliga Bdv-inis ← Dktvliga Bdv-ish ← Dktvliga Bdv-ingas ← Dktvliga Bdv-tas ← Dktvliga Dktvliga Bdv-(i)uotas ← Dktvliga Bdv-utė ← Dktvliga Bdvne- ← Dktvliga Bdvapi- ← Dktvliga Bdvpa- ← Dktvliga Bdvsdrt ← Dktvliga Dktvliga 17 In this group are presented adjectives derived with secondary prefixes, having qualitative (LKG I 556). 241Terminologija | 2020 | 27 1.2.1. Two-word compound names with the main element disease, whose dependent elements are expressed by the suffix -inis adjectives. Relative adjectives with a dependent subject do not indicate that the object is giai, bet žymi jo ypatybę, nustatomą remiantis santykiu su kitu daiktu ar reiškiniu, ir tas santykis yra esminė daikto ypatybė (žr. Bunevičiūtė 1998: 33). Tai priklausymo santykio atributiniai junginiai. Jie rodo, kad daiktas yra susietas įvairiais priklausomybės santykiais su kitu daiktu; tas priklaudirected to someone. The verbal relationship is expressed by relative adjectives (see Bunevičiūtė 1998: 35). In academic Lithuanian grammar, the first relative meaning of the noun suffixes -inis, -ė adjectives is the substance from which or with which something is made, e.g. cukrinis alus (su cukrumi padarytas) (LKG I 568), but in medical terminology, in the words of K. Gaivenis, there are other combinations of words. It is also known as the two-word composite name of alcoholic disease, diabetes. Here the noun adjectives of the suffix -inis indicate the substance, but the designate named as the main element of the compound name is not made of it (Gaivenis 2014 [1975]: 73). “The noun adjectives of the suffix -inis describe the characteristics of the object in relation to the object represented by the main word and according to this relation distinguish the objects from other objects of the same kind or express the kind of the objects. The main relationships by which an object or a type of objects can be distinguished are as follows" (LKG I 568): sporadic: single disease MGV 1909 35. • pavadinimai pagal priklausomojo dėmens sąsają su significance for the organism: akmeninē slimība žin 1911 199, dirksninės ligos V 1889 X 153, V 1889 XI 168, UKT 1907 51: <...>, after all, we know that the treatment of most dirksninės diseases is based on autosuggestion, neck disease NamG 1907 5: Waterfall (croup)18 – this is the most dangerous neck disease of children: the palate and jaws are poured with croup, blood disease SK 1901 7, mēneſine ligos19 LKA 1903 108, nervous disease DMS 1912 75, skin diseases Vž 1908 6 4, organic disease DMS 1912 32: <...> soft chancre should not be considered an organic disease <...>, pulmonary diseases V 1889 X 152, skurinės ligos VL 1890 30 5: Użtai and s k u r i n e s l i g a s in the treatment of which it is not possible to rely solely on oral or ointment medications, but it is necessary to improve health and 18 Italic in original. 19 Monthly. 248 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Late 19th–early 20th centuries two-word compound nouns dinimai su pagrindiniu dėmeniu liga ir būdvardžiu reiškiamais priklausomaisiais dėmenimis 1.2.10. Two-word compound names with the main element disease, whose dependent elements are expressed by prepositional adjectives. The adjective pavienis, constructed with a prefix, has a homogeneous meaning that has been merged from both elements (LKG I 590): • pavadinimai pagal priklausomojo dėmens sąsają su 1.2.11. Two-word