Finnish–Russian Thematic Dictionary for Healthcare Interpreters: The Principles and Challenges of Compilation

3 1Terminologija | 2020 | 27 doi.org/10.35321/term27-02 Finnish-Russian Thematic Dictionary for Healthcare Interpreters: The Principles and Challenges of Compilation IGOR KUDASHEV Tampere University, Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences OLGA SEMENOVA Tampere University, Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences ABSTRACT Increasing internationalisation has resulted in a growing need for community interpreting worldwide. Healthcare is one of the most challenging domains for community interpreters, as misunderstandings, especially those caused by the use of incorrect terminology, may at worst cost lives. In this paper, we describe the process of compiling the Finnish–Russian Thematic Dictionary for Healthcare Interpreters. We start by describing the theoretical background of dictionary planning and analysing the information needs of the target groups. We then justify the selection of dictionary sources, describe the mega-, macro-, and microstructure of the dictionary, and briefly report the details of the technical implementation of the project. Finally, we reflect on some challenges encountered in this project as well as its future prospects. KEYWORDS: medical dictionary, medical glossary, doctor-patient communication, community interpreting, healthcare interpreting ANOTACIJA Augantis tarptautiškumas lemia vis didėjantį bendruomeninio vertimo (angl. community interpreting) poreikį visame pasaulyje. Sveikatos priežiūra yra viena iš sudėtingiausių sričių bendruomeniniams vertėjams, nes nesusipratimai, ypač tie, kurie kyla dėl netinkamo terminų vartojimo, blogiausiu atveju gali kainuoti gyvybes. Šiame straipsnyje aprašomas Teminio suomių–rusų kalbų žodyno sveikatos priežiūros srities vertėjams žodžiu sudarymo procesas. Straipsnis pradedamas teorinių žodyno planavimo žinių ir tikslinių grupių informacijos poreikių aprašymu. Tuomet pagrindžiamas žodyno šaltinių pasirinkimas, aprašoma žodyno 3 2 Igor Kudashev Finnish-Russian Thematic Dictionary for Healthcare Olga Semenova Interpreters: The Principles and Challenges of Compilation mega-, makroir mikrostruktūra ir trumpai nurodomos techninio projekto įgyvendinimo detalės. Pabaigoje aptariami kai kurie projekte kilę iššūkiai ir jo ateities perspektyvos. ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: medicinos žodynas, medicinos žodynėlis, gydytojo-paciento komunikacija, bendruomeninis vertimas, vertimas sveikatos priežiūros srityje 1. INTRODuCTION Increasing internationalisation has resulted in a constantly growing need for community interpreting worldwide (cf. de Pedro Ricoy 2009: 1). In Finland, like in many other European countries, representatives of language minorities in many cases (specified by national legislation and organisation-specific instructions) have the right to communicate with officials and public service providers in their native language, which in practice means that a community interpreter is invited to the meeting. The quality of community interpreting has lately become a hot topic in interpreting studies (e.g. Hale 2007; Valero-Garcés 2008; Flores et al. 2012; Maley 2018). Using the correct terminology is a key factor in quality interpreting. Healthcare is one of the most critical domains in this respect, as misunderstandings, especially those caused by the use of incorrect terminology, may result in inappropriate treatment and at worst cost lives. In Finland, the training of community interpreters has been systematically developed (Mäntynen 2013). However, there is still a lot of variation in interpreters’ competence levels (Ollila 2017: 28), which is also the case in many other countries (e.g. Roat, Crezee 2015). The project “Developing Healthcare Interpreting Training” (2019–2020) aimed at improving the university-level training of community interpreters working in the healthcare sector in Finland. One of the major goals of the project was the compilation of the Finnish-Russian Thematic Dictionary for Healthcare Interpreters (Semenova, Kudashev, forthcoming). One of the reasons for choosing Russian as the target language was the fact that it is the most requested language in community interpreting in Finland (cf. Koskinen, Vuori, Leminen 2018: 9). According to Statistics Finland, immigrants from Russia and the former Soviet union are the biggest foreign language minority group in Finland1. In 2018, there were over 85 000 of them, and the number was still growing2. 1 http://www.stat.fi/til/vaerak/2019/02/vaerak_2019_02_2020-05-29_tie_001_fi.html 2 https://www.stat.fi/til/vaerak/2018/02/vaerak_2018_02_2019-06-19_tie_001_fi.html 3 3Terminologija | 2020 | 27 In this paper, we describe the process of planning and compiling the dictionary; present its mega-, macro-, and microstructure; report on the technical implementation; and reflect on some of the challenges encountered in this project and the dictionary’s future prospects. We hope this information might be useful for compilers of similar dictionaries with other language pairs as well as for trainers of community interpreters. 