Vienažodė astrologijos terminija kilmės požiūriu

doi.org/10.35321/term27-06 The Origins of One-Word Astrological Terms RAMUNĖ VASKELAITĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas ABSTRACT This article offers a first look at the unexplored field of astrological terminology. It explores this field by selecting a group of one-word terms. The composition of this group of terms is examined from the perspective of origin. Borrowed terminology emerges as predominant; however, unlike many fields of terminology use that are strongly influenced by English today, even in an environment as open to English influence as online language (the analysis is based on astrology websites published online), few terms are found that show signs of borrowing or direct adoption from English. Although astrology is not recognized as a science, it emerges as a field of terminology use with its own terminology. KEYWORDS: astrological term, term origin, loanword, term of Lithuanian origin, one-word term, compound term ABSTRACT The present article takes a look at the unresearched field of the terms of astrology. It attempts to look around in this field with the focus on the group of one-word terms. The aim of the article is to determine the composition of this group of terms from the perspective of origin. The study reveals that the layer of borrowed terms takes the lead, though, in contrast to many other fields, which are today strongly affected by the English language, there are few terms showing the signs of borrowing or direct adoption of the term from the English language even in such a medium open to the influence of the English language as the language of the Internet (the analysis is based on the websites of astrology accessible online). Astrology stands out as the field of the use of terms having its own independent set of terms, though it is not recognised as a science. KEYWORDS: term of astrology, origin of term, loanword, term of Lithuanian origin, one-word term, composite term 128 Ramunė Vaskelaitė | Vienažodė astrologijos terminija kilmės požiūriu INTRODUCTION Although the structure of the term astrologija (astrology) would allow the object it names to be classified among the sciences1, in reality the relationship between this object and science is not as clear as, for example, that of geology, sociology, psychology, or other objects named by terms of similar structure. This is evident from the very attempts to define or explain the concept. For instance, in some publications and websites in the field of astrology, astrology is recognized as a science, while also being conceived of as a system: “If we understand astrology not merely as a science about the movement of celestial bodies and their significance in human life, but in a broader sense, we will see that the elements of this system are much older and widespread throughout the world, since they are based on humanity’s experience” (Bogun 1999: 12). In other publications or websites, it is regarded as a science: “Astrology (from astro... and Greek logos ‘teaching’) is the science of the influence of bodies in the Universe (planets, stars) on life on Earth” (Kaškelis 2020). Definitions are also found that evaluate astrology as both a science and an art: “Astrology is the science and art of determining the positions of celestial bodies and their cycles of revolution” (Katiliūtė-Jonynienė 1994: 5). However, definitions provided in dictionaries of astronomical terms or in encyclopedic publications, such as the Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (hereafter VLEe), deny astrology the status of a science: it is assessed as a “false” (Juška 1984) or “pseudoscientific” (Straižys 2002) “theory claiming that the positions of the Sun, Moon, and planets in the band of the zodiac constellations affect the fate of people, nations, and states, as well as natural phenomena,” or merely as predictions of the future—“forecasts based on claims about the influence on a person (groups of people, nations, states) and the events of their lives of the positions of the Sun, Moon, and planets in the zodiac constellations (horoscope)” (VLEe). The concept is narrowed even further: astrology is equated with superstition: “Astrology has no scientific basis and can be regarded as a popular pastime or superstition” (VLEe). The conflictual relationship between science and astrology is particularly evident in online media texts. For instance, in one news portal, the chief specialist at the observatory of the Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astronomy states that “the rules of astrology and the interpretation of horoscopes do not- 1 In dictionaries of foreign words, the element -logija is explained as the second element of compound words, indicating a connection with science (e.g., TŽŽ 1985; TŽŽ 2013). In the Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija, the term astrologija is derived from astro- and logos (‘science’) (VLEe). Terminologija | 2020 | 27 1 2 9 turi jokio mokslinio pagrindo“ (Marcinkevičius 2004), o tinklaraštyje kalbinama astrologė tvirtina: „Astrologija be galo tikslus, matematiškas, logiškas mokslas. Lietuvoje ir kai kuriose postsovietinėse šalyse gyvuoja mitas, jog astrologija tai – vieta laisvoms interpretacijoms. Nieko panašaus – tai griežta ir labai tiksli sistema, kuri neturi nieko bendro nei su burtais, nei su spėlionėmis, ji remiasi astronominiais-matematiniais apskaičiavimais“ (Novickienė 2020). Texts from the field of astrology also suggest the main reason for the conflictual nature of this relationship: astronomical discoveries that changed the geocentric conception of the world and distanced astronomy from astrology, which had traditions spanning millennia (Bogun 1999: 19–21)2, and gave rise to the science of astronomy3. Nevertheless, these texts also reveal another possible reason: the activity of astrologers themselves, who understand the astrologer’s profession or calling in different ways, may have contributed considerably to the narrowing of the conception of astrology: “Centuries passed, state structures and people’s perceptions changed, and new teachings, religions, and spiritual currents took shape. Astrology began adapting to newly emerging systems and gradually scattering the pearls of spirituality it had once possessed; it became more pragmatic and more forthright. As it accommodated groups of people with primitive consciousness, it deteriorated increasingly. It was simplified by ‘astrologers’ whom a priest in ancient times would not have allowed across the threshold (let alone taught such a person). They vulgarized what had once been a sacred science (as the renowned yogi Sri Yukteswar Giri called astrology) and brought undeserved criticism upon astrology itself, claiming that astrology and fortune-telling are fruits of the same tree” (www.antropoteosofineastrologija.lt). The statutes published on the website of the Association of Anthropotheosophical Astrology suggest an aim to restore astrology’s status as a science: the association’s principal function is formulated as “to rehabilitate astrology, which has been denigrated, distorted, and turned into a servant of consumers and an object of ridicule. Through its activities, to help restore the good name of astrology as a serious sacred science and an honorable profession <…>” (www.antropoteoso-fineastrologija.lt). 2 The VLEe states that “the distinction between astronomy as the science of the stars and astrology as divination from the stars” was already becoming clear in the first centuries AD. The beginnings of astrology itself are usually dated only approximately, and accounts differ. The VLEe states that astrology arose in Mesopotamia, perhaps in the third millennium BC. 3 The fact that the origins of astronomy are associated with astrology is also noted in dictionaries of astronomical terminology, for example: “In antiquity, astrology helped give rise to astronomy” (Straižys 2002). 130 Ramunė Vaskelaitė | Vienažodė astrologijos terminija kilmės požiūriu Nevertheless, at least for now, astrology is not taught at Lithuanian universities, and so neither textbooks for higher education nor, still less, scholarly works—the principal sources for the use and development of terminology—are being produced4. However, various astrology courses and seminars are organized (www.astrodai­va.com; www.dharma.lt; www.uranija.lt; www.vidineastrologija.lt; www.zacch.lt), astrology schools operate (www.astrologijosmokykla.lt), and, as stated on one website, the Institute of Astro­psychology is due to open its doors later this year (www.uranija.lt). Astrology websites are freely accessible online; they publish not only texts on various astrological topics, but also explain concepts in greater or lesser detail, formulate definitions, and even provide glossaries of terms. Thus, the tension in the relationship between science and astrology does not prevent an examination of the terminology of this field. At least to the author’s knowledge, current astrological terminology has not been studied at all, and could therefore be examined from a wide range of terminological perspectives: origin, structure, synonymy, polysemy, and syntactic composition. The analysis begins with terms classified by origin, for now focusing only on the group of one-word terms. Thus, the aim of this study is to examine the group of one-word astrological terms from the perspective of their origin. As most works on terminology also show, an analysis by origin can present a cross-section of terminology at varying levels of detail, depending on the principal aim of the study. Some studies apply the established terminological classification of terms into terms of non-Lithuanian origin, terms of Lithuanian origin, and hybrids, thereby revealing the relationship between the borrowed and Lithuanian-origin layers of terminology (e.g., Kazlauskaitė 2000; Zemlevičiūtė 2004; Rimkutė 2007; Šilobritaitė 2008; Šilobritaitė 2011); other studies examine terms of non-Lithuanian origin in greater detail and also reveal a cross-section of the borrowed layer of terminology (e.g., Drotvinas 2005; Kaulakienė 2007; Katelytė 2009; Zemlevičiūtė 2009; Zemlevičiūtė 2010; Zemlevičiūtė 2011; Zemlevičiūtė 2018a; Zemlevičiūtė 2018b; Rimkutė 2012; Mitkevičienė 2014). The model for more detailed analysis can, however, vary: some studies divide terms of non-Lithuanian origin into international terms, foreignisms, and genuine borrowings (e.g., Rimkutė 2012), but often, without applying such a classification, they seek to determine the non-Lithu- 4 By the time this article had been prepared, Loreta Stonkutė’s Astrology Textbook had been published (Kaunas, Mijalba, 2020, 420 pp.). It is presented, incidentally, as “the first comprehensive and professionally prepared astrology textbook in Lithuanian” (https://www.patogupirkti.lt/knyga/astrologijos-vadovelis.html). Terminologija | 2020 | 27 131 anian-origin terms (borrowings) (e.g., Katelytė 2009; Zemlevičiūtė 2009; Zemlevičiūtė 2010; Zemlevičiūtė 2011; Zemlevičiūtė 2018a; Zemlevičiūtė 2018b). The author of this article considers a more detailed subdivision of the borrowed layer of terminology an important factor in revealing both the direction of borrowing and the specific characteristics of the terminology of a field; it will therefore be applied in this study, that is, terms of non-Lithuanian origin will be assessed according to their source language. Accordingly, in pursuit of the previously stated aim—to examine the group of one-word astrological terms from the perspective of their origin—the study has two objectives: to determine the relationship between borrowed and Lithuanian-origin terms, and to identify the source languages of the borrowed terms. Percentages for this relationship will not be given, and the study should make clear why. In works on terminology, terms of non-Lithuanian origin are designated in various ways, often with synonyms used interchangeably, for example: terms of non-Lithuanian origin (Šilobritaitė 2011), borrowings (Zemlevičiūtė 2011), non-Lithuanian terms and terms of non-Lithuanian