compound names with the main element disease, whose dependent elements are expressed by enriched adjectives. In the study material only one dependent point was found, represented by a compound adjective, the first point of which is the proper pronoun, and the second is the noun stovis. The LKG says that “this type is not good”; „such derivatives denote characteristics depending on the relationship of the designated object with the object expressed by the second element of the • pavadinimai pagal priklausomojo dėmens sąsają su compound adjective“ (LKG I 598): internal (immaterial) characteristics: savistove31 disease SK 1905 60. 1.3. Biword compound names with the main element disease, the dependent elements of which are expressed by noun adjectives. A large number of two-word composite names have dependent elements expressed by nominative adjectives, which confirm the terminology of those names. However, sometimes it appears that naming is superfluous, for example, long illness. The following groups of names are distinguished: • pavadinimai pagal priklausomojo dėmens sąsają su internal (non-material) characteristics: ugly disease Ū 1897 9 140, Ū 1897 12 189 / ugly disease SžK 1902 46: Most often the brain and spinal cord and nerves are damaged by inflammation, French disease (b i a u r i o s i o s l i g o s ) and from the aphid) Svk 1911 1 1, ugly disease LUK 1887 (1886), MGV 1909 114, DMS 1912 17, Svk 1914 6 23, Svk 1915 1 1, LUL 1915 9, Skarl 1915 1 / ugly disease RAK 1895 6, AS 1904 3: <...> syphilis or teip is called „b l o g o j i l i g a or prancai“, <...>, Vž 1905 29 3, Vž 1907 189 2, Vž 1907 218 3, Šlt 1909 1 7, Šlt 1909 25 389, 390, Art 1910 38 146, Art 1910 41 157, Šlt 1911 30 352, Šlt 1911 32 377, Vlt 1914 40 2, didźioji liga LKV 1891 (1890) 27: Epilepsya, didźioji liga, 31 see xsavistovis see xsavistovus (compare Russian caмocтoятeльный) "independent, independent" in LKŽ. 249Terminologija | 2020 | 27 syphilis (p i k t o j i l i g a ), nůmarulis, įpatingoji liga VL 1891 10 116, piktoji liga U 1892 VI/ VII 231, RAK 1895 6, Ū 1897 9 140, PM 1899 5, Vž 1905 5 3: MGV 1909 113, MG 1913 1 19, Svk 1913 4 13, Sif 1915 3, žLL 1921 6 / „maltoji bolezen“32 NK 1905 (1904) 20, srednja bolezen LKA 1903 107. • pavadinimai pagal priklausomojo dėmens sąsają su spalva: baltoji liga33 – fluvia alba V 1897 3 41 / bałtaje liga ZGL 1886 8: Płudims isz macicas skistimu wisokie pawejksła, wadinas b a ł t o i l i g a, ana szioj gadinej między kobietszku wielkej si, <...>, geltonoji liga34 TS 1902 1B 13: Nėra kam ir stebėties, jei isikierujuokoliai dažnai gauna g e l t o ną ją l i gą (jautrigę) / disease yellow SK 1905 34: disease yellow or jaundice, which is due to the discharge of bile, blue disease35 (cyanosis) VL 1890 30 4, red disease36 V 1897 3 42: R a u d o n o j i l i g a (rings, laundry) – menstrua, LtvK 1912 (1912) 155. • pavadinimai pagal priklausomojo dėmens sąsają su by the nature of the manifestation: acute illness DMS 1912 49, simple illness Svk 1909 5 1, sudden illness DMS 1912 17: <...> in somewhat different dangerous cases, such as typhoid, scarlet fever, diphtheria, it is ja ir kitos staigiosios ligos, nuo kurių gyvastis trumpas laike necessary to immediately call even the first doctor, who is closer, to provide first aid and necessary instruction, severe illness MGV 1909 191. • pavadinimai pagal priklausomojo dėmens sąsają su in the body: hemorrhagic disease MGV 1909 224, Svk 1911 1 2 (see hemorrhagic disease Svk 1911 12 1), nervous disease A 1885 10/11 321, pomatic37 disease DMK 1908 74. • pavadinimai pagal priklausomojo dėmens sąsają su taste: sweet disease38 DzPK 1909 19. 