2. FACTORS AFFeCTInG DICTIOnARy PLAnnInG We begin by describing the theoretical background of dictionary planning. Factors affecting the planning of any dictionary can be divided into the factors deriving from the target group’s needs and the factors which reflect the restrictions of the outside world. They can be called lexicographic factors proper and external lexicographic factors, respectively (Kudashev 2007: 66). While performing some task (e.g. healthcare interpreting), dictionary users (e.g. community interpreters) have some information needs (e.g. they need information about the target language equivalents and their usage), as well as needs related to information retrieval and processing (e.g. they need to find and process this information very fast in the field). However, the lexicographer compiling the dictionary in most cases does not know precisely what the potential user’s needs will be in a particular communicative situation. The general picture the lexicographer has is only an approximation, which can be improved with the help of surveys and interviews with target group representatives and by the careful selection of dictionary sources. In this way, the process of dictionary planning is highly affected by the methodology of gathering information about the users’ needs, the volume and quality of this information, and the methodology of source selection. These factors are summarised in Figure 1 (cf. Kudashev 2007: 68). External factors, in turn, are first of all related to the availability of resources, such as temporal, financial, human, and technical resources. Resource providers (e.g. sponsors, publishers) may set certain additional conditions of their own. Another external factor consists of the limitations imposed by the data carrier. The lexicographer’s background, education, previous experience of dictionary-making, etc., may also affect the dictionary planning (Kudashev 2007: 71–73). The target users’ needs in our dictionary project, along with the methodology of gathering this information, are described in Section 3. The sources of the dictionary and the rationale behind their selection are described in Section 4. Among the external factors with a major impact on the dictionary project, we have to mention the tight schedule (one 3 4 Igor Kudashev Finnish-Russian Thematic Dictionary for Healthcare Olga Semenova Interpreters: The Principles and Challenges of Compilation year) and limited budget, due to which we could only hire a part-time terminologist and only use volunteers from the healthcare sector as domain experts. However, we have managed to compile a dictionary with 4,000 entry words covering 30 common diseases. 3. TARGeT GROUPS AnD THeIR neeDS Following the general theory of designing dictionaries of special languages (e.g. Bergenholtz, Tarp 1995; Kudashev 2007; Grinev-Grinevič 2009), with special focus on pedagogical and statistical ones (Morkovkin 1990; Alekseev 2001; Fuertes-Olivera, Arribas-Bao 2008; Fuertes-Olivera 2010), we started the project by analysing the information needs of the target groups. The dictionary’s main target group comprises professional community interpreters and university-level students of community interpreting. Secondary target groups include patients, medical staff, and medical students. Information about the target groups’ needs was collected with the help of self-reflection and by studying professional literature on community interpreting in general (e.g. Hale 2007; Valero-Garcés, Martin 2008; Koskinen, Vuori, Leminen 2018) and healthcare interpreting in particular (e.g. Pchhacker, Shlesinger 2007; Angelelli 2008; Arocha 2012; Mäntynen 2013; Metzger, nicodemus 2014; Roat, Crezee 2015; Ollila 2017; Souza, Fragkou 2020). In addition, we interviewed Seija Koskinen, Director of the Pirkanmaa Fig. 1. Factors Affecting Dictionary Planning 3 5Terminologija | 2020 | 27 Interpreter Centre (Tampere, Finland), and Girta Roots, a community interpreter working with the Finnish, Russian, and Estonian languages. Pirkanmaa Interpreter Centre provides community interpreting in the second most populated urban region in Finland. Almost 40% of the Centre’s interpreting assignments are related to healthcare. Secondary target groups were represented by Galina Mäkäräinen, a Russian-speaking medical doctor who participated in language courses for doctors with an immigrant background. Mäkäräinen also consulted on various medical aspects and verified the equivalents. Students of the special course Finnish-Russian Healthcare Interpreting organised in the autumn semester of 2019 at Tampere University also gave their feedback on the first version of the dictionary. Working community interpreters use medical dictionaries to revise medical terms while preparing for an assignment. They may also need the dictionary during the interpreting to check a term they do not know or do not remember. Students of interpreting use