Mitoniminiai terminai pirmajame tarpukario Lietuvos psichiatrijos vadovėlyje

Palmira Zemlevičiūtė204 Mitonymic terms in the first interwar period Lietuvos psichiatrijos vadovėlyje doi.org/10.35321/term31-10 Mythonymic Terms in Lithuania’s First Interwar Psychiatry Mythonymic Terms in Lithuania’s First Interwar Psychiatry Textbook from the Inter-war Era PALMIRA ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas ORCID id: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8679-3253 ANNOTATION The article examines the structure of psychiatric terms composed from the names of mythical creatures in the first Lithuanian textbook published in Lithuania in the interwar period, Įvadas į psichiatriją (1935) by the famous Lithuanian psychiatrist Juozas Blažius. Almost all of these terms originate from classical languages (Greek and Latin) and are ready to borrow from them through intermediate languages and adapt to the Lithuanian language system. When writing the textbook, J. Blažys relied on the printed works of his colleagues, and the terms he used were taken from those works. The Greek and Latin terms used in psychiatry are archaic universals that are unequivocally understood in all languages. This means that psychiatric terms derived from them are borrowed from one language to another, and these terms form an important part of the international eponymous psychiatric terminology. The textbook mainly uses total (direct, affixed and composite) and very rarely partial appellation-formed morphological terms. The most typical are composite adjectives (e.g. kleptomania) with a postpositional mocking-based sandu. In addition to the prefixes, the adjectives have a suffix (e.g., morphism), and prefixes (e.g., amnesia) are not characteristic. KEY WORDS: eponimic term, psychiatry textbook, eponym, eponimic term. ABSTRACT The article structurally dissects the psychiatry terms made with the names of mythological creatures that appear in the 1935 Įvadas į psichiatriją (Introduction Juozas Blažys, the famous Lithuanian psychiatrist – the first psychiatry textbook to be published in Lithuania in the period between the two world wars. 205Terminologija | 2024 | 31 world wars. Almost all terms are derived from the classical languages (Greek and Latin) or are readily borrowed from them through intermediate languages and Blažys relied on printed work by his colleagues and most adapted to the system of the Lithuanian language. While writing the textbook, probably adopted the terms from those sources. Mythonyms of Greek and Latin origin that appear in the structure of psychiatry terms are archaic universalities with unequivocal meaning across all languages; as a result, the psychiatry terms that derive from them travel from one language to the next, constituting an important part of the international eponymic terminology of psychiatry. Most of the terms featured in the textbook are mythonyms made by way of lativisation. The most common are composite appellatives (such as kleptomanija (kleptomania)) that absolute (direct, affixal, and composite) and, on very few occasions, partial appelinclude a component grounded on a post-positional mythonym. Among affixal appellatives, suffixal appellatives with the productive suffix -izmas (such as morfinizmas (morphinism)) have prevalence, while prefixal appellatives (such as amnezija (amnesia)) are uncommon. KEYWORDS: mythonymic term, psychiatry textbook, eponym, eponymic term. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS One of the typological groups of eponymous terms1 are eponymous 1 terms formed from the names of mythical beings (gods, goddesses, giants, etc.)2 (so-called monyms3). Initially, the names were given by the authors. This eponime remained in use until the 19th-20th centuries, but then it began to fade and the eponime acquired a new meaning. Now eponims are both terms – general nouns denoting concrete and abstract concepts, and nomenclatural units – names of unitary concepts (Leičik 2011: 135–138; Ráduly 2016: 362). Thus, the eponym in its new meaning is most often used in current empirical terminology studies (Bresch 2002: 155; Lalic-Krstin 2004: 64; Lončar, Ostroški Anić 2013: 37; Ferguson, Thomas 2014: 1; Majewska 2016: 94; Giménez-Roldán 2017: 15; Yermolenko 2018: 10; Guardiola i Pereira, Baños i Diez 2021: 12–13; Zhdan, Dvornyk, Avetikov, Bieliaieva 2021: 24 and others). An eponym is a single term derived from a person's name (real or fictional), a place name (toponym), or a composite term with an onionic component (Dirckx 2001: 15; Cappuzzo 2008: 1–2; Kruchenkova, Agafonova 2020: 