32 Syphilis. 33 Now white (female genital discharge) (Latin fluor albus) Medž 207. 34 Yellow. 35 Now blueness of the skin (lat. cyanosis) Medž 130. 36 Now menstruatio (Mez 334). 37 žr. xpomėtis (brus. память) „atmintis; protas“ LKže. 38 Dabar cukraligė (lot. diabetes mellitus) Medž 146. 250 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė end of the 19th century–beginning of the 20th dinimai su pagrindiniu dėmeniu liga ir būdvardžiu reiškiamais priklausomaisiais dėmenimis • pavadinimai pagal priklausomojo dėmens sąsają su century compound verbs in the late period: ilgoji liga Svk 1912 IV 15. • pavadinimai pagal priklausomojo dėmens sąsają su sex: female disease U 1896 4 28. • pavadinimai pagal priklausomojo dėmens sąsają su inhabitants: English disease39 U 1897 12 183, SžK 1902 13, Vž 1905 225 4, KU 1906 11, Vž 1907 217 2, NG 1908 91, žmd 1909 3 12, DMK 1911 79, Šlt 1913 32 504, OK 1913 37, Gdt 1915 1 4, LytL 1915 101, UkK 1917 69, LietK 1917 69, NG 1924 103 / English disease LKA 1902 (1902) 37. • names according to the relationship of the dependent spot with the disease: rheumatic disease DMK 1908 74. CONCLUSIONS Siaučiančios ligos XIX a. pab.–XX a. pr. buvo viena skaudžiausių žmonių health scourge. Trained doctors and other medical personnel published medical klių mėginta kompensuoti šviečiamąja žodžio galia, t. y. rašant ir leidžiant books, booklets, articles in periodicals, calendars, which aimed to familiarize ordinary people with various issues of health preservation and maintenance. The book describes human diseases, their symptoms, treatment and prevention. Thus, it can be said popularizing lies to arise and spread and strengthen people's dicinos raštija buvo viena iš svarbių priemonių, kuria stengtasi užkirsti kelią health. The publications aimed not only to medically persuade, but also, most importantly, to prevent people from diseases. pomorphic characteristics. For Liga tiriamuose tekstuose neretai sužmoginama, jai priskiriamos antroexample, a disease can be bad, angry, terrible, ugly, sensitive, old, unworthy, unhappy. This, of course, was determined both by the addressee (an ordinary person) and the type of publication (presenting medical knowledge in a popular way). Such titles are pictorial, stylistically connoted and show the writer's attitude to the described phenomenon. This reinforces the persecutory nature skaitytoją suklusti, atkreipti dėmesį. Taigi, manding, tokiu būdu pasiekiaof the publications, forced by the writer's purpose. Since at that time it was mostly written about diseases and their treatment, so, with39 Now rickets prantama, kad ligų pavadinimų ar ligas įvairiais atžvilgiais apibūdinančių (bone deformity due to vitamin D deficiency) (lat. rachitis) Medž 470. The medical literature states that this disease was first described in 1650 by the Englishman Francis Glisson (see ME II 200), manding, which is why the authors of the research texts have called it English. 