The Development of Library Sector Terminology in Latvia and Problems and Solutions for Translating RDA Standard Terms

8 0 Maira Kreislere The Development of Library Sector Terminology in Latvia and Inta Virbule Problems and Solutions for Translating RDA Standard Terms doi.org/10.35321/term28-04 The Development of Library Sector Terminology in Latvia and Problems and Solutions for Translating RDA1 Standard Terms Maira Kreislere The National Library of Latvia ORCID id: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0191-0255 inta Virbule The National Library of Latvia ORCID id: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5891-5591 ABSTRACT The National Library of Latvia (NLL) is the methodological centre of Latvian libraries in data creation and ensuring the development of data standards as well as the methodical centre co-ordinating the terminology work of library field and related branches. The historical insight shows the development of terminology work and allows to trace the development of terminology work and problems. The terms are adopted and approved by the subcommittee of the Terminology Commission of the Latvian Academy of Science (LAS). The article highlights the role of the NLL in the implementation and translation of Resource Descriptions and Access (RDA) standard in Latvia. It is the standard for descriptive cataloguing, intended for use by libraries and other cultural organizations such as museums and archives. The RDA standard includes a set of data elements, guidelines and instructions that can be adapted for other information communities around the world, such as museums and archives. The translation problems of RDA Glossary are described, as well as principles and solutions for correct reproduction of RDA terms and their explanations in Latvian. An overview is provided of how the correct, appropriate terminology was followed in the translation process of the terms, so that the chosen term, in the appropriate meaning, could be used throughout the translation and related documents. 1 Resource Description & Access. 8 1Terminologija | 2021 | 28 Finally, the influence of RDA terms on the common data model of Latvia memory institutions for the unified discovery of cultural heritage digital resources is also outlined. KEYWORDS: terminology, terms and databases; translation/adaptation of terms; implementation of RDA; RDA Glossary. ANOTACIJA Latvijos nacionalinė biblioteka (LNB) yra Latvijos bibliotekų metodologinis centras, dirbantis duomenų kūrimo ir duomenų standartų vystymo užtikrinimo srityse. Tai yra ir metodinis terminologinį darbą bibliotekų ir kitose susijusiose srityse koordinuojantis centras. Istorinės įžvalgos atskleidžia, kaip vyko terminologinis darbas, ir leidžia nustatyti šio darbo procesą bei problemas. Terminus aprobuoja Latvijos mokslų akademijos (LMA) Terminologijos komisijos pakomisė. Straipsnyje pabrėžiamas Latvijos nacionalinės bibliotekos vaidmuo įgyvendinant ir išverčiant Išteklių aprašymo ir prieigos standartą (angl. Resource Description and Access, RDA) Latvijoje. Tai aprašomojo katalogavimo standartas, skirtas bib liotekoms ir kitoms kultūros organizacijoms, tokioms kaip muziejai ir archyvai. Šis standartas – tai duomenų elementų, gairių ir instrukcijų rinkinys, kurį galima pritaikyti ir kitose informacinėse bendruomenėse visame pasaulyje, tokiose kaip muziejai ir archyvai. Straipsnyje aprašomos RDA standarto aiškinamojo žodyno vertimo problemos ir tikslaus terminų ir jų paaiškinimų perkėlimo į latvių kalbą principai ir sprendimai. Apžvelgiama, kaip terminų vertimo procese buvo pasirenkama tiksli ir tinkama terminija taip, kad pasirinktas terminas atitinkama reikšme galėtų būti vartojamas visame vertime ir susijusiuose dokumentuose. Pabaigoje pabrėžiama RDA standarto terminų įtaka bendrajam Latvijos atminties institucijų duomenų modeliui, kuris yra skirtas bendrai skaitmeninių kultūros paveldo išteklių paieškai. ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: terminologija, terminai ir duomenų bazės, terminų vertimas / adaptavimas, RDA standarto įgyvendinimas, RDA standarto aiškinamasis žodynas. A BRIeF OVeRVIew OF The DeVeLOPMeNT OF LIBRARy SeCTOR TeRMINOLOGy IN LATVIA with the changing social, political and economic conditions and rapid technological development, the library and information sector, including terminology, has undergone tremendous changes in recent decades. The development of the web technologies has led to the emergence of new concepts and terms, and causes the need to adapt and implement international standards and regulations based on the new philosophy about the openness, interoperability and reusability of data. 8 2 Maira Kreislere The Development of Library Sector Terminology in Latvia and Inta Virbule Problems and Solutions for Translating RDA Standard Terms The role of national terminology in the development of the library and information sector has grown, but new challenges have also arisen in finding suitable terms or creating new ones that would provide semantically accurate definitions of new realities and concepts. Terminology efforts have not always successfully identified terms or come up with innovations. Frequently, new terms have not been adopted nor used in practice. The first developers of Latvian library terms were Latvian library practitioners and theoreticians. During the development of library terminology in the pre-world war II period, the magazine Librarian (Bibliotekārs, 1937–1940) was interesting in that to describe library work processes, it utilised important concepts of library science, such as: norādes (“references”), sējums (“volume”), izdevums (“issue; edition”), saturs (“content”), katalogs (“catalogue”), inventāra grāmata (“inventory book”), oriģināls (“original”), eksemplārs (“item”), grāmatu patapināšana (“book lending”). Some of these have maintained their relevance during the era of technological development. A key event in the development of national terminology was the establishment of the Terminology Commission of the Latvian Academy of Sciences (LAS) in 1946. The scope of the Commission’s work was very wide-ranging and covered the development of national terminology in many scientific spheres. From 1948 onwards, the terms approved by the Commission were regularly published, first as drafts in terminology newsletters, then in dictionaries, and were mandatory for official use. The establishment of the LAS Terminology Commission also started the development of library sector terminology. In 1957, the first dictionary of library terminology was published in Russian and Latvian. The dictionary included some 1,300 library and bibliography sphere terms, as well as common terms from the publishing and book science. In order to develop terminology for the library science to create, adopt, publish and implement exact library science terms in practice, in the 1960s/70s, the Research Department of the Latvian SSR Vilis Lācis State Library (today the NLL) began actively working on terminology. In 1969, library specialists established a Subcommittee on Library and Bibliographic Terminology. During the period the Subcommittee operated, from 1976 to 1994, it issued a continuation edition Bibliotekārie un bibliogrāfiskie termini (“Library and Bibliographic Terms”). each list of terms included new or edited terms relating to different library operations – cataloguing, index- 8 3Terminologija | 2021 | 28 ing, the organisation of library work, the provision of library services; they also included the first translations of computer science concepts. From its inception until 1990, the Terminology Commission published 58 terminology newsletters and 15 dictionaries. On the basis of this abundant array of published terms, more than 40 collections of library terms were prepared and published in the early 1990s in Latvian and Russian. Later in the 1990s, more dictionaries were created in four languages already: additional translations of terms with definitions in english and German were provided. One important contribution to the development of library sector terminology, as well as to the development of the Latvian language itself, was the publication of Bibliotēku fondi un katalogi (“Library Collections and Catalogues”). Previously inaccurate designations of terms and incorrect uses of foreign language loanwords were eliminated during the preparation of the publication. Dictionaries of terms have not been published frequently in the Latvian library sector, so Janete Stevenson’s Dictionary of Library and Information Management (1997) was translated and published in Latvian in 2001 (Bibliotēku un informācijas pārvaldība) and actively used in practice. The publication covered 4,500 key terms not only in library and information science, but also in information management, business, accounting, book printing and publishing. Beginning in 1999, terminology work was coordinated and managed by the LAS Terminology Commission. It consisted of about 30 subcommittees of different sciences. The main task for each subcommittee was to implement the national terminology policy in cooperation with the State Language Centre. Decisions made by the LAS Terminology