99–100; Lysanets, Bieliaieva 2021: 1–2; Slabin 2023: 188). However, we would think that the term eponymous term, showing a direct connection with terminology, is more accurate than eponym, which is primarily understood as a proper name, giving a name to an object, process, etc. In the terminology literature there is not only a variety of terms used to name the term derived from the eponym, but also inconsistencies in the concept itself (see more. Gaivenis, Keinys 1990: 59; Lerner, Kaptsan, Witztum 2001: 441; Duque-Parra, Llano-Idárraga, Duque-Parra 2006: 220; Leičik 2011: 138; Tatarinov 2006: 68, 235; Kvašytė 2005: 66; Kitkauskienė 2011: 48; Novinskaja 2013: 34; Gaivenis 2014[1994]: 217; Kakzanova 2017: 335; Mikelionienė 2017: 127–128; Rimkutė-Ganusauskienė 2023: 122; Vasiljeva, Tritenko 2023: 17; Vaskelaitė 2023: 95, 101; Brdar, Brdar-Szabó 2024: 75). 2 It is argued that most of the names of mythical gods, divine and fantastic beings entered the medical terminology during the Enlightenment – the cult of antiquity (Karenberg 2012: 7). 3 Mitonym (Greek mythos “submission” + onyma “name”) – the name of beings (gods, good and evil spirits, titans, centaurs, etc.) that do not exist in real reality (Jakaitienė 2009: 269). Palmira Zemlevičiūtė206 Mitonymic terms in the first interwar period4. Classical mythology was an abundant Lietuvos psichiatrijos vadovėlyje and important source of modern scientific terminology (Levitt 2014: 65; Xiaoli 2023: 118). Many of the ancient Greek and Roman myths and legends penetrated into areas such as politics, culture, medicine, etc., and the names of their characters became the basis of many scientific and technical terms (Xiaoli 2023: 123). From the Latin tendus calcaneus – calcaneal tendon AV 2020; the thickest tendon (Achilles) in the whole body ŽA 2005 155), horn of Amon (hippocampus proprius, cornu amonis AV 2020; see also ŽA 2005: 319), atlas “first cervical kilusių terminų ypač gausu įvairių medicinos sričių (anatomijos, psichiatrijos, oftalmologijos, farmakologijos ir kt.) terminijoje, pvz.: Achilo sausgyslė (lot. vertebra. It is ring-shaped, connected to the skull by a special joint that allows the head to bend" (VLEe), lympha5. As the German medical historian Axel Karenberg illustratively put it in his work on the mythological origins of anatomy terms, for centuries the Greek and Roman gods lived not only in museums and libraries, but also in the language of anatomy. The author even considers such terms to be magical (Karenberg 2005: V; Karenberg 2012–2013: 7). Although some researchers argue that myonymic terms are created by means of fantasy and do not reflect the real objects they refer to, they are still recognized because of their positive characteristics. These terms are concise (compared to nomenclatural descriptive terms) and thus comply with the requirement of shortness of terms, while at the same time responding to the principle of linguistic economy. It is precisely because of this characteristic that these terms are suitable for medical terminology. Being short (monoor bi-word), they are easy to remember. This is another positive feature of them (Karenberg 2012–2013: 20–22). Mitonymic terms are undoubtedly expressive, pictorial, although expressiveness and pictoriality do not belong to the most important characteristics of scientific language (Gaivenis 2002: 44). On the other hand, the spoken features of these terms, the fantastic nature of these terms, gradually disappear, and morphological terms are already perceived quite neutrally. For example, modern 4 These terms have been widely studied, with the focus on terminology in various medical fields (Karenberg 2005; Tritenko 2011: 3–21; Karenberg 2012–2013: 7–22; Levitt 2014: 65–80; Kucharz 2017: 29–42; Năznean 2020: 1–5; Taneva 2022: 205–212; Turan 2023: 15–37; Vasiljeva, Tritenko 2023: 17–28; Xiaoli 2023: 118–123, etc.). These terms are understood and treated similarly by researchers, although the established term is moning, mythological term, term with mythological component, term with components moning (see Vasiljeva, Tritenko 2023: 18). In this article, the term "mixing" is chosen, with the reason being that, as already mentioned, such a term is derived from mixing. 5 The term lymph (fluid circulating in the human body) is derived from the ancient Greek nature, its vital powers goddesses (daughters of Zeus) nymphs (Greek Nymphai) (water spirits) (VLEe; for more details, see Karenberg termino jiems pavadinti nesama – atskiri autoriai vartoja įvairius sinonimus, pvz.: terminas mitologizmas, 2012–2013: 10). 