origin (Rimkutė 2005), terms of non-Lithuanian origin and borrowed terms (Rimkutė 2007), terms of foreign origin, borrowed terms, and borrowings (Vladarskienė 2017), borrowings and borrowed terms (Zemlevičiūtė 2009), foreign-origin terms, terms of foreign origin, borrowed terms, and borrowings (Zemlevičiūtė 2018b). This study will not avoid such variation either: a term of non-Lithuanian origin will also be called a borrowed term, or, more briefly, a borrowing. The use of the terms borrowed term, borrowing would be somewhat complicated by the group of hybrid terms, since, as the terminological works already cited also show, hybrid terms tend to be distinguished from borrowings, as indeed they are from words of Lithuanian origin, leaving their status in terms of borrowing within terminology rather unclear. It should be said in advance, however, that only a few hybrids were found in the sources selected for analysis, which does not warrant discussing them in greater detail (let alone devoting a separate section of the study to them) or avoiding the term borrowing. The few hybrids occurring in the sources examined will be mentioned when discussing terms of non-Lithuanian or Lithuanian origin, with their hybrid status identified5. The characteristics of the field selected for analysis motivate limiting the study to the group of one-word terms. Astrology as a field of terminology use has not been examined, so its terminology is likely to be little known to researchers in other terminological fields or to readers interested in terminology. Limiting the study to one 5 Although a broader examination of the concept of hybrids is not intended, it is nevertheless considered that, as in Rasa Vladarskienė’s (2017) article, the possibility of differentiating hybrids may be raised. In that article, hybrids with a root of foreign origin are provisionally classified as borrowed terms. 132 Ramunė Vaskelaitė | Vienažodė astrologijos terminija kilmės požiūriu This group of terms makes it possible to discuss the terms in greater depth and thus introduce them to readers. Nevertheless, a further feature of the field under examination also encourages a more detailed discussion of the terms: Lithuanian astrology dictionaries are not compiled, and only a few astrology terms are included in dictionaries of international words; therefore, when assigning a particular term to astrology terminology, that decision has to be justified. One way to do so is to reveal the meaning of the term by drawing on definitions and explanations provided in sources where the terms are used, and/or to show the context in which the term is used. Thus, for this reason too, the terms will be discussed in somewhat greater detail from the perspective of their origin than is usual in studies of term origins. Since astrology terminology is developed in written form not in scholarly works or textbooks, but chiefly, it seems, on websites, attention is focused on this source. Twelve websites were selected. Some cover astrology alone (astrodaiva.com; astrologe.weebly.com; astrologijosmokykla.lt; vidineastrologija.lt; zodiakas.com), while others also cover certain other fields, usually described as areas of spiritual development or self-knowledge (ananta.lt; antropoteosofineastrologija.lt; dharma.lt; sadhanacentras.lt; uranija.lt; wolmer.lt; zachh.lt). From the latter websites, only texts on astrology were selected. For brevity, websites will be referred to in the text as sites and identified by abbreviations customary in the Terminologijos publication. Explanations of the abbreviations can be found in the list of sources. The websites were selected with a view to including those that develop Western astrology terminology and do not merely offer services or publish horoscopes, but also provide texts on various astrological topics, explain concepts, and use terms. Two of the selected websites also provide glossaries of terms: Astrologijos sąvokos (zodiakas.com) (hereinafter AS) and Astrologijos terminų žodynėlis (ananta.lt) (hereinafter ATŽ)6. The material analyzed consists of content published on the websites up to October 20, 2020. The language of the texts has not been edited; only obvious typographical errors have been corrected. The analysis begins with an examination of one-word terms of non-Lithuanian origin, or loanwords. After examining them by source language in the first section, the second section examines terms of Lithuanian origin; conclusions are then drawn about the balance between terms of Lithuanian and non-Lithuanian origin, the composition of the borrowed layer of terminology and, insofar as the analysis of one-word terms permits, astrology terminology. 6 As will also become clear from the definitions cited, these glossaries do not meet the requirements for dictionaries of terms; however, the article is concerned not with the principles for compiling dictionaries or glossaries of terms, but with terminology. Terminologija | 2020 | 27 133 1. TERMS OF NON-LITHUANIAN ORIGIN 1.1. Loanwords of Greek and Latin Origin The term astrologija, as its origin is explained in the latest Tarptautinių žodžių žodyne (hereinafter TŽŽ), which was prepared on the basis of earlier dictionaries7, is a word of Greek origin composed of two parts: the first component of the compound word, astro-, indicates a connection in meaning with celestial bodies or outer space, stars, or a star-like form (Greek astron — star), while -logija denotes a connection with science (Greek logos — concept, science). Of course, this term is used on all the websites selected for analysis, as is the term astrologas (astrologer). Another term in this field is probably just as familiar to the general public: horoskopas (horoscope). It, too, is used on all the sources selected for analysis and is likewise a loanword from Greek: Greek hōroskopos — observing time. However, the meaning the term may acquire through the annual, monthly, weekly, or daily horoscopes printed in newspapers and news portals—a meaning also highlighted in the Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne (hereinafter DŽ7i)—differs from the meaning indicated by the definitions provided on the websites. For instance, DŽ7i explains the word as “the position of celestial bodies at the time of a person’s birth, on the basis of which astrologers predict what their life will be like,” whereas the definitions on the websites do not mention the aspect of prediction. In one of the two glossaries mentioned above, AS, the meaning of the term horoskopas is described as follows: “A map of the sky, an astrological chart, a schematic representation of the arrangement of celestial bodies at a particular time and place.” Another website gives a similar explanation: “A horoscope is a schematic representation of the celestial sphere at a particular moment in time and in a particular place, drawn up according to special rules” Aw. Another website uses the term ekliptika (ecliptic) to explain the concept: “A horoscope is a drawing of the ecliptic from a particular place at a particular time” Astr. However, the term ekliptika is also used more broadly on the websites—it appears on 9 of the 12 sites: Am, Antr, Astr, Dh, Ur, Vi, W, Za, Zo. This, too, is a term of Greek origin: Greek ekleiptikē — eclipse. Admittedly, it is not included in the two glossaries provided on the websites, but it is explained on the websites themselves, for example: “The apparent path of the Sun across the celestial sphere over the course of a year is called the ecliptic” Zo. Nevertheless, in this case it is not possible to rely on explanations alone, because they 7 The 2013 TŽŽ will continue to be used to determine the source language of loanwords; consequently, it will not be cited in each instance as a source for determining origin. Only cases in which other sources are used to determine the origin of words will be noted separately. 134 Ramunė Vaskelaitė | Vienžodė astrologijos terminija kilmės požiūriu would suggest that the meaning of the term coincides with that of the astronomical term eklip tika given in astronomy dictionaries—“the great circle of the celestial sphere traced over the course of a year by the center of the Sun’s disk” (Straižys 2002)—and would not allow the term, widespread in astrological texts, to be regarded as an astrology term. A broader context will be needed to establish the term’s actual status. A word of Greek origin is also the term Zodiakas: Greek zōdiakos < zōon—animal. It is also used on all the websites, though its spelling varies: in one text it is written with a capital letter, in another with a lowercase letter, and both spellings are often used within the same text8. However, the websites reveal a substantial difference in the meaning of the term Zodiakas as used in astrology and astronomy. Astronomy dictionaries define Zodiakas as a band of the celestial sphere made up of thirteen zodiacal constellations, through which the annual points of the Moon’s, planets’, and most asteroids’ paths pass (Straižys 2002); in other words, the Zodiac is understood as the path of actual celestial bodies. In astrology, the Zodiac is divided not into thirteen parts but twelve, and these, unlike the actual zodiacal constellations, are equal in size: they are obtained by dividing the circle representing the ecliptic into equal parts, each of 30 degrees. This distinction is emphasized on more than one website, for example: “Astronomical constellations have no strictly defined boundaries and are spread widely across the sky, some occupying more of the celestial sphere than others. The astrological zodiac is the division into 12 parts of thirty degrees each of the ecliptic (the Sun’s apparent annual path), which spans 360 degrees” Vi. Thus, the astrological Zodiac is not the actual path of celestial bodies but, as one website explicitly calls it, a “symbolic, imaginary structure.” Zo, although some examples of the term’s use do not reveal this distinction (e.g., “The cycle of rotation through the Zodiac is 84 years” Zo; “Mercury circles the entire Zodiac in about 88 days” Aw). On one website, this division of the Zodiac is explained through the ancient observation of celestial phenomena: “Contrary to what many tend to think, this division is determined not so much by the positions of the constellations in the sky as by the Sun itself, which illuminates the Earth at different angles at different times of year. Taking this into account, ancient astrologers divided the Sun’s path in the sky into 12 parts, whose reference points became the four key events of the year associated with a change in the balance of light and darkness—the winter and summer solstices and the autumn and spring equinoxes” Vi. 8 In general, the terminology used on the websites is characterized by considerable variation in spelling; however, variation is a separate topic and is not examined in this article. Accordingly, when discussing the terms, not all spelling variants will be mentioned. Terminologija | 2020 | 27 135 The twelve parts of this symbolic structure are named Avinu, Mergele, Šauliu and by other familiar names (they will be discussed in greater detail when Lithuanian-origin terms are examined), but the discussion of the term Zodiakas already makes clear that in astrology these do not refer to actual constellations, but to counterparts of astronomical constellations—the parts of a symbolic structure. The full constellation names (Avino žvaigždynas, Mergelės žvaigždynas, Šaulio žvaigždynas, etc.) are not used in astrology; their astrological counterparts are Avino ženklas, Mergelės ženklas, Šaulio ženklas, etc. Since the astrological and astronomical understandings of the Zodiac differ, the meanings of the Greek-origin term Zodiakas as used in these two fields differ as well. In a horoscope, the twelve signs in the Zodiac are marked with particular symbols, but the Zodiac, divided into twelve equal parts and marked with the corresponding symbols, is not yet a horoscope. It is only one component of a horoscope (see Fig. 1), sometimes called the Zodiako ratu on websites Astr. Another