Commission were accorded legislative status. Use of the approved terms was mandatory in national legislation, in the media and in the documentation of all types of institutions. In 2000, a LAS Terminology Commission subcommittee on Library Science, Bibliography, Book Science and Information Science Terminology was established under the leadership of specialists from the NLL. In accordance with the expansion of international communication between professionals as well as local structural reforms, at the end of 2011 the LAS Terminology Commission was expanded by establishing a Subcommittee on Information and Documentation Terminology, also involving archival specialists. Currently, 11 library and related branch specialists are actively involved in this subcommittee. The tasks set for the Information and Documentation Terminology Subcommittee are: 8 4 Maira Kreislere The Development of Library Sector Terminology in Latvia and Inta Virbule Problems and Solutions for Translating RDA Standard Terms · evaluation of terms in draft legislation on information and documentation, and legislative publications; · advising legal and physical persons on terminology issues in the information and documentation field; · coordination of operations with institutions and organisations working in the spheres of information and documentation; · ensuring the free availability of related branch terms on the web. The Information and Documentation Terminology Subcommittee works on the development and ratification of terms, which includes the translation and adaptation of terms and their explanations from international standards and guidelines, as well as the translation and adaptation of terms submitted by library and related experts, academics or students. The subcommittee of LAS ensures the work of terminology in Latvia, recommends the principles of term formation and translation, and ensures cooperation between cultural and scientific organizations involved in the work of terminology. with the development of technological options and the use of previously prepared data from Tiešsaistes terminu banka: arhīvi, bibliotēkas, muzeji (“Online terminology bank: archives, libraries, museums”) database created between 2005–2012 in which more than 3,000 terms and terminological collocations were accumulated, a new Database of Library, Archive and Museum Terms2 was released to users in 2017. The purpose of the database developed and maintained by the NLL is to promote co-operation on terminology issues between cultural heritage institutions. Cooperation partners in creating the database were the LAS Terminology Commission, the National Archives of Latvia, the University of Latvia, the NLL, and a number of museums. This resource includes terms and their explanations from the library sector and related branches in Latvian, term equivalents in english and, where possible, also in German and Russian. Different branch legislative documents were used in selecting terms, including adapted international standards, professional literature, as well as lists of terms currently required in practice. Terms are accorded different statuses in the database – approved, amended, temporary and obsolete, as well as terms from repealed standards and legislative documents retained for research purposes. In order to obtain the required terms more quickly, the database 2 Available at: http://termini.lnb.lv. 8 5Terminologija | 2021 | 28 also includes terms that have not yet been approved, granting them temporary status. The terminology database has been rated positively as easy to use, as it provides explanations of terms and their sources. In the autumn of 2017, the LAS Information and Documentation Terminology Subcommittee, together with the NLL Library Development Centre and the Bibliography Institute, and involving the LAS Terminology Commission, renewed the tradition of organising conferences dedicated to library and related sector terminology. The theme of the 2021 Terminology Conference is “The Interoperability of Data of Cultural heritage Institutions in the Digital Space: Terminological Aspect”, to which experts from estonia, Lithuania, Finland and Germany have also been invited. At the end of 2018, the Latvian national terminology portal3, developed by the Tilde technology company in partnership with the State Language Centre, the Latvian Language Agency and the LAS, was released to the public. The terminology portal provides access to information from more than 96 collections of terms in a number of languages. The Latvian national terminology portal also includes data from