207Terminology | 2024 | 31 The user of terminology hardly feels the mythological context of such terms as anamnesis6, psychosis7, tanatology8, venerology9. It is acknowledged that myonymic terms have a great didactic and intellectual potential, allowing excursions into the history of literature and art, making the language of medical science not boring and easy for medical students, and raising the general level of culture (Karenberg 2012–2013: 22; Xiaoli 2023: 122). The object of the article is to examine the terms used in psychiatry, which were collected by hand from the textbook Introduction to Psychiatry, published in interwar Lithuania in 1935. Its author is the famous Lithuanian doctor and psychiatrist Juozas Blažys (1890–1939). Contemporaries testify that he was “a renowned scientist and physician, one of our best psychiatrists”, “one of the most renowned authorities in this field in Lithuania”, “an enlightened man, a great humanist”, “the first psychiatrist in independent Lithuania” (Römeris 1939: 409–410; Bendoravičius 1939: 417), and his textbook is evaluated as not a compilative, but an independent work, written in “precisely formulated and clear sentences, beautiful Lithuanian language”, distinguishing itself in its volume and content from the introductions to psychiatry published in other languages (Bendoravičius 1939: 420, 426). In the textbook there are not many eponymous psychiatric terms related to mythology, and this is understandable, because, as the title of the textbook shows, it is only an introduction to the psychiatric science, the purpose of which, in the words of the author himself, is “to give general knowledge about psychiatry”, and “the examination of individual mental illnesses is the task of clinical psychiatry” (Blažys 1935: III). The aim is to discuss the textbook’s psychiatric terms in terms of structure and to determine what methods of appellation are used to form the terms and what are their structure peculiarities, to clarify from what terms psychiatric terms originated and what is their relationship with the scientific concept. The traditional descriptive analytical method is the most preferred method for the linguistic analysis of terms. In addition, the method of structural (functional) analysis is used to determine whether the term 6 After the name of the ancient Greek titanide Mnemosyne (Greek: Mnēmosynē) – the personification of memory (VLEe). 7 After the name of the ancient Greek goddess Psyche, the personification of the soul (VLEe). 8 Named after the ancient Greek god of death, Thanatos (VLEe). 9 Named after the ancient Roman goddess Venus, the personification of carnal pleasures. The adjective venereus in clinical and everyday medical language meant "related to physical love" or "sexual". In the Renaissance era, this adjective was used to describe the sexually transmitted disease syphilis – morbus venereus, lues venerea (VLEe; Karenberg 2012–2013: 12). Palmira Zemlevičiūtė208 Mitonymic terms in the first interwar period. The Lietuvos psichiatrijos vadovėlyje comparative method is used to show the equivalents of the terms of the first psychiatric textbook in the current psychiatric terminology. The textbook, in addition to purely psychiatric terms, e.g. mania, psychosis, there are also general medical and clinical medical terms derived from terms, e.g. : Achilles reflex, leukopenia, venereal disease. When selecting the material, consideration was given to whether they were included in the latest encyclopedic dictionary of psychiatric terms (see the list of auxiliary sources). If the term found in the textbook is fixed in the aforementioned dictionary (here attention was not paid to the spelling of terms and other formal matters), such a term is considered a psychiatric term and the object of this study. As already mentioned, ancient Greek and Roman mythology has had a great influence not only on European culture, literature, art, but also on the fields of science and technology. Myths are used to create new terms. Psychiatry is one of the branches of medical science that contains terms derived from the names of characters of ancient myths. Terms established by means of full appeal. The process of using a real name to create a new term is called appellation10. As noted by the classic of Latvian terminology Valentina Skujiņa, during this process the proper noun with the transfer of meaning becomes a generic noun, called an adjective. Based on the broad concept of appellation, the terminologist distinguishes between total, which can be direct, affixed and composite, and partial appellation (see Figure 1) in the term creation process (Skujiņa 2002: 99–100, cf. Xiaoli 2023: 118). 