medical dictionaries for the same purposes, but the focus is on mastering the vocabulary and preparing for simulated interpreting sessions. While preparing for a real or simulated assignment, both working interpreters and students familiarise themselves with the topic and study the terminology related to it. They cannot know beforehand what part of the material is going to be useful for interpreting the particular case (Veisbergs 2006: 1220). While students know the topic of the assignment beforehand, working interpreters do not always have this luxury due to the General Data Protection Regulation (GDRP) and similar regulations restricting access to confidential information, and they may therefore have very little time for preparation. To facilitate the quick learning of medical vocabulary by topic, the dictionary should be organised thematically and contain only the most relevant information (cf. Grinev-Grinevič 2009: 68). Students of interpreting have less background knowledge and lower linguistic competence than working interpreters. Consequently, they require more linguistic information about the terms and equivalents. For example, our experience has shown that Finnish-speaking students need information on the word stress for most Russian equivalents, while experienced Finnish-speaking interpreters only want this information in difficult cases (e.g. целиакия, рефлюкс). Interpreting assignments, for example doctor’s appointments, are strictly limited in time, so a healthcare interpreter has very little time for 3 6 Igor Kudashev Finnish-Russian Thematic Dictionary for Healthcare Olga Semenova Interpreters: The Principles and Challenges of Compilation checking terms. This implies that the dictionary must be well structured and have fast and convenient search tools. The dictionary has two functions. The first one is pedagogical. Community interpreters and students must know some basic terminology by heart. As it is hardly possible to always remember more specific terminology related to each disease, they also need to revise disease-specific terminology while preparing themselves for a concrete assignment. The second function of the dictionary is referential, as interpreters may forget a particular term on the spot and want to check it. The dictionary must therefore be thematic and alphabetical in order to comply with both requirements. Healthcare interpreters need at least some basic knowledge about the healthcare domain, but this knowledge should probably be obtained from popularised texts or special handbooks like “Introduction to Healthcare for Interpreters and Translators” (Crezee 2013). Pedagogical healthcare dictionary for interpreters is not the right place for providing such kind of information, because the dictionary articles have to be very concise. Besides, compiling and modifying definitions are also known to be very laborious tasks that require plenty of resources, consultations with domains experts, taking care of intellectual property rights, etc. Due to this, we have not provided definitions or encyclopaedic information in our dictionary. 4. DICTIOnARy SOURCeS The best source for a medical dictionary aimed at healthcare interpreters would probably have been recordings of authentic doctor’s appointments. unfortunately, this information is confidential, so getting access to it is problematic. The only possible alternative to authentic conversations is written sources, preferably aimed at doctor–patient communication. The following sources of Finnish terms were selected as the primary ones: ·evidence-based guidelines for patients (Käypä hoito) and descriptions of diseases published by the Finnish Medical Society, Duodecim (Terveyskirjasto 2020) ·international classifications and standards – International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision3 – International Classification of Primary Care, 2nd edition4 3 https://icd.who.int/browse10/2016/en 4 https://www.who.int/classifications/icd/adaptations/icpc2/en 3 7Terminologija | 2020 | 27 – Terminologia Anatomica (Kolesnikov 2003, supplemented with Finnish terms in one of our previous projects, see Kudashev 2012) ·Finnish classifications and ontologies – Finnish Classification of Surgical Procedures (Lehtonen, Lehtovirta, Mäkelä-Bengs 2013) – Medicine Classification by the Finnish Medicines Agency FIMEA5 – Finnish Ontology of Health and Welfare TERO6 The primary sources of Russian equivalents included: ·Evidence-based guidelines by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation7 ·The Doctor’s Handbook “2000 diseases from A to Z” (Denisov, Ševtšenko 2010) As secondary sources of Finnish terms and Russian equivalents, we have also used course books and manuals for medical staff (e. g. Jousimaa et al. 2017; Mustajoki et al. 2019) as well as monoand bilingual dictionaries (e.g. Hyttinen et al. 2013; Fagradânc s.d.; see Semenova 2020: 29–34 for a critical overview of existing Finnish-Russian medical dictionaries). As a rule, we have not used materials translated from other languages. However, at present, many classifications are international anyway. Besides, most materials on evidence-based medicine available in Russian are translations from English or other languages. For example, we have used a unique printed manual “evidence-Based Medicine Guidelines” (Denisov et al. 2002) translated from English. Translated texts, however, were used with care, and terms extracted from them were cross-checked in non-translated sources. 