the AkadTerm database, thus also terms from the Database of Library, Archive and Museum Terms created by the NLL. One source of supplementation for national library terminology is also related to professional standardisation – the adaptation of international standards to the needs of Latvian libraries and the development of national standards. The introduction of each new, functioning standard enriches the terminology of the library sector. english has become the main source of internationally used foreign words, leaving the formerly imposed Russian to fade into oblivion. For their part, explanations of standard terms have been, to a great extent, modified and adapted to the operating sphere of the specific standard. IMPLeMeNTATION OF The ReSOURCe DeSCRIPTION AND ACCeSS (RDA) STANDARD IN DATA CReATION IN The LATVIAN LIBRARy SySTeM The creation of data in libraries is a continuous process, their form and also content must always comply with the internationally recognised standards, which themselves are always undergoing development (Gold3 Available at: https://termini.gov.lv. 8 6 Maira Kreislere The Development of Library Sector Terminology in Latvia and Inta Virbule Problems and Solutions for Translating RDA Standard Terms berga et al. 2014: 3–4). Fulfilling this condition ensures that data created by an institution can be universally re-used and included in the global knowledge network. The NLL acts as the methodological centre on data creation for Latvian libraries and for ensuring the development of data standards. NLL Bibliography Institute data experts and data creation specialists actively follow innovations concerning data, evaluate and promote new international metadata models and standards, and make decisions on their implementation. They also create high-quality and authoritative data, saving other libraries’ resources, so optimising their operations and improving overall data quality. The prevalence of new data content formats and the increase in published electronic resources have contributed to the need to change the rules for cataloguing resources according to the 21st century information flow requirements. The RDA standard includes a set of data elements, guidelines and instructions that can be adapted to other information communities around the world, such as museums and archives. In 2013, following a structural change, the NLL Bibliography Institute established a Data and Knowledge Management Department, within which a team of RDA implementation experts was established. The main goals and preconditions for RDA implementation team were defined as: · higher quality management of digital resources and openness of data to the web; · the inclusion of data created by Latvian libraries in international data circulation and ensuring of the reusability of data; · the use of AACR24 in data creation since 2000 has facilitated the implementation of the RDA standard in the creation of union catalogue data by the NLL and scientific libraries. Because of a lack of funding, it was decided not to translate the entire RDA document, but only certain sections (RDA Reference, introduction, list of RDA core elements; AACR2 and RDA comparison tables, etc.) (Goldberga et al. 2014: 3–4). One influencing factor was that partial translation does not require payment of the licence fee and this significantly reduces development and maintenance requirements. 4 AACR2 – Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, second edition, updated version in 2005. 8 7Terminologija | 2021 | 28 RDA STANDARD TRANSLATION RULeS AND INTeRNATIONAL exPeRIeNCe One of the goals set by the RDA developers was to ensure standard usability in foreign language communities. The language for RDA standard is english, and in order for these materials to be used in other languages, countries had to decide on their translation. The RDA copyright holders have signed translation agreements with other organisations/partners (such as publishers, national libraries or library organisations) to ensure high quality RDA translations. An RDA translation policy has been elaborated, stipulating translation options and requirements. The first internationalisation initiatives began as early as 2013, with the publication of the first translations of RDA into French and German using the RDA Toolkit5. Further information on RDA translation and conditions is also available in the RDA Registry6. This contains semantic web representations of entity7, elements, and relationship designators in the form of identifiers approved by the RDA Steering Committee (RSC)8. Different