251Terminologija | 2020 | 27 žodžių junginių bene gausiausia pasitaiko kalbamojo meto medicinos pub lication. In the structural model Bdv ← Dktvliga, the dependent point is represented by three kinds of adjectives – ordinary, derivative and noun. Most often, the focus of the speech is on derived adjectives. The dominant type of their expression is Bdv-ini ← Dktvliga. As shown by the research, the main focus of the disease-dependent focus can be characterized by various significant aspects – according sąsają su nematerialiais (dažniausiai) (laiku, reiškimosi pobūdžiu ir kt.) ir to its material (rarely) (organism, body fluid, organ, substance) things. With regard to significant aspects, two-word compound names according to the relationship of the dependent domain with internal (immaterial) characteristics and time take the upper hand, somewhat less names according to the relationship of the dependent domain with external (material) characteristics, sexual intercourse, organism, nature of manifestation, somewhat rarer names according to the relationship of the dependent domain with the disease-causing microorganism, gender, inhabitants of the country, and some others – simply individually. With regard to the interface of the types of expression of the dependent element and the meanings, it is clear that elements of all kinds (ordinary, noun and derivative) adjectives denote an internal (immaterial) characteristic. The adjectives with the suffix -inis should be distinguished – the dependent elements that go with them describe the main element disease mainly according to the interface with the organism. Only a relatively small part of the two-word compound names with the main element disease are the actual terms (disease names) which refer to single clinical concepts and whose dependent elements represent a characteristic feature. These are exclusively those names whose dependent elements are expressed by nouns and suffixes -inis adjectives. At least somewhat more thermal appear names, whose dependent sifilitiškos ligos, lytiškos ligos, nerviškos ligos, moteriškos ligos. Dažniausiai ir tekste tokie pavadinimai vartojami daugiskaitos forma. elements are expressed and suffixes -iškas adjectives. Many of these names refer to collective concepts – certain groups of diseases, e.g.: drugiškos ligos, Nea few of the two-word composite names with the main element disease are only descriptive word combinations, whose dependent elements denote a temporary feature. For example, terrible, chronic, etc. can be any kuri liga. 252 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė XIX a. pab.–XX a. pr. dvižodžiai sudėtiniai pavadinimai su pagrindiniu dėmeniu liga ir būdvardžiu reiškiamais priklausomaisiais dėmenimis TwO-wOrD COMpOSITE NAMES Of LATE 19Th – EArLy 20Th CENTury wITh liga AS hEAD ELEMENT AND DEpENDENT ELEMENTS ExprESSED By ADjECTIvES Summary The article sets out to analyse the meaning and expression of dependent elements taking the form of adjectives, which were used as part of two-word composite names with liga as the head element in the medical press of the late 19th and early 20th century written in popular scientific style (books, booklets, newspaper and calendar articles). An attempt was made to compensate the shortage of educated doctors and other medical staff by the educating power of the word, i.e., by writing and publishing medical books, booklets and articles in the newspapers and calendars of that time. The aim of the publications of this type was to make ordinary people familiar with various