5. MeGASTRUCTURe The dictionary’s front matter consists of the Preface and instructions on how to use the dictionary. The back matter contains the Russian-Finnish index and the list of sources. The dictionary proper consists of two parts. Part 1 contains about 2,000 of the most common terms, which are supposed to be learned by heart. As terms are easier to learn thematically, they are grouped according to the domains listed below. Within each domain, the vocabulary is further 5 https://www.fimea.fi 6 https://finto.fi/tero/fi 7 http://cr.rosminzdrav.ru/#!/ 3 8 Igor Kudashev Finnish-Russian Thematic Dictionary for Healthcare Olga Semenova Interpreters: The Principles and Challenges of Compilation divided into basic and advanced. For example, the basic level of anatomic terminology contains about 150 terms and the advanced level has about 800 terms. The basic terms are critical and should be mastered in the first place; the advanced ones are important, too, but may be learned later. The thematic sections in Part 1 are as follows: ·Healthcare system ·General medical vocabulary ·Diseases, symptoms, and complaints ·Anatomy and physiology ·Medical examinations ·Treatment and care, disease prevention, and rehabilitation ·Medication ·Medical equipment The second part of the dictionary is disease-specific. Its function is twofold. First, it helps interpreters and students to prepare for the assignment related to a particular disease, even at short notice. The second function is referential. even experienced interpreters – let alone students – cannot keep in mind all the terminology they may need. The second part of the dictionary provides them with disease-specific equivalents conveniently grouped into subdomains for quicker retrieval. Each disease-specific section in Part 2 is divided into the following thematic sections: ·Disease and its subclasses ·Associated diseases and diseases with similar symptoms ·Anatomy and physiology ·Symptoms and complaints ·Medical examinations ·Treatment and care, disease prevention, and rehabilitation ·Medication ·Medical equipment ·Miscellaneous Terms from Part 2 may also be included in Part 1, which means that the two parts of the dictionary are not exclusive but partly overlap. In the current version of the dictionary, Part 2 covers about 30 of the most common diseases, which were selected on the basis of healthcare statistics by the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare8 and consultations with a 8 https://sampo.thl.fi/pivot/prod/fi/avo/perus06/summary_icd1001 3 9Terminologija | 2020 | 27 domain expert. Domains in Parts 1 and 2 were selected by grouping the terms extracted from medical texts into thematic classes and by performing a frame analysis of the communicative situation “doctor’s appointment” (cf. Madžajeva 2012; Gagarina 2015). 6. MACROSTRUCTURe Dictionary entries are organised into a table with two columns. Although the table format speeds up searches, the table borders should be light so as not to distract the user’s attention. The dictionary is divided into thematic sections as described above, but within all the sections of Part 1 and Part 2 the terms are arranged alphabetically. Thematic order supports the pedagogical function and alphabetical order plays the referential function. Figure 2 demonstrates a portion of the dictionary from the diseasespecific section Reflux. The first bolded caption is Disease and its Subclasses, and the second one is Associated Diseases and Diseases with Similar Symptoms. Fig. 2. Example of a Disease-specific Section By default, the synonyms of Finnish terms are put both under the main entry word and as cross-references in their alphabetical place. Cross-references are vital when the user checks an unfamiliar term. For the user’s convenience, crossreferences are also provided with Russian equivalents. However, as repetitions may bother users who are learning terms, it is possible to switch cross-references off in the electronic version of the dictionary. 