approaches to RDA translation are offered: · complete translation, including the RDA Toolkit; · partial translation that can be used in the learning process (does not include the RDA Toolkit and can be used locally); · partial translation – RDA Reference – can be used online, available in the RDA Registry with a translation language interface. The RDA translation project is unique and at the same time flexible and open to different usage provisions. In order to translate the RDA completely, both appropriate financial resources and specialists (translators, editors) are required, who have knowledge and also practical experience in working with data creation standards and data models, as well as a very good command of english. Since the first RDA translations, RDA implementation processes and the situations in several european countries have been studied. In RDA in Europe: Implementations and Perceptions (Ducheva, Pennington 2017) authors study data creation communities in 12 european countries (both 5 Available at: https://rdatoolkit.org. 6 Available at: https://www.rdaregistry.info. 7 entity – an abstract class of a physical or conceptual thing in the universe of human discourse (RDA). 8 Available at: http://www.rda-rsc.org. 8 8 Maira Kreislere The Development of Library Sector Terminology in Latvia and Inta Virbule Problems and Solutions for Translating RDA Standard Terms english and non-english speaking) that were included in the survey. It was found that the interest in RDA and its implementation in europe grew rapidly after the eURIG (european RDA Interest Group)9 meetings in 2013 (National Library of Sweden, Stockholm) and 2016 (NLL, Riga). The study’s summary indicated several reasons why RDA implementation activity is insufficient and what problems non-english-speaking european countries face. One of the main reasons hindering the implementation of RDA is its high cost. Several countries, for example, Sweden, Latvia and Iceland decided to partially translate the RDA by developing national guidelines based on the RDA standard. Norway and Spain considered complete translation to be a prerequisite for the successful implementation of RDA, as data creators must be able to work with this standard in their native language. The authors (Ducheva, Pennington 2017) also mentioned the NLL’s experience in their article. TRANSLATION OF RDA GLOSSARy TeRMS, eLeMeNT VALUeS AND eNTITy ReLATIONShIPS Translation is a singular psychological process, because any translation has significance for the manifestations contained in a nation’s culture, human consciousness and subconscious. Translation can be achieved more quickly and simply by using foreign words that are implanted into the Latvian language from various sectors. If the word to be borrowed is international, it has advantages and is more easily recognised. however, large numbers of foreign words make texts incomprehensible, as crucial content is not accurately perceived. The trend in the development of the Latvian language, with increasing influence, is that foreign words are gradually displacing Latvian words in everyday use. The problem is that there are no, or no easily applicable, Latvian terms corresponding to these foreign words. The RDA Glossary will play an important role in the day-to-day work of Latvian library specialists, because without a unified terminology and understanding of concepts, the implementation of RDA is impossible. In order to be able to correctly reproduce a specific RDA term in Latvian, its meaning must be precisely determined in the context of the RDA data model, also how the term is used in english must be understood. In 9 Available at: http://www.rda-rsc.org/europe. 9 5Terminologija | 2021 | 28 Table 1. Comparison of key entities relevant to the unified cultural heritage management and dissemination platform in sector conceptual models LRM, RiC CM12 and CIDOC CRM13, also EDM14 (Rekomendācijas… 2021: 32) entity type Libraries LRM(2017)/ RDA (2020) Archive (RiC CM) ric-cm-0.2 Museums CIDOC CRM CRM_v.7 Cultural heritage (europeana) EDM v5.2.8 Agent LRM-e6 Agent/ rdac:C10002 RiC-e07 Agent e39 Actor edm:Agent Agent/ Person LRM-e7 Person/rdac:C10004 RiC-e08 Person e21 Person edm:Agent Agent/ Institution LRM-e8 Collective Agent/ rdac:C10005 RiC-e11 Corporate Body e74 Group edm:Agent Agent/ Family LRM-e8 Collective Agent/ rdac:C10008 RiC-e10 Family e74 Group edm:Agent Agent/ Group LRM-e8 Collective Agent/ rdac:C10011 RiC-e09 Group e74 Group edm:Agent Place LRM-e10 Place/ rdac:C10009 RiC-e22 Place e53 Place edm:Place Time Span LRM-e11 Timespan/ rdac:C10010 