necessary element, mentioned on all the websites as well, is designated by the term planetos, which is also a word of Greek origin: Greek (astēr) planētēs—wandering star. Planets in a horoscope are also marked with corresponding symbols; Jupiter, for example, is ♃. The term planetos, which Lithuanian-language and foreign-word dictionaries define only as an astronomical term (e.g., “a celestial body orbiting the Sun or another star” DŽ₇ᵢ), denotes different concepts in astrology and astronomy as well. As the definitions given in astronomy dictionaries also show, planets in astronomy are actual celestial bodies—“cold cosmic bodies of great mass and large dimensions, orbiting a star (in the Solar System, the Sun)” (Straižys 2002). For instance, Jupiter is described as “the largest planet in the Solar System, fifth in distance from the Sun” (Straižys 2002). In astrology, as descriptions and explanations of individual planets would indicate, planets are rather accumulations of symbolic meanings. For example, Jupiter is associated with international relations, travel, education, law, legislation, success, optimism, and justice; Saturn with discipline, strategy, dutifulness, and firmness; Mercury is described as the planet responsible for intellect, thinking, language, communicativeness, agility, documents, transport, learning, exchange, trade, and so on. Moreover, another difference separates the astronomical and astrological conceptions of a planet: even after it was established that the Earth revolves around the Sun, astrology continued to apply a geocentric conception of the universe, that is, the Sun is considered to revolve around 136 Ramunė Vaskelaitė | Vienažodė astrologijos terminija kilmės požiūriu the Earth9; therefore, both the Sun and the Moon are also called planets, although astronomy dictionaries define Saulė as a star and Mėnulis as Earth’s satellite (Straižys 2002). It is precisely the geocentric conception that means that the aforementioned term ekliptika also has a different meaning in astrology: it is the Sun’s path as seen from Earth. Fig. 1. Example of a horoscope Fig. 2. Example of a cosmogram In addition to the Sun and the Moon, eight planets are mentioned on the websites. Their names correspond to those of actual celestial bodies and also to the names of Greek and Roman gods: Marsas, Venera, Merkurijus, Saturnas, Jupiteris, Neptūnas, Plutonas and Uranas. The names of six planets are of Latin origin, while those of two—Urano and Plutono—are of Greek origin10. Although the treatment of proper names or designations as terms is not addressed in Lithuanian terminology studies and, if it were, would probably be regarded as a debatable issue, planet names are at least included in astronomy dictionaries (Juška 1984; Straižys 2002), and are thus considered astronomical terms. If such terms were included in astrology dictionaries, their definitions would have to differ from those in astronomy dictionaries because of the differences in meaning. 9 As explained in one publication on astrology, which traces astrology’s origins to ancient observations of the universe and natural phenomena, such “objective reality has no influence whatsoever on the astrological understanding, since it takes as its point of departure the human being on Earth and the particular place from which the Sun’s journey from East to West is observed” (Bogun 1999: 18). 10 The Latin names of Mercury and Saturn are associated with Etruscan origin (Sabaliauskas 1994: 265). Terminologija | 2020 | 27 137 Astrology uses more proper names as well. One that occurs frequently (used on 9 of the 12 websites) coincides with the name of the Greek moon goddess Selene (Gr. Selenē), though the name cited on the websites has a different ending – Selena Am, Antr, Astr, Dh, Sa, Ur, Vi, W, Za. The explanations provided do, however, show that this name is associated with the Moon: “Selena is not a planet, but a mathematically calculated point associated with the Moon’s orbit around the Earth, more precisely, with its closest approach to Earth, when the Earth receives the greatest amount of reflected sunlight from the Moon (well, one of the Moon’s functions is to reflect sunlight onto the Earth at night)” Astr. Selena is associated with protection, blessing, a person’s bright side, their finest qualities, and manifestations of goodness and divinity. As noted, in a horoscope this point indicates the sphere in which support from higher powers was earned in past lives Za11. A term consisting of two words of Lithuanian origin is also used – Baltasis Mėnulis. The term asteroidai, which denotes celestial bodies smaller than planets, is also of Greek origin: asteroeidēs – star-like. Although the term asteroidai Am, Astr, Dh, Vi is used on only four websites, asteroids are discussed on those sites, revealing that, like planets, they are certain symbols. This is also evident from the discussion of specific asteroids. For instance, Chiron is associated with paradoxicality, with areas in which one can help others but cannot help oneself Astr. In fact, among specific asteroids, the one mentioned most often—and almost exclusively—is the asteroid named after the centaur, a character in Greek mythology – Chironas12 Am, Antr, Astr, Aw, Dh, Ur, Vi, W, Zo (9 websites), so another name or term of Greek origin is in use: Gr. Chīrōn. Also mentioned more often is Prozerpina Am, Astr, Aw, Dh, Ur, Vi, W, Za (8 websites), which presides over the sign of Virgo and is described as an undiscovered celestial body, a fictitious planet. This is the Roman name for the Greek goddess Persephone (Lat. Proserpina) VLEe. Other asteroids are mentioned much less frequently, and the reason may be revealed by a note on one of the websites stating that asteroids are not considered important by all schools of astrology Astr. Incidentally, even when Chironas or Prozerpina are mentioned, they are not necessarily identified as asteroids. One website mentions Vesta and Junona Aw – these are 11 In a glossary of terms on one website oriented toward Eastern astrology, Selenė (given here in exactly this form) is explained as follows: “1. In classical astrology, a symbol of the full-moon phase. The time of the full moon was considered especially favorable for performing magical rites; 2. In modern astrology (particularly in the so-called Avestan tradition), a hypothetical planet associated with light and a good principle” (Kaškelis 2020). 12 VLEe also lists a parallel form – Cheironas. 138 Ramunė Vaskelaitė | Vienažodė astrologijos terminija kilmės požiūriu the names of actual asteroids and, at the same time, the names of Roman deities. In discussing Donald Trump’s natal horoscope, it is revealed that stars, too, are assigned symbolic meanings in astrology: the star Regulas in the constellation Leo is mentioned Ur; its presence in a natal horoscope indicates noble birth or the possibility of being born into a wealthy family, ambition, vigilance, great power, and high status. Incidentally, in explaining the symbolism of planets and other celestial bodies, further mythological beings are mentioned, for example, Chiron’s pupil Asklepijus Vi – the Greek god of healing. However, there is no basis for treating these names as astrological terms, since they are used only to reveal or explain the symbolism of celestial bodies. One text shows that comets, too, are assigned symbolic meaning: “A comet is a heavenly messenger, an expression of divine will, a message transmitted to the Solar System by the cosmos and received through the Sun” Astr. Thus, although the term kometa is used more broadly only in this text, there is reason to regard it as an astrological term as well; this term is also of Greek origin: Gr. komētēs (astēr) – a tailed star. When interpreting a horoscope, one assesses the zodiac signs in which the planets are positioned. In a natal horoscope, the positions of the planets at the time of birth are assessed, but the exact time and place of birth must be known for this. If the exact time is unknown, a simpler chart can be drawn up (see Fig. 2), which is called by another borrowed term – kosmograma. Like the terms already discussed, it is a word of Greek origin: Gr. kosmo(sas) + –grama. The term kosmograma Am, An, Astr, Aw, Dh, Ur, Zo is used on 7 websites. As explained on these sites, such a chart makes it possible to describe a person’s character traits, strengths and weaknesses, and attitude toward many areas of life, but does not allow the course of events to be predicted. If the exact time of birth is unknown, astrologers may use a procedure for correcting or determining the time, whose name is a word of Latin origin: rektifikacija: Lat. rectificatio – straightening. The term rektifikacija Am, An, Antr, Astr, Dh, Sa, Ur, Za, Zo is used on 9 websites and is included in both glossaries – ATŽ and AS. The latter glossary also lists the term horoskopo rektifikacija, but the texts use the one-word term; only in two cases is the hybrid form rektifikavimas used Astr, W. The term rektifikacija is not mentioned in TŽŽ, while rektifikavimas is explained only as the separation of liquid components. TŽŽ associates kosmograma with astrology, defining the word as “a horoscope based on the concepts of cosmobiology.” The term kosmobiologija, however, is not mentioned on the websites. When interpreting the positions of the planets at the time of a person’s birth, Western astrology attaches great importance to the Sun – according to its position in the corresponding zodiac- Terminologija | 2020 | 27 139 sign, the so-called zodiac signs—which are certain character types—are assigned. Nevertheless, the explanations provided on the websites show, and more than one website emphasizes, that even a person’s character, let alone life events, is determined not only by the Sun but also by the positions of other planets. The concentration of several planets in one zodiac sign, indicating that the symbolism of that sign is important, is called on the websites by a word of Latin origin, steliumas Am, An, Astr, W, Zo. Although it is not included in TŽŽ, the Latin root of the word is evident from Latin dictionaries; compare stella – star13. The term steliumas is used on 5 websites. It is also included in the ATŽ glossary provided on one of the websites. Another website explains it as follows: “A concentration of planets (more than 3) in one zodiac sign is called a stellium” Zo. This term does, however, have Lithuanian-origin equivalents (these will be discussed in Section 2). When assessing the positions of the planets, their positions relative to one another are considered particularly important; on all the websites these are designated by a word of Latin origin, with the singular or plural chosen as appropriate – aspektas or aspektai (Lat. aspectus – gaze, appearance). The websites make clear that the word aspektas, -i, which is widespread in general usage, is fairly well established as a term in astrology. The explanations given reveal that aspects are regarded as certain distances formed between planets, determined by dividing the circle representing the celestial sphere (360°) into parts. These distances are measured in degrees, so aspects are also described as angular distances Zo, angles W, and geometric figures Aw; these, however, are descriptions offered in explaining the term, not synonyms for it. Although the glossary AS includes the longer variant of the term (aspects between planets), on the websites the term tends to function as a single word, for example: “It is important to mention that Jupiter, being in Scorpio, will not form significant unfavorable aspects with other planets, so development can be expected to proceed fairly smoothly and harmoniously, without more serious upheavals” Antr; “Various planets form certain geometric figures with one another, which are called aspects. Each aspect is directly influenced by the energies of specific planets” Aw. TŽŽ mentions only the general meaning of the word aspektas (a respect or viewpoint from which an object, phenomenon, or concept is examined) and gives a botanical term. The term aspektas is, however, also mentioned and explained as an astrological term in VLEe: “The angular distance (arc) between planets is called an aspect.” 