4 6 Igor Kudashev Finnish-Russian Thematic Dictionary for Healthcare Olga Semenova Interpreters: The Principles and Challenges of Compilation and nurses, doctors and patients, etc. (cf. Bergenholtz, Tarp 1995: 19; Abramova 2003; Alekseeva, Mishlanova 2002: 104–105; Agadžanân 2018; Gotti 2018: 13–14). Doctor–patient communication differs from other communicative situations in many respects. Typically, patients (and community interpreters) lack a medical background, which means that they tend to communicate using everyday vocabulary rather than scientific medical terminology. This presents a major challenge for dictionary compilers, who have to balance between the general and professional dimensions. For example, the Russian word гипертония (arterial hypertension) used to be an official medical term. It is generally understood and very frequent in everyday discourse. However, it has become obsolete in scientific parlance and has been substituted by the term артериальная гипертензия, which is much less familiar to patients. A similar case is the pair of terms аденома простаты and гиперплазия предстательной железы (prostatic hyperplasia). As our dictionary describes communication between doctors and patients, we have decided to include informal yet widely used terms alongside official ones. However, official terms precede the informal ones. It is not obvious how such informal terms should be labelled. From the doctor’s point of view they are obsolete, but from the patient’s perspective they are not. We have decided to mark them as colloquial, as they are a part of the patients’ vocabulary which has been “determinologisated”. Many official terms are abridged in oral communication. For example, диабет (“diabetes”) is usually used in the full form in texts and reference resources (сахарный диабет “diabetes mellitus”), but in everyday life the abridged form is much more common. Terms may be also “abridged” at the conceptual level, with the help of a metaphorical transfer. For example, шейка матки (“cervix of uterus”) consists of multiple parts, containing, in particular, наружное отверстие шейки матки (“external orifice of the uterus”). yet, in the context of gynaecological examinations, patients usually do not make fine distinctions between various parts and tend to speak only about cervix. Should lexicographer compiling a dictionary for doctorpatient communication be overzealous in this respect or not? Terms used in scientific classifications may differ from terms and general language words used in doctor-patient communication. For example, we won’t find such words as waist and middle (parts of the body), vital in a conversation about obesity, in Termonologia Anatomica. This underlines the importance of extracting terms from multiple sources instead of relying on just one, although authoritative one. 4 7Terminologija | 2020 | 27 Cultures and languages differ when it comes to preferences as regards international vs. national components in medical terms. For example, in Finland, terms based on national components are much more widely used among both doctors and patients than derivatives from Latin and Greek. yet, there are exceptions. For instance, such international term as diabetes is much more frequent than the term consisting of Finnish components – sokeritauti (“sugar disease”). In Russian, on the contrary, terms based on Latin and Greek are more popular than Russian synonyms, even among patients. These culture-specific preferences should be taken into account in the dictionary. Summing up, we have to admit that it is not always easy to decide which terms – strictly scientific, professional or colloquial ones – should be included in a dictionary for doctor-patient communication in the first place and in what order they should be provided. There is no universal “rule of thumb” in this respect, so each case have to be treated individually. 7.5. Treatment of Synonyms and Abbreviations An abundance of synonyms and abbreviations is typical of medical language (e.g. Georgievskij 1981; Kuryshko 2001; Abramova 2003). If a basic term has many synonyms, its derivatives will also have plenty of synonyms. For example, лекарство (“medication”) has multiple synonyms in Russian: средство, препарат, медикамент, etc. Consequently, every kind of medication may be called using (almost) all these words, e.g. anti-inflammatory drugs are противовоспалительные лекарства / средства / препараты / медикаменты. An abundance of synonyms presents a number of challenges related to their selection and placement in a particular order in the entry. We have used the following criteria when solving these issues: ·understandability (patients and interpreters should understand as many terms as possible) ·frequency (frequently used terms are typically more comprehensible and easier to remember) ·simplicity and shortness (simple and short terms are easier to remember) ·diversity (to serve the reference function, the dictionary should also contain terms lying outside the interpreter’s active word stock) ·authoritativeness of the source (terms from authoritative sources are prioritised). 