topics of disease prevention and health promotion. It can be said that the medical publications written in popular scientific style were one of the major means to prevent the occurrence and spread of diseases and to strengthen people’s health. The aim of the publications was not only to expand people’s knowledge in medicine The disease is often attributed human, anthropomorphic, but, most importantly, to protect them from diseases. properties in the texts. For example, the disease can be bad, evil, terrible, nasty, old, indecent, miserable. Such names are vivid and bear stylistic connotations; they also show the writer’s approach towards a given phenomenon. The names of diseases or the word phrases describing diseases from different perspectives are probably most numerous in the medical publications of the period concerned. The dependent element of the structural model Bdv←Dktvliga is expressed by the adjectives of three types – simple, derivative and pronominal. It usually takes the form of derivative adjectives. The dominant type of their expression is Bdv-inis ← Dktvliga. As revealed by the study, the dependent element may describe the head element liga by various semantic aspects – by the latter’s association with some non-material (usually) (time, type of manifestation, etc.) and material (rarely) (organism, body liquid, organ, substance, etc.) matter. In respect of semantic aspects, two-word composite names formed on the basis of dent the relationship between the dependent element and inner (non-material) properties as well as time prevail; the names formed according to the association of the depenelement and external (material) properties, sexual interaction, organism, type of manifestation are slightly less common; the names based on the connection between the dependent element and the microorganism causing the disease, gender, a country’s population are even less commonly used; others are used in isolated cases only. As regards the relationship between the types of expression and meanings of the dependent element, we can see that the elements taking the form of all types of adjectives (simple, pronominal and derivative) express some inner (non-material) quality. The adjectives with the suffix -inis deserve a special mention: the dependent elements expressed by such adjectives usually describe the head element liga by the association with the organism. 253Terminology | 2020 | 27 Only a comparatively small part of the two-word composite names with the head element liga under analysis are proper terms (names of diseases), which are used to specific denote specific clinical concepts and the dependent elements of which express some feature. These are such names whose dependent elements are expressed by pronominal adjectives or the adjectives with the suffix -inis. The names whose dependent elements are expressed by the adjectives with the suffix -iškas also resemble scientific terms. Quite a few names of this type specify collective concepts – certain groups of diseases, e.g., tuberculosis, syphilis, sexual diseases, nervous diseases, female diseases. Such names are usually used in the plural form in the text as well. A considerable part of two-word composite names with the head element liga are only descriptive word phrases with dependent elements expressing a temporary quality. For example, any disease may be described