13 See www.thesaurus.flf.vu.lt. 140 Ramunė Vaskelaitė | Vienažodė astrologijos terminija kilmės požiūriu Aspects are classified on websites, but even when the classification is not provided, the names of its units are widely used in texts, and almost all of them are of Latin origin. Thus, the arrangement of planets opposite one another, i.e. at a distance of 180 degrees, is called opposition (Latin oppositio – contradiction, opposition) on all websites. Such an aspect is considered inharmonious and tension-inducing. Another inharmonious aspect (its presence in a birth chart signifies obstacles and limitations) is more often called a square on some sites An, Zo, and a quadrature on others Dh, Ur, Sa, Vi, W, but both terms are most often used—square and quadrature Am, Antr, Astr, Aw, Za—so two terms formed on the basis of Latin compete¹⁴ (Latin quadratus – four-sided). A harmonious aspect forming a 60° angle and signifying favorable circumstances is called a sextile (Latin sextil – a sixth part) Am, An, Antr, Astr, Aw, Dh, Ur, W, Zo. One website also mentions the name of an aspect containing the Latin derivational formant bi-: biseptile An. Two terms are used to name another harmonious aspect, signifying success and favorable circumstances: trigon and trine Am, Antr, Astr, Aw, Dh, W, Ur, Zo. As would be evident from the combined Latin-language terminology compendium available online¹⁵, the first word is of Greek origin, while the second is associated with the Latin words trinum (trīnus), trīnus (trīnī). Such terms are mentioned neither in TŽŽ nor in VLEe, nor in the encyclopedic dictionary of astrological terms (Straižys 2002). Conjunction is also cited as an aspect on 11 websites Am, An, Antr, Astr, Aw, Dh, Ur, Vi, W, Za, Zo (Latin conjunctio – joining, connection): the arrangement of planets next to one another, or a notional distance of 0 degrees; however, Lithuanian one-word equivalents of this term are used somewhat more often. The term quincunx An, Aw, Zo is used to name a less frequently mentioned aspect, while one website uses quincunx Astr. This is the name for a 150-degree distance between planets. The word is also of Latin origin: Latin quinqunx < quinque + uncia. Incidentally, these terms are associated not only with the birth chart—they are also used when reviewing astrological events and trends for a month or a year, e.g.: “The Mars–Saturn square formed on August 24, bringing to the fore the masses’ dissatisfaction with restrictions worldwide; this square will recur on September 30, but with Mars retrograde” Astr; “During the New Moon, the Sun and Moon will form an exact trine aspect with Sa— 14 For a proposal to assess terms in terms of competition, and for the term term competition, see R. Vladarskienė’s (2017) article. 15 www.thesaurus.flf.vu.lt. Terminologija | 2020 | 27 141 turn, the planet of discipline, and through it the entire concentration of planets (Jupiter and Pluto) in Capricorn” Astr; “The Sun and Moon will form a conjunction with retrograde Mercury” Antr. Terms naming specific aspects are included in TŽŽ, and some in dictionaries of astronomical terms, but they are not mentioned as astrological terms. For example, sextile is included in TŽŽ only as a mathematical term. For the other terms, their astronomical meanings are generally given: TŽŽ defines opposition as “the configuration of an outer planet in which the Earth is between the planet and the Sun,” and conjunction likewise as the corresponding configuration of a planet. VLEe discusses quadrature as one of the principal configurations of an outer planet: “the configuration of two celestial bodies (usually one of them is the Sun) when their ecliptic longitudes differ.” It would follow that what is called aspects in astrology is called configurations in astronomy. For example, in its separate discussion of the concept of planetary configuration (“the apparent position of planets on the celestial sphere relative to the Sun”), VLEe lists such configurations as opposition, conjunction, eastern quadrature, western quadrature. This could support the assumption that the term aspect used in astrology corresponds to the term configuration used in astronomy. Nevertheless, the term configuration is also used on 8 astrology websites Am, An, Astr, Dh, Vi, W, Za, Zo, and the explanations provided indicate that it is not a synonym of the term aspects. This is suggested simply by the compound aspect configuration, a term listed in dictionary AS. Its definition lists types of configurations that do not coincide with the types of aspects discussed above either: “combinations of aspects linking at least three planets. The main types of aspect configurations are: configurations forming three points and four points; symmetrical and asymmetrical configurations; closed and open configurations; configurations of a single type (of harmonious or inharmonious aspects) and mixed-type configurations.” When interpreting a horoscope, one evaluates not only the positions of planets relative to one another, but also their relationship to the Zodiac sign in which a given planet is located; that is, one considers whether the symbolism of the Zodiac sign and of the planet located in it in a birth chart or some other horoscope is congruent. From this perspective, four kinds of planetary positions are distinguished, although terms are not used to name all of them. One of these positions is nevertheless named somewhat more consistently, and the borrowed term exaltation is also used to designate it Am, An, Astr, Aw, Dh, W, Za, Zo. This is a word of Latin origin: Latin exaltatio – di- 142 Ramunė Vaskelaitė | Vienažodė astrologijos terminija kilmės požiūriu gnity, pride. Exaltation is considered one of the planet’s strongest positions: the meanings of the planet and Zodiac sign are congruent, and the planet can best manifest its qualities. The term ascendant, denoting a particularly important point in the horoscope, is used on all websites and is also of Latin origin. On websites, the ascendant is usually described as the eastern point of the horoscope, from which the horoscope begins (see Fig. 1). The western point of the horoscope opposite the ascendant is mentioned somewhat less often: the descendant Am, An, Astr, Aw, Za, Zo. Some websites capitalize these terms, but synonyms are hardly used. The phrases rising (zodiac) sign and setting (zodiac) sign are most often used only when explaining the terms, e.g., “It is the zodiac sign rising above the horizon at the moment of birth” An, which suggests that this pair of terms is fairly well established, and established as borrowed terms, although they are not included in dictionaries of international words. TŽŽ does not include the term ascendant at all, while descendant is included with two meanings—as “offspring” and as “a product pushed out of the market by newer, more fashionable products.” It is true that ascendant is mentioned in VLEe in the discussion of the concept of horoscope: “One of the most important points of a horoscope is the ascendant (the point of intersection of the ecliptic and horizon lines in the east at the moment for which the horoscope is drawn up).” Websites confirm that in astrology the ascendant is indeed one of the most important points—it is described as the third most important point in a horoscope (after the Sun and Moon), indicating what first impression a person makes, how they interact with the outside world, and even what colors they like Astr. For example, a person whose ascendant is in Aries is described as a forthright, strong-willed personality who communicates directly and openly (and may be impudent), and does not hide behind others Astr. Somewhat less attention is paid to the descendant, but the term denoting this horoscope point is also used and is included in both glossaries of terms provided on the websites. On websites, the descendant is associated with the type of partner: it is described as the horoscope point indicating what kind of partners a person tends to attract and what kind of partners they need to complement their personality Astr. The website texts discuss not only important horoscope points, but also the parts into which it is divided on one basis or another. For example, six websites mention dividing the Zodiac into quadrants, each encompassing three Zodiac signs (a division associated with the astronomical seasons); however, the word used for this division is not of Lithuanian but of Latin origin: quadrants (Latin quadrans – four- Terminologija | 2020 | 27 143 virtis) Am, An, Astr, Ur, Za, Zo. This term is also included in the glossaries of terms provided on both websites. All the websites use the term stichijos, which is associated with a different basis for dividing the horoscope – a word of Greek origin: Greek stoicheion – element, principle. The Zodiac is divided according to the elements, with Aries, Leo, and Sagittarius associated with the element of fire; Taurus, Virgo, and Capricorn with the element of earth; Cancer, Scorpio, and Pisces with the element of water; and Gemini, Libra, and Aquarius with the element of air. The predominance of an element in a birth horoscope is determined by which element's signs contain the greatest number of planets. This classification presupposes the use not only of the loanword stichija, but also of specific terms formed with it: oro stichija, oro stichijos ženklas, etc. They are used on all the websites, and these terms also exhibit considerable variation: for example, Oro stichija is also written with an initial capital on Vi, Za, Zo, while in this context the one-word term Stichija is likewise capitalized on Za. However, the three websites that mention classification by elements also use specific terms formed with the word of Latin origin elementas, for example: “If we want clear thinking, good orientation, sound judgment, insight, and easy communication, we should strengthen and harmonize the air element”; “An unharmonious air element means chaos, superficiality, an inability to concentrate or think clearly, and scattered thoughts” Astr. Thus, when mentioning astrological terms of Latin origin, one must also mention the term elementas, although at least the material examined would suggest that it is less common or receding into passive use. Apart from this website, the term elementas is used on two more websites, Dh and W. This classification also posits a fifth element—ether—but the Greek loanword eteris Astr, Dh, W (Greek aithēr – sky, air) is used only on these three websites. The term used to name the division of the horoscope into eastern and western, and upper and lower, parts (in this classification, one looks at which part contains more planets) is uncommon. It is the word of Greek origin sfera: Greek sphaira – sphere. However, this term is included in the glossary of terms (ATŽ) presented on the website. In addition, this classification is mentioned on two websites, where the term sfera is therefore also used, Astr, Zo. The parts of a horoscope divided according to spheres are called pussferėmis on Astr and pusiausferomis on Zo, thus forming other terms on the basis of the loanword. These hybrids, however, are used only on those two websites and are the only compounds found in the material examined that were formed by word composition. 