RiC-e18 Date e52 TimeSpan edm:TimeSpan event Subclass of LRM-e1 Res/ rdac:C10012 RiC-e14 event e5 event edm:event work LRM-e2 work/ rdac:C10001 RiC-e02 Record Resource + RiC-A28 Name e89 Propositional Object edm:InformationResource Supporting users’ new intuitive search habits and needs (find, identify, select, obtain, explore, i.e. discover resources through their interrelationships, contexts) in the field of library data and their hierarchy are defined by conceptual models such as IFLA FRBR (weMI (work, expression, 12 Available at: https://www.ica.org/sites/default/files/ric-cm-0.2_preview.pdf. 13 Available at: http://www.cidoc-crm.org. 14 Available at: https://pro.europeana.eu/page/edm-documentation. 9 6 Maira Kreislere The Development of Library Sector Terminology in Latvia and Inta Virbule Problems and Solutions for Translating RDA Standard Terms manifestation, Item hierarchy, 1998) and IFLA LRM (including weMI, 2017). The LRM model is a high-level conceptual model with a higher degree of generalization than previous IFLA data conceptual models. LRM is an entityrelationship model (Rekomendācijas… 2021: 23). LRM generally models the entire bibliographic universe – texts, sounds, images, moving images, sheet music, spoken words, objects, data sets, computer programs, transmedia. It does not directly model processes (museums) and activities (archives). The practical implementation of LRM takes place by introducing RDA regulations in the creation of Latvian library data, which are based on the categories defined in the LRM conceptual model and their hierarchy (Rekomendācijas… 2021: 26). In the field of museums, key concepts are defined by the conceptual model CIDOC-CRM – ontology for information exchange in the field of cultural heritage (ISO 21127, 2006; updated 2014; still under development) harmonized with the LRM conceptual model for libraries (Rekomendācijas… 2021: 26). The RiC CM conceptual data model for archives harmonizes and integrates key concepts from four International Council on Archives (ICA) standards: General International Standard Archival Description (ISAD (G)); International Standard Archival Authority Records Corporate Bodies, Persons, and Families (ISAAR (CPF)); International Standard Description of Functions (ISDF); International Standard Description of Institutions with Archival holdings (ISDIAh) and ISO standard Records management standard ISO 2308111 (Rekomendācijas… 2021: 21). Libraries, archives and museums involved in the creation of europeana – more than 60 participants, incl. Latvian memory institutions. each europeana digital object is accompanied by metadata according to the eDM (europeana Data Model), which is an object-oriented data model. The data model ensures the interoperability of data of all member institutions. The eDM separates the cultural heritage object from its digital representation so that the corresponding metadata values are linked accordingly. eDM ensures compatibility of data from different models, requirements of specific areas, as well as prevents data loss, while maintaining data quality and coexistence with the original data (Rekomendācijas… 2021: 37–38) In all of these standards, the entity “Agent” is a superclass of the entities “Person, Group, Institution, Family”. In all three standards, an entity denotes the responsibility of a person or group for the creation of the content, form, performance of a work, expression, Manifestation or Item. 9 7Terminologija | 2021 | 28 The distinct term “Actor” used in the museum standard CIDOC CRM refers to essentially the same entity superclass “Agent” in the library and archive standards. These standards differ in the degree of detail they use to describe the entity classes involved in structuring the information in their respective data models. For example, in the RDA standard, the “Collective Agent” entity is a superclass of the entities “Institution, Group and Family”. In turn, the hierarchical division of weMI (work, expression, Manifestation, Item) in library data standards is characteristic only of the RDA-LRM standard, but terms from other cultural heritage institution standards can be amended to comply with it. CONCLUSIONS Translating the RDA Reference into Latvian has been a complex and important process. Looking back at the work done and finding out about the translating experiences of other countries, we can conclude that: 1) there were unforeseen breaks in the work process, as RDA additions and changes took place continuously over several years and took up more time than could have been foreseen; 2) translation