4 8 Igor Kudashev Finnish-Russian Thematic Dictionary for Healthcare Olga Semenova Interpreters: The Principles and Challenges of Compilation However, these criteria may contradict each other. For example, abbreviated forms are shorter and in principle should be easier to remember. In some cases, this works. For instance, the abbreviation УЗИ (medical ultrasound) is much more frequent in Russian than its full form, ультразвуковое исследование. In addition, everybody knows this abbreviation. Placing the abbreviation before the full form is therefore quite justified. However, some abbreviations are less well known to patients. For example, the abbreviation НПВС (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, nSAIDs) is quite rare, despite the fact that NSAIDs themselves are probably familiar to everyone. In this case, the full form should be placed first. Another example demonstrates the contradiction between authoritativeness and frequency. According to an authoritative medical handbook (Denisov, Ševtšenko 2010), waist circumference is окружность талии in Russian. This term is frequent by itself: there are about 577,000 hits for this word combination in Google. However, according to Google, two other synonyms are even more frequent: объём талии yields over 7,000,000 hits and обхват талии over 11,000,000 hits. In this particular case, the order of synonyms is not very important, as all of them are frequent. However, this example once again stresses the importance of crosschecking even when terms and equivalents are extracted from authoritative sources. As we can see, prioritisation of the general guiding principles is different in each individual case. To verify their decisions, dictionary makers should consult domain experts and representatives of the target groups. 8. TeCHnICAL IMPLeMenTATIOn The dictionary will be published both as a database accessible over the web and as a printable dictionary in pdf format. The electronic version enables efficient searches as well as some useful dynamic features. For example, it is possible to switch some data (e.g. cross-references, administrative data, and domain labels) on and off depending on the intended use. The printable version, in turn, can be used even in situations where the use of electronic devices is not allowed or the Internet connection is poor. The dictionary has been compiled using a tailored version of the inhouse dictionary writing system MyTerMS (see Kudashev, Kudasheva 2006). MyTerMS is a web interface to the underlying lexicographic database. MyTerMS has been used in several dictionary projects and serves as a terminology management system for terminological projects at Tampere university and the university of Helsinki, Finland. 4 9Terminologija | 2020 | 27 MyTerMS performs all basic operations that can be expected from dictionary management software, such as adding, editing, searching, browsing, printing, and deleting entries. It also automates many operations. For example, while adding a number of entries belonging to the same domain, it is possible to prefill the domain field instead of selecting it manually every time. MyTerMS also helps ensure the integrity of the data, for example, by preventing duplicate entries and automatically managing cross-references. In addition, it ensures the correctness of the input by performing a compliance check before saving the data. The entries are segmented into data fields, and the articles are formed “on the fly” with the help of scripts and cascading style sheets. The layout of the entries is as close to the final as possible except for the presence of some administrative data, which is visually separated from the final data with colour. Administrative data as well as cross-references can be switched on and off by ticking the corresponding checkboxes. One of the strengths of MyTerMS is its advanced search. users can perform even very complex searches by using wildcards and regular expressions and combining multiple search conditions. This helps extract data almost by any criteria or their combination. Figure 10 demonstrates the main window of the programme. The green frame is the control panel with various control buttons and options. The two lists on the left are the termlist and the hitlist. The largest frame is the entry frame. Letter rangers in the Fig. 10. The Main Window of the MyTerMS Dictionary Writing System 5 0 Igor Kudashev Finnish-Russian Thematic Dictionary for Healthcare Olga Semenova Interpreters: The Principles and Challenges of Compilation top left corner allow the length of the termlist to be limited for faster refreshing. In the same corner, there is also a ‘quick search’ pane facilitating navigation through the termlist and the hitlist. The user only needs to type the initial letters of the term for which they are searching. In a thematic dictionary, it is particularly important to mark domain labels accurately. In MyTerMS, this is done with the help of the domain selector which can be opened from the add / edit form and the main window. Domain tags are added with the help of radio buttons and checkboxes. In the example below (see Figure 11), a term is being added to Part I (Osa 1), thematic group “Anatomy and Physiology” (Anatomia ja fysiologia), advanced level (Vaikeusaste B) as well as to Part II (Osa 2), class “Tuberculosis” (tuberkuloosi), subclass “Anatomy and Physiology” (c. Anatomia ja fysiologia). Fig. 11. Domain Selector As we can see, a term may be marked as belonging to the general terminology and / or related to one or more diseases. When performing a