as terrible, chronic etc. ŠALTINIAI LAIKRAŠČIAI A1 – Auszra 1883 4 112, 1885 10/11 321 Art – Artojas 1910 15 54; 1910 19 69; 1910 25 93; 1910 26 97; 1910 30 113; 1910 33 126; 1910 38 146; 1910 41 157 Gdt – Gydytojas 1914 1 2; 1914 2 5; 1914 3 9; 1914 4 14; 1914 5 18; 1914 6 21; 1914 7 25; 1915 1 1–4; 1915 3 9; 1915 6 22 LŪ – Lietuvos ūkininkas 1906 10 142 NLC – Nauja lietuwiszka ceitunga 1910 9 33 MG – Medicina ir gamta 1913 1 19 Svk – Sveikata 1909 1 7; 1909 5 1, 3, 5; 1909 6 3, 6; 1910 1 6; 1910 2 6; 1910 3 1; 1910 8 5; 1910 9 5; 1910 11 4; 1911 1 1; 1911 3 3–5; 1911 5 1; 1912 3 12; 1912 4 15; 1912 7 28; 1912 8 29, 32; 1912 10 39; 1913 2 7; 1913 4 13, 15; 1913 5 20; 1914 2 7; 1914 3 10; 1914 4 15, 16; 1914 5 19; 1914 6 23–24; 1915 1 1; 1920 1 3; 1920 3 1, 4; 1920 4 1; 1920 5–6 1; 1921 2 2; 1921 6 2 Szv – Szviesa 1888 3 81 Šlt – Šaltinis 1909 1 7; 1909 5 69; 1909 25 389, 390; 1910 18 282; 1911 30 352; 1911 32 377; 1912 3 36; 1912 7 105; 1912 21 328; 1912 40 632; 1913 32 504; 1913 46 729 TS – Tėvynės sargas 1897 8 2; 1898 8 9; 1902 1B 13, 53 TSp – Tėvynės sargo Priedas40 1898 4 7; 1898 8 10 U – Ukininkas 1891 2 77; 1892 4/5 137; 1892 6/7 230, 231; 1892 9 340; 1895 13 100; 1895 21 167; 1896 4 28; 1896 3 17; 1897 3 41; 1897 12 183 Ū – Ūkininkas 1897 9 140, 1897 12 189 V – Varpas 1889 10 152–153, 153–154; 1889 11 168; 1891 4 54–55; 1895 9 ir 10 155–157; 1897 3 41–42 Vad – Vadovas 1913 16 62, 169; 1913 16 63 277; 1913 16 64 400 VL – Vienybė lietuvininkų 1890 27 4–5; 1890 28 3–4; 1890 30 4–5; 1890 36 8; 1890 37 8–9; 1890 38 8; 1890 41 8; 1891 10 116 Vlt – Viltis 1913 62 2; 1913 130 1; 1914 40 2; 1914 83 1; 1914 123 1; 1914 144 1; 1914 159 3; 1915 70 2; 1915 88 2; 1914 101 2 Vž – Vilniaus žinios 1905 5 2, 3; 1905 29 3; 1905 56 3; 1905 124 4; 1905 225 4; 1905 232 1; 1906 146 4; 1906 222 3; 1907 189 2; 1907 217 2; 1907 218 3; 1908 2 1; 1908 6 4; 1908 8 4; 1908 9 4; 1908 159 2; 1908 176 3; 1908 194 2 žmd – Žemdirbys 1909 3 12 40 1896–1904 Tilžėje ėjęs mėnesinis lietuvių žurnalas Tėvynės sargas turėjo neperiodinių priedų (nuo 1898 prie kiekvieno numerio) – grožinės literatūros kūrinių, ūkinių patarimų, mokslo populiarinimo knygelių (VLE XXIII 714). 254 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė XIX a. pab.–XX a. pr. dvižodžiai sudėtiniai pavadinimai su pagrindiniu dėmeniu liga ir būdvardžiu reiškiamais priklausomaisiais dėmenimis KNYGOS IR KNYGELĖS AS 1904 – Apie blogąją ligą arba syfilį (prancus). Pagal d-ro M. Člėnovo veikalėlį sutaisė d-ras A. V., Tilžėje. DK 1908 – Daktaras kišeniuje: aiškųs pamokinimai kaip užlaikyti sveikatą ir kaip nuo ligų apsiginti, su daugeliu receptų surinktų nuo geriausių daktarų / sutaisė M. Paltanavičia, Worcester, Mass: spausdinta spaustuveje M. Paltanavičiaus. DL 1915 – Apie drugio ligą / Pirogovo draugijos skyriaus sveikatos žinioms platinti leidinio Nr. 7 vertimas, Maskva: Lietuvių d-ja aukštųjų Maskvos m-klų moksleiviams šelpti. Leidimo komisija], (Vilnius: Martyno Kuktos sp.). DMS 1912 – Daktaras bei mokslas apie sveikatą: naujausia knyga, Philadelphia, Pa.: išleido The Philadelphia Medical clinic. DN 1906 – Daktaras namuose, arba, Apraszymas ligu ir ju gydymas / pagal daktarus Basanavičiu, Vileiszi, collins, Stout ir daugeli kitu sutaise K. W. Gedeminas, So. Boston, Mass.: [išleid. ir] spauda Gedemino ir Mickevičiaus. DS 1910 – Darbininko sveikata / pagal daktarą A. Kats’ą parašė