requires a high degree of semantic accuracy, i.e., the maintenance of logical and semantic relationships in key concepts across different vocabularies; 3) the translators’ working group must have skills and knowledge in cataloguing resources for all types and formats of content, as well as being fluent in english and Latvian; 4) before starting translation work, common phrases or general terms must be separated out, creating a list of words and phrases. This should be translated first, as this will facilitate further work; 5) attention must be paid to terms that do not have exact equivalents in Latvian. There are many terms that lose their meaning in Latvian when translated directly from english. Translation requires the preservation of logic and semantic relationships. The result of the RDA Reference translation is almost 5,000 updated and brand-new Latvian terms useful for cultural heritage institutions, which is a step forward not only in the development of the Latvian language, but, being included in the international RDA Registry, the terms will also be used internationally. 9 8 Maira Kreislere The Development of Library Sector Terminology in Latvia and Inta Virbule Problems and Solutions for Translating RDA Standard Terms REFERENCES Behrens Renate 2019: RDA – Chances and Perspectives. The European Region. Available at: file:///C:/Teksti/ RDA_materiali/projektam_raksts_RDA_2020/eDA_europe_eURIG%20presentation%20for%20colloquium.pdf [accessed 2021-07-06]. 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Available at: https://www.rdatoolkit.org/sites/default/files/ translation_policy_for_rda_current.pdf [accessed 2021-07-06]. LATvIjOS bIbLIOTEKų SEKTORIAuS TERMINOLOgIjOS RAIDA IR RDA STANDARTO TERMINų vERTIMO pRObLEMOS IR SpRENDIMAI Santrauka Nacionalinės terminologijos vaidmuo auga visose srityse, tačiau per pastaruosius dešimtmečius didžiuliai pokyčiai įvyko būtent bibliotekų ir informacijos sektoriuose. Terminų identifikavimas ar naujovių diegimas ne visada buvo sėkmingas. Latvijos mokslų akademijos (LMA) Terminologijos komisijos įsteigimas 1946 m. buvo pagrindinis įvykis nacionalinės terminologijos vystymo srityje. Įsteigus LMA Terminologijos komisiją, prasidėjo ir bibliotekų sektoriaus terminologijos kūrimo procesas. 2000 m. buvo įsteigta Latvijos mokslų akademijos Terminologijos komisijos Bibliotekininkystės, bibliografijos, knygotyros ir informatikos terminologijos pakomisė, o 2011 m. Terminologijos komisija buvo išplėsta įsteigiant Informacijos ir dokumentų terminologijos pakomisę, kuri taip pat apėmė archyvistikos specialistus. 2018 m. pabaigoje prasidėjo Latvijos nacionalinės terminologijos svetainės kūrimo darbas, kurį atliko technologijų bendrovė „Tildė“ kartu su Valstybinės kalbos centru, Latvių kalbos agentūra ir LMA. Išteklių aprašymas ir prieiga (angl. Resource Description and Access, RDA) – tai naujas standartas, skirtas bibliotekoms ir kitoms kultūros organizacijoms, tokioms kaip muziejai ir archyvai. RDA standarto diegimas kuriant duomenis Latvijos bibliotekų sistemoje taip pat svarbus ir tolimesnei terminologijos plėtrai. Latvijos nacionalinės 9 9Terminologija | 2021 | 28 bibliotekos Bibliografijos instituto duomenų ekspertai ir duomenų kūrimo specialistai aktyviai seka duomenų naujoves, vertina ir skatina naudoti naujus tarptautinius metaduomenų modelius ir standartus bei sprendžia dėl jų diegimo. RDA standartas – tai duomenų elementų, gairių ir instrukcijų rinkinys, kurį galima pritaikyti ir kitose informacinėse bendruomenėse visame pasaulyje, tokiose kaip muziejai ir archyvai. Vertimas yra ypatingas psichologinis procesas, nes kiekvienas vertimas atskleidžia tautos kultūros, žmonių sąmonės ir pasąmonės apraiškas. RDA nuorodų (angl. Reference) vertimas į latvių kalbą buvo sudėtingas ir svarbus procesas, kurio metu buvo atsižvelgta į jau atliktą darbą ir kitų šalių vertimo patirtį. Vertimas reikalauja didelio semantinio tikslumo, t. y. loginių ir semantinių pagrindinių sąvokų ryšių išlaikymo skirtinguose žodynuose. RDA standarto suderinimas su kitais kultūros paveldo institucijų standartais gali padėti užtikrinti įvairių išteklių tipų aprašymą, entitetų (angl. entities) identifikavimą ir tolimesnei sklaidai bendroje duomenų aplinkoje tinkamų metaduomenų sukūrimą. Gauta 2021-07-26 Maira Kreislere The National Library of Latvia Bibliography Institute Data and Knowledge Department Mūkusalas str. 3 Riga, LV-1423, Latvia e-mail [email protected] Inta Virbule The National Library of Latvia Bibliography Institute Data and Knowledge Department Mūkusalas str.3 Riga, LV-1423, Latvia e-mail [email protected]