search, users can limit it to any combination of domains and / or subdomains by opening the same selector (see Figure 12). The same tool can be also used for setting a domain or a combination of domains as “preferred”. This saves time and helps to avoid errors when the terminologist is adding multiple terms related to the same domain. entries are added and edited with the help of an HTML form (see Figure 13). The form allows up to seven synonyms to be added for each 5 1Terminologija | 2020 | 27 language. Additional sections for the synonyms open on demand. The programme allows adding inline formatting (e.g. bolded font, italics, upper and lower indexes). However, plain text copies of the corresponding fields are also saved to ensure correct and fast searches. Most labels related to grammar and usage are predefined, but users can also provide additional free-form notes related to these categories. Fig. 13. HTML Form for Adding and Editing Entries Fig. 12. Domains Selected for the Search with the Help of the Domain Selector 5 2 Igor Kudashev Finnish-Russian Thematic Dictionary for Healthcare Olga Semenova Interpreters: The Principles and Challenges of Compilation MyTerMS also automatically generates the Russian-Finnish index (see Figure 14). Fig. 14. Automatically Generated Russian-Finnish Index 9. COnCLUSIOn The compilation of a thematic dictionary for healthcare interpreters turned out to be a very interesting yet challenging task. Some information needs and needs related to data retrieval differ even among the main target groups of the dictionary and in different situations when using the dictionary. The combination of the pedagogical and the reference functions creates some tension, too. Additional target groups (such as patients, medical doctors with immigrant background, etc.) would have aggravated the situation further. In the current project, lexicographic contradictions were also complicated by external factors, such as the tight timetable and limited budget. If we get an opportunity to continue our work, the dictionary will be developed further in several directions. While the number of terms that should be learned by heart (about 2,000) approaches the optimal level, the disease-specific part of the dictionary is undeniably modest. Our next goal is to cover about 100 of the most common diseases, which corresponds to approximately 10,000– 12,000 terms. The diseases will be selected on the basis of official healthcare statistics. According to the Pareto principle (also known as the 80 / 20 rule), we expect to reach a reasonable saturation point when the dictionary covers the top 80% of reasons for visiting a doctor. A potential prob- 5 3Terminologija | 2020 | 27 lem here is that the classes represented in the statistics are often “too big” and include multiple undifferentiated diseases. During the healthcare interpretation course organised at Tampere university, we noticed that the students’ knowledge of medical terms, most of which are nouns, is insufficient. To use the terms correctly in the context, students also need to master verbs and collocations. We plan to enrich our dictionary with usage examples. In the electronic version, these could be switched on and off depending on the intended use of the dictionary. Although the Russian-Finnish index allows using the dictionary in the opposite direction, it cannot be considered a full-fledged Russian-Finnish dictionary. As the dictionary is based on the Finnish concept system and Finnish sources, it lacks, for example, names of diseases which are widely used in the post-Soviet countries but not recognised by the international disease classifications (e.g. остеохондроз [“osteochondrosis”]; дисбактериоз [“dysbacteriosis”], диатез [“diathesis”]; вегетососудистая дистония [“vegetative-vascular dystonia”], etc.). Meanwhile, these terms may easily come up during medical interpreting. This means that the dictionary should be supplemented with at least some culture-specific Russian terms, probably in an appendix. Ideally, a separate Russian-Finnish dictionary should also be compiled. Another appendix might be devoted to false friends, which exist even between such different languages as Finnish and Russian. Apart from international terms which may mean different things in different languages (see an example of fyseoterapia / физиотерапия above), another source of false friends are abbreviations. For example, Finnish abbreviation IBS originating from english (“irritable bowel syndrome”) should not be mixed up with Russian ИБС standing for ишемическая болезнь сердца (“coronary heart disease”). It is a good idea to warn interpreters about such cases in a separate section. Our dictionary is already dynamic and customisable to some extent. However, the degree of customisation can be further increased. Our ultimate goal is a multipurpose medical dictionary aimed at multiple target groups, in which the contents could be customised according to the target group and intended usage. 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