P. Norkus, Philadelphia, Pa.: turtu ir spauda „Kovos“. DžA 1911 – Džiova: referatai, surengti „Aušros“ draugijai / dr. F. Matulaitis, [JAV: s.n.] (chicago, Ill.: spauda „Lietuvos“). DžLA 1899 – Džiova ir Kaip tos ligos apsisaugoti. Pagal S. Sterlingą. Sutaisyta L., Tilžėje. DžPK 1909 – Dr. K. Jokanto. Džiova, jos priežastįs ir kova su ja, Vilnius. Hyg 1897 – Hygiena arba Mokslas apie użlaikyma sweikatos. Pagal Berners‘ą, d-rą Noll ir kitus sutaise Szernas, chicago, Ill.: kasztu ir spaustuwe „Lietuvos“. Kol 1915 – Apie kolerą ir kaip nuo jos apsisaugoti / Pirogovo draugijos skyriaus sveikatos žinioms platinti leidinio Nr. 8 vertimas, Maskva: Lietuvių d-ja aukštųjų Maskvos m-klų moksleiviams šelpti. Leidimo komisija], (Vilnius: Martyno Kuktos sp.). KU 1906 – Kaip užsilaikyti pavasarį, vasarą, rudenį ir žiemą. Pagal D-rą Med. L. Volbergą sutaisė d-ras A. Vileišis, Vilnius. LPr 1883 – Ligoniû Prietelius. Kelrodys wisiems tiems, kurie prie atsirandancziû Ligû patys saw pirmaję Pagalbą prisiteikti nor ir tai Progai geras Namû Pryprowas įsitiekti wélyjas / Friedrich Adoph Richter. Leipcikej‘Rikterio Iszleidimo Itaisymas. (Drukawotos prie F. Ad. Richter&Draugai, Rudolstadt). LPr 1891 – Ligoniû prietelius : kelrodys wisiems tiems, kurie prie atsirandancziû ligû patys saw pirmaję pagalbą prisiteikti nor ir ant to geras namû pryprowas įsitiekti wélyjas / sudarė Friedrich Adolph Richter, Leipcikej‘: Richterio knyginyczia ([Rudolstadt : Richtero drukorija]). LytL 1915 – Lytiškos Ligos ir Kaip nuo jų apsisaugoti. Parašē D-ras F. Matulaitis. Antra, peržiurēta ir pagerinta laida, So Bostona, Mass. LUL 1915 – Apie limpamąsias arba užkrečiamas ligas: (daktaro pasikalbėjimas su žmonėmis) / Pirogovo draugijos skyriaus sveikatos žinioms platinti leidinio Nr. 5 vertimas, Maskva: Lietuvių d-ja aukštųjų Maskvos m-klų moksleiviams šelpti. Leidimo komisija], (Vilnius: Martyno Kuktos sp.). MGV 1909 – Mano gydymas vandeniu sulig 40-metinių patirimų. Parašė kunigas S. Kneipp. Iš vokiečių kalbos vertė Aguonaitis, Ryga: A. Macijausko knygynas. NamG 1907 – Naminis gydytojis / parašė A. Aitvaras, Ryga: lėšos A. Macejevskio, [i.e. 1906] (Ryga: H. Hempel ir ko). NG 1908 – Naminis gydytojas: Trumpas aprašymas prasčiausių ligų ir prasčiausių vaistų kovoje su jomis: / D. 1. Apie žmonių ligas ir jų gydymą. Sutaisė D-rs A. Vileišis, Seinai. NG 1924 – Naminis gydytojas. Trumpas prasčiausių ligų aprašymas ir jų gydymas. Antrasis pataisytas leidimas, Kaunas. OK 1913 – Oras ir klimatas ir jų svarbumas žmogaus sveikatai. Pagal Zolotariną. Dras A. Vileišis, Seinai. PM 1899 – Patarmės moterims, kurios nori buti sveikos. Pagal Zielčaka parašė Dr. A. V. Tilžėje. PmP 1899 – Pamokinimas, kaip nuo pagedimo apsaugoti žmones, pagedusių šunų aprietus, Tilžėje. PR 1915 – Kaip pasisaugoti rauplių? / [Pirogovo draugijos skyriaus sveikatos žinioms platinti leidinio Nr. 1 vertimas]. Maskva: Lietuvių d-ja aukštųjų Maskvos m-klų moksleiviams šelpti. Leidimo komisija], (Vilnius: Martyno Kuktos sp.). RAK 1895 – Rodos motinoms apie auginimą žindomų kudikių. Sutaisyta pagal Michailovą; [vertė J. Račiūnas ?], Tilžėje: [Ūkininkas]. RM 1893 – Negirdētas daiktas, ir Geros rodos musų moterelems, Vilniuje. 