10 The term denominization is also used (Superanskaja, Podolskaja, Vasiljeva 2005: 26). Figure 1. Methods of appealing mitonims Partial apeliatyvacija 3% Full apeliatyvacija 97% 209Terminology | 2024 | 31 Tiesioginės apeliatyvacijos būdu sudaryti terminai. Tiesioginė apeliativation is understood as the transfer of a proper name to the category of generic names without special word-making means. The meaning of the appellative, i.e. the newly-emerged term, changes, and it is written in lowercase (Skujiņa 2002: 100). In this case, we can talk about semantic kuriuos galima priskirti šiam apeliatyvacijos būdui, tiriamajame vadovėlyje labai nedaug – tik manija 10611, 135, 175, 210 ir psychė 240 (žr. 2 pav.). 2 pav. Mitonimų visiškosios apeliatyvacijos būdai derivation. In the Handbook, the term mania is used in the sense of “pathologically elevated mood”, but, in the words of the author, “in Pinel’s12 and Esquirol’s13 times, delirium was called mania14” 175. A year later (1936) in the TŽZ mania was already fixed in clinical meaning: "a certain mental illness, manifested in that a person is as if controlled by one thought, idea, one desire, one aim, search, see, fear, etc." 1936. pp. 594. In contemporary Lithuanian psychiatry15, mania is understood as 1) “manic syndrome” and 2) “sick impulsive or irresistible urge, harmful habit, sick hobby” EPTŽ 2017 179. As can be seen, the meaning of the term mania used in the textbook and today differs. In the late 20th century, the term in question was also used in the third meaning, "idees of delusion of pride" TPTŽ 1996 52. The term mania is derived from the name of the Greek mythological goddess Mania (Greek: Mania, Maniê, Maniai), the personification of madness. TŽŽ 2007: 680). 11 Here and in the following text, the terms and/or their explanations refer to the textbook page. 12 Philippe Pinel (1745–1826) - French physician, forerunner of psychiatry (Wiki). 13 Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol (1772–1840), French psychiatrist, a pupil of Philippe Pinel (Wiki). 14 Thinned by the textbook author. 15 The publication representing the terminology of contemporary Lithuanian psychiatry is considered to be the Encyclopedic Explanatory Dictionary of Psychiatric Terms published in 2017; Publications representing spoken terminology include the Explanatory Dictionary of Psychology Terms (2019), which also includes psychiatric terms. Affixed apeliatyvacija 44% Direct apeliatyvacija 5% Composite appellation 51% Palmira Zemlevičiūtė210 Mitonymic terms in the first interwar Psyche, used in Lietuvos psichiatrijos vadovėlyje the textbook in the sentence “The doctor’s report must contain at least a brief anamnesis and a description of the current state of the mind (psyche)” 240, derived from the name of an ancient Greek mythological character – the goddess of the soul Psyche (Greek: Psykhê16) (see TGM; VLEe for more details). As Natalia Novinskaya points out, the proper name, having become a term, becomes a generic noun and loses its substantive spelling, acquires the characteristics of a generic noun – it becomes a productive element in the case daryboje (Novinskaja 2004: 284–285). Taip, pavyzdžiui, ir aptartojo miof toning of other nouns – such terms used in the textbook as bradypsychia, psychiatry, psyche, psychoneurosis, psychosis, psychopathy, psychopathology, psychotechnics, etc. are composed with the element psych. The term is derived from adjective appellation. Affixed appellation is understood as the becoming of a proper name into a generic one by means of word formation. Since all the terms assigned to this method of appellation (see Figure 2) are international words borrowed from classical languages – Greek and Latin – through intermediate languages, in this case J. Blažius probably borrowed them from the sources on which he more or less relied when writing his textbook and adapted them phonetically and morphologically to the Lithuanian language, so talking about the subjects of their creation can only be formally, since those terms were formed in the borrowing classical languages and already entered into other languages in a ready form, and from them – into the Lithuanian language. According to Vincas Urbutis, a classical Lithuanian word formation theorist, spoken borrowed words, which are derivatives from other languages and whose main sphere of use is science and technology, occupy a separate specific position in synchronous word formation (Urbutis 2009: 292–293). In the case of adjectives, the