144 Ramunė Vaskelaitė | Vienažodė astrologijos terminija kilmės požiūriu The terminology examined so far concerns the naming of certain stationary objects—parts of the horoscope, points, and angles—but the websites are not limited to terms from this semantic field alone. Planets and other celestial bodies are moving objects in astrology too, so a small group of terms related to their movement is also used. These include the term ciklas: Greek kyklos – circle, revolution. Although this Greek loanword is not included in the glossaries of terms provided on the websites, it is used on all of them. The explanations show that it names a planet's revolution, for example: “Every planet has its own cycle. The lengths of the planets’ cycles differ. The Moon goes around the Earth in 28 (29) days, and during the same period it also completes a circuit of the Zodiac. Thus, there are about 12 lunar cycles in a calendar year.” Antr. However, use of the term ciklas reveals that it is also used on the websites to name certain stages in a person's life, for example: “One of the most important cycles takes place shortly before the age of 30 (that is, at 29.5 years)” Dh. It would appear, then, that one term is used with two meanings. It is worth noting that, in discussing cycles, one website also reveals the connection between the two meanings: “Our existence on Earth is bounded by time, which is defined in cycles... year, month, week, day, and so on. Cyclical movement is always based on the circular motion of a certain celestial body around some larger object, which has a stronger gravitational force than the body moving around it. With their first breath, every person begins an individual life cycle at a particular fixed point in space, which becomes the reference point for all objects in the sky and to which each of them periodically returns. For example, the Moon returns every month, the Sun every year, Jupiter every 12 years, and so on.” Vi. A planet's passage through a Zodiac sign is called tranzitu Am, An, Antr, Astr, Aw, Dh, Ur, Vi, W, Za, Zo. This is a word of Latin origin: transitus – passage. Although TŽŽ associates this term only with the transport of goods (“transport of goods and passengers without transshipment or transfer at intermediate points, especially those located in other countries”), the examples provided show that it is also used in astrology. Moreover, the meaning of the term used in this field does not correspond to the meaning given in astronomy glossaries: “The passage of an inferior planet (Venus or Mercury) across the disk of the Sun” (Straižys 2002). In several instances, a planet's entry into a Zodiac sign is named by another word of Latin origin, ingresija (Latin ingressio – entry, entrance), for example: “Pluto's ingress into Virgo” Astr; “For those awaiting new changes in their lives—in relationships, profession, or self-realization—this Uranus ingress into Taurus will be like a new breath, new winds, a new birth, and they will welcome this period with joy” Am. Terminologija | 2020 | 27 145 However, as its use shows, the term tranzitai also names a forecasting method, for example: “Transits can be used to predict short-term and long-term daily events in a person's life” An; “Transits are the only real forecasting method” Zo. Other forecasting methods are likewise named by words of Latin origin: progresijos (Latin progressio – growth, progress), direkcijos (Latin directio – direction). Both terms are included in the glossaries of terms provided on the websites, and the explanations given there reveal that these are highly complex procedures. For example, in the AS glossary, the term progresija (used here in the singular) is explained as follows: “A symbolic method of forecasting in which intervals of different durations are equated (most often one day = for each year of life, though other intervals may also be used, e.g., one month = per year). Unlike in directions, here all the planets move at different speeds over the course of a year.” The fact that the terms are intended for a more specialized audience is suggested by the fact that the terms progresijos Am, Astr, Dh, Ur, Za and direkcijos Am, Astr, Dh, Ur are most often used when publishing astrology course programs. TŽŽ includes ingresija, progresija and direkcija, but explains the first term as “the slow, long expansion of the sea onto land, covering only the lowest areas of land,” the second as a mathematical term (“a sequence of numbers that change according to a rule”), and the third only as a general word meaning the governing body of a company, institution, or organization, headed by a director, and the premises of such a body. Solar return is also mentioned on the websites as a forecasting method: soliaras Am, An, Antr, Astr, Dh, Ur, Vi, W, Za, Zo; one website uses the form Solaras Sa. This term is not included in TŽŽ, but other terms with the same root are given (soliariumas, solarizacija, soliarimetras), whose etymologies also reveal the source language of this term: Latin sol – sun, solaris – sunny. This term, however, is particularly polysemous. It names not only a forecasting method but also a celestial phenomenon—the Sun's return—for example: “A solar return is the Sun's exact return to the place where it was at the time of birth” Astr. Soliaras is also used to refer to a type of horoscope or forecast, for example: “To predict exactly when the moment of the Sun's return will occur, a horoscope called a Solaras is drawn up” Sa; “If you want to order an individual forecast for the year—a Solaras—it is best to do so at least a month before your birthday” An. One website also mentions Lunaras Zo, but this term is not explained and is not used again even on that website. 146 Ramunė Vaskelaitė | Vienažodė astrologijos terminija kilmės požiūriu One method used in astrology is called synastry An, Am, Astr, Dh, Sa, W, Za, Zo. This is a word of Greek origin: Gr. syn- + aster – star. However, this term too is characterized by polysemy: it refers not only to a method, but also to a type of horoscope, e.g.: “When examining, say, the potential of a relationship between a man and a woman, the personal birth horoscopes of two people are combined, thereby producing a joint horoscope of the couple’s compatibility, or synastry” Za; “Whether people are suited to be together is determined by Synastry—a compatibility horoscope” An. Some formulations show that the term is also used to designate compatibility, e.g., “A conscious astrologer first examines each partner’s horoscope separately, and only afterwards starts looking at their synastry” Za. Perhaps because of this polysemy, other terms are also often used on websites to name this type of horoscope: synastry horoscope Vi, compatibility horoscope An, couple compatibility horoscope, couple partnership compatibility horoscope Am. Although progressions, directions, solar returns, and synastry are mentioned as forecasting methods, synastry at least is also identified as a branch of astrology, e.g., “In astrology, interpersonal relationships and compatibility are examined by a branch of astrology called synastry” Sa. Other branches or types of astrology are also mentioned on websites, but their names are usually compound terms. However, fields that show astrology’s connection with other sciences are designated by one-word terms, which, as can also be seen from the terms used on the websites, are words formed in Greek: astropsychology, astrophysics, astrochemistry Antr, Ur, Vi; astrogeography Am, An. One term—astromineralogy Ur, W—is a word formed on the basis of Greek and Latin. It is true that hybrids are also formed with the element astro-; for example, a section of one website discussing the basic concepts of astrology is called Astro Basics Astr, and the website itself is called Astrodaiva Astr, but such names are not astrological terms. The term forecast, used on all the websites, is also a word of Greek origin: Gr. prognōsis – prediction. Yet the discussion of terms naming the components of a horoscope has already made clear that a horoscope is not intended solely for forecasting: it allows events to be explained, character traits and a couple’s compatibility to be determined, and so on. Thus, perhaps for this reason, as noted at the beginning of this section, when explaining the concept of a horoscope, the forecasting aspect alone is not emphasized; alongside the term forecast, analysis (Gr. analysis – dissection) and consultation (Lat. consultatio – consultation). Terminologija | 2020 | 27 147 And one website’s description of a consultation also reveals the range of possibilities offered by a horoscope (though only one type of horoscope—a birth horoscope): a horoscope-based consultation can “reveal strengths, talents, opportunities, as well as weaknesses, dangers, risks, areas of success that are favorable to develop, dangerous, risky areas that are better avoided or should be harmonized, the direction of evolutionary development, mission, vocation (yes, this is recorded in the horoscope!), favorable and unfavorable periods. It can also uncover means of harmonizing difficult, painful areas of life, and activating and strengthening promising, successful ones.” Astr. It is true that both this and other websites suggest that the terms analysis and consultation are usually merely shortened variants of compound terms (astrological consultation, astropsychological analysis Astr, astrological analysis Antr, self-knowledge consultation, astromineralogical consultation Vi). Some borrowings of Latin or Greek origin are used less frequently on the websites. The term orb is used on only three websites, An, Za, Zo (on one, orbus occurs), formed on the basis of the root of the Latin word orbis16; two websites use cusp (Lat. cuspis, cuspidis – point, summit17) An, Zo. In the glossary provided on the website, the term orb is defined as “the allowable deviation from the exact formation of an aspect—the angle between planets,” while cusp is associated with the Lithuanian-origin term house (which will be discussed later) and explained as the line marking the beginning of a horoscope house. On one website, the lines dividing the houses are called house cusps Aw. Only two websites mention the term zones (Gr. zōnē – belt), which designates another basis for dividing a horoscope; on one of them, however, this division is discussed separately. Two websites mention septener (cf. Lat. septēnārius18) Am, Astr—the seven planets known since antiquity, used in Babylonian astrology before other planets had been discovered. Two websites use, alongside the Lithuanian-origin term solstice, the borrowing solstice Antr, Astr, a word of Latin origin (Lat. solstitium). One website mentions the planet peregrine Zo (Lat. peregrinus)—this term is used to designate the fifth-strongest planetary position. It is true that, when it is mentioned, it is noted that in general 16 See http://www.thesaurus.flf.vu.lt. 17 See http://www.thesaurus.flf.vu.lt. 18 See http://www.thesaurus.flf.vu.lt. 148 Ramunė Vaskelaitė | Vienažodė astrologijos terminija kilmės požiūriu greater attention was paid to such a classification in traditional astrology, whereas in modern astrology it is considered less significant. The term signifikatorius (Latin significatio < signum – sign) is discussed only on this website. On the basis of the sample selected for this study, these terms could be considered less widespread; however, it is clear that their lower prevalence is not due to the use of synonyms. Only one website uses the compound term būsto viršūnė instead of kuspido, while the loanword solsticija is used alongside the Lithuanian-origin term saulėgrįža. A possible reason for their less frequent use may be indicated by the explanation provided after the term peregrinas is used: not all aspects of a classification or horoscope may be equally important to modern astrology. On the other hand, the terms orbisas, kuspidas, zonos, peregrinas, signifikatorius are used on a website essentially devoted to explaining astrological concepts, which includes an AS glossary of terms. This could suggest that the concepts denoted by these terms are more specialized, and that the terms are therefore not widespread in website texts aimed at a broader audience. Nevertheless, most of the terms discussed are used not only in glossaries or when explaining concepts. All 12 websites use the terms astrologija, astrologas, horoskopas, Zodiakas, planetos, aspektai, opozicija, kvadratas arba kvadratūra, ascendentas, stichijos, ciklai, prognozė; almost all or more than half use konjunkcija, tranzitas (11 websites), soliaras (10), ekliptika, sekstilis, rektifikacija (9), konfigūracija, egzaltacija, sinastrija, trigonas or trinas (8), kosmograma, progresijos (7), and descendentas, kvadrantai, direkcijos (6). The term steliumas occurs on 5 websites, but, as already noted, on some websites it is replaced by sankaupa, telkinys. The terms kometos, asteroidai have no Lithuanian equivalents; however, a detailed discussion of comets and asteroids from an astrological perspective reveals that both kometos and asteroidai, like planetos, are astrological terms. The set of terms of Latin and Greek origin would be further supplemented by planet names used on all websites: Marsas, Venera, Jupiteris, Saturnas, Merkurijus, Uranas, Neptūnas, Plutonas; asteroid names Chironas (9 websites) and Prozerpina (8); and the name Selena for a mathematically calculated horoscope point (9). All these terms are used on the websites as single-word terms; only konfigūracijos, aspektai and planetos: aspektų konfigūracijos, aspektai tarp planetų form compounds. However, these compounds appear only in glossaries, while the texts show that the terms konfigūracijos, aspektai and planetos are used. The term horoskopo rektifikacija also occurs only in the AS glossary. On web- Terminologija | 2020 | 27 149 sites, only rektifikacija is used; and this glossary, too, lists rektifikacija as a separate term. However, the terms konsultacija and analizė also occur as single-word terms (e.g., “More detailed information about the terms, nature, duration, fees, etc., of consultations can be obtained by contacting the selected astrologer individually” Antr; “I do not provide consultations online or by telephone” Vi), but they are often used with dependent modifiers as well (e.g., “How does an astrological consultation take place?” Astr; “Astrological and astromineralogical consultations are always conducted verbally, in direct communication” Antr). At least the selected sample provides no basis for treating them as single-word terms. In terminological studies, loanwords of Latin and Greek origin are commonly called international terms (see Zemlevičiūtė 2018a: 153–154), so the terms examined here could also be described as such. It should be noted, however, that the concepts of an international term and an international word are changing. As pointed out in the discussion of informatics and computing terminology, a 2007 project adopted by the State Commission of the Lithuanian Language (VLKK) proposed that words used in several major languages (English, German, French, Russian) also be considered international words (Zemlevičiūtė 2018a: 154). This understanding of an international word is also presented in the Lietuvių kalbos enciklopedijoje (LKE 2008)19, and is practically implemented in the latest TŽŽ, which is used in this study to determine a term’s language of origin. Nevertheless, the analysis already being conducted showed that many astrological terms—even those formed on the basis of Greek or Latin and thus corresponding to the concept of an international term—are not included in TŽŽ. More precisely, many such words are included in TŽŽ (aspektas, konfigūracija, konjunkcija, kvadrantas, kvadratas, kvinkunsas, opozicija, ingresija, sekstilis, tranzitas, direkcija, egzaltacija, progresija, descendentas, sfera, ciklas, zona), but only as terms from other fields, words in general usage, and/or astronomical terms (the latter include ekliptika, Zodiakas, planeta, asteroidas, kometa, solsticija, konfigūracija, konjunkcija, opozicija). Moreover, these terms are explained only as astronomical terms in dictionaries of astronomical terminology. Some astrological terms are, however, reflected in VLEe: in discussing the concept of a horoscope, it mentions ascendentas, aspektas, planetos, konjunkcija, kvadratūra, opozicija, sinastrija. 19 That is, “loanwords acceptable in the standard language (not considered barbarisms), whose foreign origin is clearly confirmed by at least some of the major languages of international communication (or classical languages), and which bear no unequivocal traces of borrowing from any neighboring language” (LKE 2008). 150 Ramunė Vaskelaitė | Vienažodė astrologijos terminija kilmės požiūriu 1.2. Other loanwords Few other loanwords were found in the material analyzed. It is true that VLEe classifies kvadratūra as a loanword from Italian (Italian quadratura < quadrato – square); here it is explained as an astronomical term (“a configuration of two celestial bodies (usually one of them is the Sun) in which their ecliptic longitudes differ by 90°”). TŽŽ mentions only the Latin origin of the word kvadratas (quadratus – quadrangular), while the origin of the loanword kvadratūra, which is also explained as an astronomical term, is not specified separately. Although, as mentioned in the introduction, the websites were selected for terminology analysis with a focus on those that explain and use terms from Western astrology, all the selected websites also use several terms associated with Hinduism. This suggests that these are considered an integral part of Western astrological terminology. The Sanskrit-origin term karma (Sanskrit kárma – action, deed) is used less often on some websites and quite frequently on others. As the descriptions provided by VLEe indicate, this is one of the principal doctrines of Eastern philosophical and religious schools: in Hinduism, it is “the totality of physical and mental actions in the present and past lives, determining a person’s next rebirth and circumstances of life”; in Buddhism, it is “the universal law of cause and effect.” Attempts to explain the concept on websites correspond to these aspects of meaning identified by VLEe: “Astrology, as a belief, has its own worldview regarding the mysteries of birth and death and the cosmogonic system of the universe. This worldview is based on the idea of reincarnation and asserts that we live many lives, accumulating in each of them a burden of sins and good deeds, otherwise known as karma. This karma can sometimes be so heavy that a soul, as soon as it is born, brings with it many illnesses and misfortunes that purify the soul” Ur; “The law of cause and effect, or karma, is one of the cosmic laws and a sacred rule that does not change, no matter what manipulators of human consciousness may say about it” Antr. As can be seen, the word reinkarnacija is also used to explain the concept; however, this term is used only to explain the concept, and at least the sample in this study does not allow it to be considered an astrological term. Ten websites use two names: Rachu (Rahu) and Ketu Am, Antr, Astr, Aw, Dh, Sa, Ur, Vi, W, Za. These are the names of two important horoscope points that, it is said, indicate the karmic tasks a person is meant to fulfill in this life and the most effective direction for development. In texts they are used only as synonyms in pairs with other terms, e.g.: “Rahu, or the Ascending Karmic Lunar Node, generally speaking, indicates the karmic lessons of this incarnation, what we must learn, what we must strive Terminologija | 2020 | 27 151 “to realize; within it lies what psychologists and philosophers call a mission, the meaning of life” Astr.; “The programs brought along by the Descending Karmic Lunar Node (or Ketu) should not be treated as the primary ones, although people often want to act precisely this way” Sa; “The point at which the Moon crosses from the southern side of the celestial sphere to the northern side is called the ascending lunar node (or the North Node, or the Dragon’s Head), while the reverse—from north to south—is the Descending Node (or the South Node, or the Dragon’s Tail)” Za. Rahu and Ketu, as described in detail in the articles in a series on astrology published in the Chicago Guide (Cheremisin 2015a, b), are planets in Vedic astrology, and their names are associated with the Vedas, that is, the early Sanskrit period. One of these articles, incidentally, notes that Ketu, translated from Sanskrit, means flag (Cheremisin 2015a)20. Another name used on most websites (11 out of 12), Lilit, also has a form atypical of borrowings of Latin or Greek origin. However, one of them uses the form Lilith Za. One website states that Lilit and its antipode Selena are known primarily in Avestan (Persian) astrology Astr. The symbolism of the name of this mathematically calculated horoscope point (on websites, Lilit is associated with the greatest temptations and with areas where one stumbled and accumulated bad karma in a past life) would appear to correspond to the symbolism of the biblical figure Lilith, mentioned both as a demon in Jewish tradition and as the primordial mother of humanity; the name of the latter figure is associated with the Sumerians (Lilita 2020; Lilith 2020)21. The name is said to have derived from the Sumerian word lilith, meaning a spirit of the wind or a female demon (Lilith 2020). Both Lilit and Selena also have a synonymous pair consisting of names formed from Lithuanian-origin words: Black Moon and White Moon. The unadapted name of a comet used on one website is Neowise, for example, “Neowise is most closely associated with the signs of Gemini, Cancer, and Leo— 20 The article explains that in Vedic mythology Rahu and Ketu are two parts of the same once-powerful demon. The demon obtained the elixir of immortality by deceit and, disguised as a demigod, took a place among the demigods of the Sun and the Moon. However, he was recognized in time as an enemy, and word of this was sent to the supreme god. The god hurled a discus and thereby severed Rahu’s head, so Rahu’s body remained divided into two parts forever: the head continued to be called Rahu, while the body came to be called Ketu. In Vedic mythology, eclipses were explained as the result of Rahu and Ketu’s struggle with the Sun and the Moon. 21 An online glossary of astrological terms, which explains many terms from Eastern astrology, gives the following explanation: “Lilit – 1. In classical astrology, a synonym for the waning Moon; 2. In modern astrology (especially the so-called Avestan tradition), a hypothetical planet associated with the principle of evil” (Kaškelis 2020). 152 Ramunė Vaskalaitė | Vienażodė astrologijos terminija kilmės požiūriu “...signs” Astr. This is a borrowing from English, but it is used only on this website, more precisely, in its sole text, from which, as described in the previous subsection, the meaning attributed to comets in astrology becomes apparent. No other words with English roots, adapted or unadapted, occur among the one-word terms. However, one text attempts to discuss in greater detail the figures formed by planets in a horoscope, which are not discussed on other websites, and gives their names in English, with Lithuanian equivalents in parentheses: splash (spray), splay (obliqueness, truncation), bundle (braid, bundle), locomotive (locomotive), bowl (bowl), bucket (basket, bucket), seesaw (seesaw) Zo. The text also reveals the reason for presenting these terms in this way: it mentions a classification of figures proposed in 1941 by the American astrologer M. Jones, which is likely widespread only in English-language texts. Incidentally, a note here states that it is not known exactly how these names should be translated. The term cross, implied by the division of the horoscope into parts, should be mentioned separately from the other borrowings. It is an old borrowing from Polish. The Zodiac is divided into crosses: four of its signs—Aries, Cancer, Libra, and Capricorn—are considered representatives of the cardinal cross; four others—Taurus, Leo, Scorpio, and Aquarius—represent the fixed cross; and the remaining four represent the mutable cross. This division is not mentioned on every website, so the term cross Dh, Sa, Wo, Zo, along with the specific terms formed on its basis, are used on only four websites. One website refers to this basis of division using the hybrid term modality Astr. 2. TERMS OF LITHUANIAN ORIGIN Only a few one-word terms of Lithuanian origin can be singled out as being used more frequently on the websites. One of them is eclipses. The phenomenon so named also has a distinctive meaning in astrology: “A lunar eclipse is thought to mark the climactic