255Terminologija | 2020 | 27 Sif 1915 – Apie sifilį / Pirogovo draugijos skyriaus sveikatos žinioms platinti leidinio Nr. 3 vertimas. [Maskva: Lietuvių d-ja aukštųjų Maskvos m-klų moksleiviams šelpti. Leidimo komisija], (Vilnius: Martyno Kuktos sp.). Skarl 1915 – Apie skarlatiną (karùs) / [Pirogovo draugijos skyriaus sveikatos žinioms platinti leidinio Nr. 14 vertimas]. [Maskva: Lietuvių d-ja aukštųjų Maskvos m-klų moksleiviams šelpti. Leidimo komisija], (Vilnius: Martyno Kuktos sp.). SžK 1902 – Kaip sutaisytas żmogaus kunas. Parašé S. M., Plymouth, Pa. SžL 1886 – Svarbiausios żmonių ligos. Petro Nērio, Tilżeje. ULB 1912 – Užkrečiamųjų - limpamųjų ligų išsiplėtojimo budai ir kova su jomis / dr. A. L. Graičiunas, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.: „Draugo“ [išleid. ir] sp.. ZGL 1886 –Zinia apie gidima ligu kuno ir duszes, Wilniuje: kasztu ir spaustuwieje Juozapa Zawadzkia, 185741. žin 1911 – Žinynas: knyga žinių iš mitologijos, historijos, etnografijos, astronomijos, aritmetikos, medicinos ir kitų mokslų bei jų šakų / iš įvairių šaltinių surinko J. Laukis [Domininkas Keliauninkas], chicago, Ill.: „Aušros“ knygynas, (chicago, Ill.: „Lietuvos“ spauda). žL 1921 – Žmonių ligos. D-ras K. Grinius, Kaunas: „Varpo“ bendrovės leidinys. žLL 1920 – Kas reikia žinoti apie lyties ligas. Vertė iš vokiečių kalbos D-ras J. Bagdonas, Kaunas: Vidaus reikalų ministerijos Sveikatos departamento leidinys. KALENDORIAI AVKV 1919 (1918) – Aušros Vartų kalendorius 1919, Vilniuje, 1918. BK 1911 – Biržų kalendorius 1911, Tilžėje. DMK 1908, 1911, 1912, 1914 – Didysis Marijos Kalendorius Lietuvos ir Žemaičių Katalikams, New York. LAK 1885 – Lietuwiszkas Auszros kalendorius ant metu 1885, Bitēnai. LietK 1918 – 1918 metams Lietuvos Kalendorius, Vilniuje. LKA 1895 (1895) – Lietwißkos kalendros ſu abroʒais metui 1902, Tilieje, 1895. LKA 1902 (1902) – Lietwißkos kalendros su abrozais metui 1902, Tilēje, 1902. LKA 1903 – Lietuwißkos kalendros su abrozais metui 1903, Tilēje, 1903. LKV 1891 (1890) – Lietuwiszkas kalendorius ant metų nů Kristaus užgimimo 1891, Vilniuje, 1890. LtAK 1886 (1885) – Lietuviszkas Auszros kalendorius ant metu 1886, Tilžeje, 1885. LtUK 1901 (1900) – Lietuvos ukininkų kalendorius ant metų 1901, Vilniuje, 1900. LtvK 1912 – Lietuwißkos kalendros metui 1912, Tilzeje, 1912. LUK 1887 (1886) – Lietuvos ukinįku kalendorius ant meto 1887, Tilžeje, 1886. LUK 1901 (1900) – Lietuvos ukininkų kalendorius ant metų 1901, Vilniuje, 1900. NK 1903 (1902) – Naujas kalendorius 1903 metams, Tilżėje, 1902. NK 1905 (1904) – Naujas kalendorius 1905 metams, Tilžėje, 1904. SK 1901 – Severos kalendorius lietuviams metui 1901, W. F. Severa, cedar Rapids Iowa. SK 1905 – Severos kalendorius délei Lietuviu, W. F. Severa co. cedar Rapids, Iowa. TKK 1897 – Tilʒes keleiwjo kalendros ant Meto 1897, Tilēje. UK 1900 (1899) – Ukiškasis kalendorius ant metų 1900, Vilniuje, 1899. UkK 1917 (1916) – Ukininkų kalendorius 1917 metams, Vilniuje 1916. UKT 1907 – Ukiškasis kalendorius metams 1907, Tilžėje. ŪKT 1910 – Ūkiškasis kalendorius 1910 metams, Tilžėje. žmK 1919 – Žemaičių kalendorius Tilžės keleivio 1919 metams, Tilžėje. LITERATURE Auksoriūtė Albina 1996: Inaccuracies in the use of compound terms. – Terminology 3, 47–49. Bunevičiūtė Laimutė 1998: The concept of attributive compounds, the possibilities of their description and some characteristics. – Linguistics XLVII(1), 29–42. Drukteinis Albinas 2011: Syntactic models of composite maritime terms. – Res humanitariae 10, 234–255. 41 Contrafaction Publication. 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