moments of certain situations, that is, the completion of a certain stage, after which something will be radically changed or rejected. It is a crisis, when problems are illuminated most clearly” Antr. The term eclipses, which covers solar and lunar eclipses, is used on 11 of the 12 websites Am, Antr, Astr, Aw, Dh, Ur, Vi, W, Sa, Za, Zo, e.g., “That is how eclipses work—what has been building up for a long time emerges and bursts forth” Astr. Of course, terms naming types of eclipses are also used, for example: “A solar eclipse is a time when we can strongly change our fate and quality of life; we can rid ourselves of negative programs,” Terminologija | 2020 | 27 153 “or, conversely, let negativity into our lives” Astr; “On January 10, the penumbral lunar eclipse in Cancer (eclipse peak at 21:10, 21 degrees Cancer) coincided with an astrological aspect of global significance—the conjunction of Saturn and Pluto” Antr. Terms naming phenomena associated with eclipses, but used with a meaning different from that in astronomy, also include new moon and full moon. This can be seen in explanations such as: “Every new moon has its own theme, values, and current concerns that are worth focusing on and reflecting on at this time, the time of the new moon, as if sowing seeds for the whole year—not just the month”; “Every full moon brings our character traits and habits into focus, showing us and those around us what we are like: a fool becomes even more foolish, a coward even more cowardly, and a brave person braver” W. The terms new moon and full moon are used on 11 of the 12 websites Astr, Am, Antr, Astr, Aw, Dh, Sa, Ur, W, Za, Zo, though on some they are capitalized: New Moon, Full Moon Am, Aw. The sample of 12 websites does not allow two other names for lunar phases to be identified as astrological terms. The terms waning moon and waxing moon Am are mentioned only in a text listing the best times for sowing, planting, or pruning plants. Two more Lithuanian-origin terms naming astronomical phenomena—solstice and equinox—are rarely used as one-word terms in the texts. They usually occur as components of compound terms, e.g.: “This event always coincides with the spring equinox, when the length of day and night becomes equal, and over time, with each spring day, light gains an ever greater advantage” Vi; “Taking this into account, ancient astrologers divided the Sun’s path across the sky into 12 parts, whose reference points were the four key events of the year associated with a change in the balance of light and darkness—the winter and summer solstices and the autumn and spring equinoxes” Vi. It is true that references to these astronomical phenomena on some websites do not bring out a difference in meaning from that of the terms used in astrology: the winter solstice is described as a farewell to the shortest day and longest night, the old year and the past cycle of nature, and a welcoming of the beginning of the new one Am; the spring equinox is described as the period when the lengths of day and night are equal. However, on one website equinoxes and solstices (more often called solstices here) are identified as important astrological events—the Sun moves into the cardinal signs of the Zodiac Astr. A frequently used one-word term refers to the division of a horoscope into 12 other parts. This is the division of the circle representing the celestial sphere, beginning with the ascendant. Its divisions are called houses. 154 Ramunė Vaskelaitė | Vienažodė astrologijos terminija kilmės požiūriu Houses, like Zodiac signs, also form a circle, so in some places they are called the house circle Astr. This part of the horoscope is considered very important, but determining it requires an exact time of birth. As noted earlier when discussing terms of non-Lithuanian origin, a chart without houses is not even called a horoscope—it is called a cosmogram (cf. Figs. 1 and 2). Each house is associated with a corresponding area of life: for example, the 7th house with partnership and marriage, the 5th with love, creativity, and children, and the 10th with career. As explained, the placement of planets in houses shows in which house the theme of one planet or another will manifest Zo. However, this term is particularly prone to synonymy. In addition to the synonym houses Am, An, Antr, Ur, Za, Zo, which is also a word of Lithuanian origin, the compounds astrological houses An, astrological houses Am, Aw, Za, horoscope houses An, Zo, horoscope houses Za, Astr, W, Vi, Zo are also frequently used, while some websites tend to use almost exclusively a compound term, e.g.: “I will provide a general description of Neptune’s effect in different horoscope houses. You can apply it in a similar way to transiting Neptune moving through your horoscope houses, or if Neptune rules one of your horoscope houses” Aw; “Venus rules the second and seventh astrological houses” Aw. The two-word compound term ruler of the house is derived from the term discussed above; on the websites, it is also used as a one-word term—ruler An, Aw, Zo. It is true that this term refers not only to a planet ruling a house, but also to one ruling a Zodiac sign. Nevertheless, two-word compound terms are also often used to name it. The compound term ruler of the Zodiac sign is also included in the glossary provided on one of the websites. The names of the 12 components of the horoscope circle—the Zodiac—mentioned in the previous subsection are also words of Lithuanian origin, with one exception: Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius, Pisces. Only one part of the Zodiac circle is named by a word of Greek origin—Scorpio (Greek scorpios). However, these names have two-word or even three-word equivalents, e.g.: “Were you born under the sign of Sagittarius?” Za; “Lithuania’s independence was restored while the Sun was passing through the sign of Pisces” Antr; “The Moon will be in the Zodiac sign of Capricorn together with Pluto, Saturn, and the karmic node nearby” Za; “On January 27, Lilith, or the Black Moon, moved from the Zodiac sign of Pisces into Aries” Astr. Incidentally, the one-word as well as two- or three-word names of Zodiac signs are used on the websites in two meanings. One- Terminologija | 2020 | 27 155 One meaning was revealed in discussing the term Zodiakas—the parts that make up the Zodiac are so called. These terms acquire another meaning because of the exceptional importance accorded to the Sun in Western astrology: Aries, Sagittarius, and the like are names for character types attributed to people according to the position of the Sun in a Zodiac sign at the time of their birth, e.g.: “Gemini, Libra, Aries, Sagittarius, Pisces and Capricorn will find this period easier to get through” Am; “Aquarians often judge other people superficially” Za. Nevertheless, many websites emphasize—and analysis of the terms also makes clear—that little can be inferred from the Sun’s position alone: “The characteristic traits, behavior, attitudes, etc. of each person are determined by the unique positions of all 10 planets (including the Sun) at the time of their birth. And if only the Sun is in their zodiac sign, the characteristics of that sign will not be strongly expressed, and the person will display a set of traits from other zodiac signs” An. Unlike the names of the Zodiac signs, the names of the planets are words of Latin or Greek origin; however, the names of two celestial bodies considered planets in astrology—Saulės and Mėnulio—are considered inherited words from Proto-Indo-European (Sabaliauskas 1994: 181, 267). Like the name of the reference point from which the movement of these luminaries through the Zodiac is assessed, Žemė, they are used as one-word terms on websites, e.g.: “The Sun and Moon are the most important points in the horoscope” Astr; “I will remind you that each new Moon is the moment when both the Sun and the Moon are at the same ecliptic longitude, as viewed from Earth” Dh. In some websites, one-word names for the elements are used: Ugnis, Oras, Vanduo, Žemė Astr, Dh, Ur, Vi, W, Zo. However, compound terms are used more often, e.g.: “From May 3, 2019, to January 27, 2020, Lilith travelled through Pisces, which made the water element (and emotions, too) burdened” Astr; “This December’s conjunction in Aquarius will begin a new, major cycle in the Air element” Antr. Compound terms are especially used to name Zodiac signs classified according to the elements, e.g., “He is productive for representatives of the water signs—Cancer and Scorpio—as well” Astr. Thus, it becomes clear that only the terms eclipses, new Moon, full Moon, solstice, equinox, Sun, Moon, Earth and the names of the 11 Zodiac signs can be considered one-word terms. Besides these more common terms on websites, there are also occasional instances of Lithuanian-origin one-word terms. On a website that discusses astrological concepts and the classifications applied to them in particular detail, Lithuanian-origin terms 156 Ramunė Vaskelaitė | Vienažodė astrologijos terminija kilmės požiūriu are used in attempts to name planetary positions assessed according to strength; the suffix derivatives rulership and fall are used to name the strongest and weakest positions, respectively Zo. Some other Lithuanian-origin terms are also used as synonyms or equivalents of borrowed terms already discussed. For example, on two websites the term stellium is replaced by the term cluster An, Ur; on one of them, cluster An is a one-off use of the term, while the other two websites use grouping Dh, W. Although ascendant is usually explained as the rising sign or the rising point of the horizon, in one instance the adjective rising Aw is used as a term. There are occasional attempts to name aspects using words with Lithuanian roots. On one website, the term quadrature (square) is replaced by the term quarter W. A harmonious aspect, called trine or trigon on other websites, is also called a triangle on one website Aw; a sextile is called a hexagon Aw. One website introduces its own term for aspects between Pluto and Jupiter—deals Ur. A more pronounced case of competition between terms of classical-language origin and Lithuanian-origin terms is the use of the term conjunction and the terms joining, union, alliance: six websites use the term joining Am, Dh, Ur, Sa, Vi, Za, while one uses only joining Astr; three websites give joining Aw, Ur, Zo as a synonym, and one website uses the terms alliance, joining, union Za. It is true that some instances of Lithuanian-root terms may be related to a lack of stylistic uniformity among texts. Websites comprise texts of various kinds: they discuss astrological concepts, announce astrological services, courses or seminars, and review astrological trends for the month or year. The latter kind of text tends to have a freer style, probably because it is aimed at readers without specialized knowledge. As these texts show, they seek vividness and expressiveness, e.g.: “All decisions and thoughts become much more deeply etched into the fabric of existence during eclipses and are harder to undo, so think about what you think, say, and do” Astr; “Now, with Mars retrograde in Aries, this state could be compared to a situation in which armies cease active combat but dig in in their trenches, gathering strength for new offensives” Astr. Thus, although the terms discussed are also used in texts of this kind, there are many instances in which the use of a term is avoided altogether. For example, on one website, where the term is Terminologija | 2020 | 27 157 used is transit (e.g.: “During Mars’s transit through Aries, every opportunity to demonstrate one’s strength and abilities is seized; one actively participates in sporting competitions and contests and boldly joins activities one would not have undertaken at other times”; “During Mars’s transit through Gemini, we are inclined to receive and transmit information, which advertising specialists can make excellent use of” Am), other ways of describing a planet’s movement through a Zodiac sign are also used, e.g.: “Mars will travel through the zodiac sign Pisces from May 13 to June 28, 2020”; “Mars will march through the zodiac sign Aries from June 28, 2020, to January 7, 2021” Am. CONCLUSIONS Examination of the single-word terms used on astrology websites shows that terms of non-Lithuanian origin predominate, most of them being words with Greek or Latin roots. The websites use 22 astrology terms of Greek origin (astrologija, astrologas, horoskopas, ekliptika, Zodiakas, planetos, asteroidai, kometos, kosmograma, trigonas, stichijos, eteris, sfera, ciklas, zonos, prognozė, analizė, sinastrija, astropsichologija, astrofizika, astrochemija, astrogeografija), and 30 terms of Latin origin (rektifikacija, aspektai, opozicija, kvadratas, kvadratūra, kvadrantai, konjunkcija, sekstilis, bisekstilis, kvinkonsas (kvinkunsas), trinas, konfiguracija, egzaltacija, elementas, ascendentas, descendentas, tranzitas, ingresija, progresijos, direkcijos, soliaras, lunaras, steliumas, septeneras, solsticija, orbisas, kuspidas, peregrinas, signifikatorius, konsultacija). One of the terms—astromineralogija—is formed from Greek and Latin. Thus, the full set of single-word terms derived from classical languages would comprise 53 terms; however, as the analysis shows, certain qualifications must be made in arriving at such a count. First, although konsultacija and analizė are also used as single-word terms, the sample examined would not allow them to be classified as such. Second, some borrowed terms are used on only two or three websites (elementas, eteris, sfera, zonos, solsticija, septeneras, orbisas, kuspidas), while others appear on just one (bisekstilis, signifikatorius, lunaras). As discussed, this is no reason to exclude them from the category of astrology terms; however, a larger sample would be needed to determine why they are used less frequently. It is true that the set of astrology terms of Latin and Greek origin would be considerably expanded by the names of planets and other important horoscope points 158 Ramunė Vaskelaitė | Vienažodė astrologijos terminija kilmės požiūriu —11 names were identified on the basis of this sample: Marsas, Venera, Merkurijus, Saturnas, Jupiteris, Neptūnas, Plutonas, Uranas, Selena, Chironas, Prozerpina. The Greek-derived name of the zodiac sign Skorpionas should also be added. The set of terms of Lithuanian origin, even after registering every instance of single-word usage found in the sources, would be smaller: užtemimai, jaunatis, pilnatis, saulėgrįža, lygiadienis, būstai, namai, valdovas, sankaupa, telkinys, jungtis, sąjunga, susijungimas, ketvirtadalis, trikampis, šešiakampis, sandėriai, Saulė, Mėnulis, Žemė—20 terms, and, if zodiac-sign names were considered single-word terms, a further 11: Avinas, Jautis, Dvyniai, Vėžys, Liūtas, Mergelė, Svarstyklės, Šaulys, Ožiaragis, Vandenis, Žuvys. Nevertheless, the analysis already shows that it would be unjustified to assess the relationship between terms of Lithuanian origin and those derived from classical languages by directly comparing these two sets. First, some of the Lithuanian-origin terms mentioned are synonyms: būstai and namai, sankaupa and telkinys, jungtis, susijungimas, sąjunga. Second, the terms sankaupa, telkinys, ketvirtadalis, trikampis, šešiakampis, sandėriai are used either in one or another text or on individual websites. Third, the terms būstai (namai) and valdovai, although used as single-word terms, are more accurately single-word equivalents of multi-word terms. Thus, the more frequently used single-word terms of Lithuanian origin include only užtemimus, jaunatį, pilnatį, jungtį (susijungimą); saulėgrįža and lygiadienis occur somewhat less often. The set of Latin- and Greek-root borrowings frequently used on websites is much larger—at least 26 terms: astrologija, astrologas, horoskopas, kosmograma, ekliptika, Zodiakas, planetos, aspektai, trigona(s) (trinas), opozicija, kvadratas (kvadratūra), kvadrantai, sekstilis, stichijos, ciklai, ascendentas, descendentas, egzaltacija, prognozė, sinastrija, rektifikacija, konjunkcija, konfigūracija, sinastrija, soliaras, tranzitas. Thus, even when the prevalence of terms is taken into account, it is clear that in the group of single-word terms, non-Lithuanian terms predominate—namely, so-called international terms. This result, moreover, is consistent with findings from some other terminology studies: research into other fields of terminology has also identified a tendency toward international words in at least several fields (Zemlevičiūtė 2018a), as well as the predominance of international terms among single-word terms (Kazlauskaitė 2000; Zemlevičiūtė 2002). Adding borrowings from other languages to the set of borrowed terms would increase the predominance of the borrowed layer over the layer of terms of Lithuanian origin Terminologija | 2020 | 27 159 to some extent, but the overall relationship would remain essentially unchanged, since there are few single-word terms borrowed from other languages: Rachu, Ketu, Lilith (Lilith), karma, along with a few isolated instances of unadapted terms. Thus, borrowing or the direct adoption of terms from English is not characteristic of present-day astrology terminology (and websites reflect precisely the terminology of contemporary astrology), unlike in a number of other current fields of terminology use (e.g., Kvašytė 2004; Stunžinas 2006; Stunžinas 2007; Vaičiakauskienė 2016). It is true that some borrowings with Latin or Greek roots may have entered the language through English, but terminology studies generally do not set out to determine through which language an international word entered; this would at least need to be the subject of a separate study. Although international terms emerge as the principal layer of astrology terminology, they are not represented as such in dictionaries of international words. The latest TŽŽ includes only a few astrology terms: horoskopas, Zodiakas, kosmograma. It is true that other terms discussed here are also included, thereby confirming the international-word or international-term status of most of them, but they are listed only as terms from other fields, as astronomy terms, or as words in general usage. Astronomy dictionaries, of course, include only astronomy terms. However, the analysis shows that astrology, too, has its own independent system of terms, one that follows the principles governing terminology and could be represented in dictionaries. Judging from the analysis of single-word terms, the terminology is relatively well established. Few competing terms were recorded. Nevertheless, competition between terms and synonymy should be examined separately. Many other aspects remain to be investigated, such as term variation, polysemy, structure, and syntactic composition. This article is merely a first attempt to explore an unstudied field, but it shows that astrology terminology merits study from a terminological perspective, even if astrology is not recognized as a science. ŠALTINIAI I N T E R N E T O S V E T A I N Ė S Am – www.astrologijosmokykla.lt An – www.ananta.lt Antr – www.antropoteosofineastrologija.lt Astr – www.astrodava.lt Aw – https://astrologe.weebly.com Dh – www.dharma.lt Sa – www.sadhANacentras.lt Ur – www.uranija.lt Vi – www.vidineastrologija.lt W – www.wolmer.lt Za – www.zach.lt Zo – www.zodiakas.com 160 Ramunė Vaskelaitė | Vienažodė astrologijos terminija kilmės požiūriu INTERNETO SVETAINĖSE TEIKIAMI ŽODYNĖLIAI AS – Astrologijos sąvokos: www.zodiakas.com ATŽ – Astrologijos terminų žodynėlis: www.ananta.lt LITERATŪRA Čeremисinas Artiomas 2015: Planetos vedų astrologijoje. Rahu. – Čikagos aidas. Prieiga internete: https://aidas.us/planetos-vedu-astrologijoje-us. Čeremисinas Artiomas 2015: Planetos vedų astrologijoje. 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ONE-WORD TERMS OF ASTROLOGY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF ORIGIN S u m m a r y The article addresses the field of the terms of astrology, which has not been previously researched in Lithuania. Astrology is not taught in national universities, so there are no textbooks for higher education institutions or research studies, which are generally considered the major sources of the functioning and development of terms. Nevertheless, terms are used, and one of the principal sources of their use is astrology websites. There are such websites which focus on popular astrology, i.e. monthly, weekly or daily horoscopes are published. However, others use far broader terms, discuss concepts, even provide glossaries of terms. After selecting twelve sources of the latter type, the article investigates the one-word terms used in them. It focuses on the aspect of the origin of the term, i.e. it seeks to find out which language of origin takes the lead. Latin and Greek stand out as the major languages in the group of one-word terms: 22 one-word Greek and 30 Latin terms were found; these terms based on ancient languages constitute the fundamental layer of the one-word terms used on the websites. The terms specify the constituents of the horoscope (ascendentas, descendentas, planetos, asteroidai, aspektai, opozicija, sekstilis), the movement of planets (ciklai, tranzitas, ingresija), the techniques or directions applied in astrology (progresijos, direkcijos, sinastrija). Most of them are used in all the sources selected for the analysis; the concepts that they refer to are thoroughly explained. The attribution of Lithuanian terms to the group of one-word terms creates a certain difficulty, as the term, which tends to function as a one-word term in the texts, is sometimes also used as the head element of a composite term; therefore, the attribution of certain terms to the group of one-word terms is conditional only. However, even with this conditionality in mind, barely several one-word terms of Lithuanian origin, which are more widespread, can be singled out: užtemimai, jaunatis, pilnatis, Saulė, Mėnulis, būstai (namai). The words of Lithuanian origin also include 11 out of 12 names of the zodiac signs (Avinas, Jautis, Dvyniai, etc.), but the usage of their two-word or even three-word equivalents is also common (Avino ženklas, Jaučio ženklas, Dvynių ženklas, etc.). Certain attempts can be found to use Lithuanian equivalents of certain terms with a Latin or Greek root, but they only appear in individual texts or 162 Ramunė Vaskelaitė | Vienažodė astrologijos terminija kilmės požiūriu websites, and the usage of some of them may be determined by the text type. A more prominent competitive relationship between an ancient language root and a Lithuanian term is observed in several cases only (e.g., konjunkcija and jungtis, susijungimas). The loanwords from other languages are scarce. These are mainly proper names (Lilit, Rachu (Rahu), Ketu). Generally, there are few proper names among the terms under analysis, but the majority of them represent the names of the representatives from the Latin and Greek mythological world: Venera, Marsas, Merkurijus, Jupiteris, Plutonas and other names of planets, Chironas, Prozerpina, Selena, etc. Though this study was limited to one–word terms, their analysis alone allows us to view astrology as the field with its own peculiar terms, even though it is not recognised as a science. Whereas this article is a work of the field of linguistics, the relationship between astrology and science is not analysed in greater detail; however, the terms of astrology or the definitions provided in the dictionaries of international words alone reject it as a science. It is perhaps for this reason that most astrological terms, which appear in dictionaries, are reflected as merely the terms of astronomy or other scientific fields. Nevertheless, the analysis of one–word terms alone highlights a significant difference in meaning compared to the terms of astronomy and reveals these terms as constituting a rather consistent system, which is sufficient grounds to reflect them as the terms of astrology in dictionaries. Gauta 2020-10-22 Ramunė Vaskelaitė Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius E. paštas [email protected] Terminologija | 2020 | 27 163