morphological derivation is the same as in the case of adjectives. Here, the categorical characteristic of the named lexical unit, i.e. the term, is expressed by specialized affix morpheme (Novinskaja 2013: 37). The difference between the two is that the morphology of the stem is reduced, and only the root morpheme is involved in the formation. In such cases, the proper name loses its independence and becomes the conjunct of the term element (Tatarinov 2006: 235). Adjectives, unlike direct adjectives, are derived terms with prepositions or suffixes. In the textbook, prepositions are used more frequently. The first of these is the 1998 version, which is called "The 1998 Version" and has the following content: 1998: 1. 211Terminology | 2024 | 31 (see Brunevičiūtė, Gudaitytė, Šarkauskienė 2003: 140). One of them is erotism 106 (Greek ērōs (origin ērōtos) – "carnal love" OED + Latin -ism). Vadovėlyje šis terminas pavartotas aptariant įvairius „fiziogenišk[us] veiksni[us], kaip psichinių ligų priežast[is]“ 101: „<...> maniakaliniai lireikšmės (APTŽ 2019 80), tuo goniai pasižymi erotizmu“ 106. Dabar yra išskirtos net keturios erotizmo tarpu XX a. pab. tai buvo „įvairių lytinių potraukių bendras pavadinimas“ TPTŽ 1996 27. The root morpheme of the verbal term is associated with the name of the Greek mythological god of love Eros (see VLEe; AŽ 1998 132). In the textbook on etherism 88, 97 (Gr. aithēr – upper air; bright, clear nas oras; dangus OED + -izmas) vadinamas „[e]tero („anodijaus“) vartojimas“, kuris „yra išsiplatinęs Klaipėdos krašte ir Didž. Lietuvoje, pasienyje Klaipeda land. The aether causes a state similar to intoxication, with an elevated mood and a propensity for impulsive actions, which the aetherroman does not remember afterwards." 97. The root morpheme of the term is related to the name of the Greek mythological god of light Aether (Greek: Aithêr). It is said that the name ether was given in the 18th century BC to a volatile chemical compound known since the 14th century, named for its lightness and colorlessness (OED). The term gigantism17 (Greek: Gigas, plural: Gigantes – TGM born on earth; OED + -ism) is used in the textbook to describe degeneration and its causes. Gigantism is treated as a physical sign of malformation – stuomen anomaly 66-68. In the current psychiatric terminology, it is a "clinical syndrome manifested by extremely high height <...> or enlargement of some parts of the body or internal organs" EPTZ 2017 101. The root of the term is associated with the Greek mythological characters giants (see VLEe; AŽ 1998 159-160). Hermaphroditism18 (Greek hermaphroditos – a person with both sexes OED + -ism) is used in the textbook to discuss various physical signs of degeneration. Hermaphroditism is classified as a genital anomaly in 66–68. The term is derived from the name of the Greek mythological character Hermaphroditus (Greek: Hermaphroditos), who had both male and female characteristics. In the textbook, the term lunatism 211 (Latin lunaticus – affected by the moon < luna – moon OED + -ism) is used to describe mentally ill 17 The term has been written by Eugenius Józefʼas Kurcharzʼas 2017: 35. 18 E. J. Kurcharzʼas 2017: 36 has written about the term. Palmira Zemlevičiūtė212 Mitonymic terms appear in the first scheme of Lietuvos psichiatrijos vadovėlyje interwar research, but the term named in it is not explained further. In modern psychiatry, it is defined as "a form of subdued state of consciousness manifested as an outpatient automatism. During sleep, the patient suddenly wakes up, walks around the room with open eyes, performs usual actions, can rearrange things, leave the apartment, climb on the roof, etc.” EPTŽ 2017 195. The root morpheme of the term is associated with the name of the Roman mythological goddess of the night, Luna (see AŽ 1998 302, 446; VLEe; TGM). The craving, named morphinism (from French morphine or German Morphin19 – the main opioid alkaloid used as a narcotic painkiller < gr. morphē OED + -ismus), according to the textbook, “usually develops from the use of morphine to relieve pain”97. The term is derived from the name of the Greek god of sleep and dreams, Morpheus. In the textbook, the term narcissism20 142 (Greek Narkissos OED + -izmas) is used when writing about cravings and their pathology, but the term it refers to is not explained in more detail. It is now a "sexual perversion manifested by falling in love with oneself" EPTZ 2017 196. The root morpheme of the term derives from the name of the Greek mythological character Narcissus (Greek: Narkissos) or Narcissus, who fell in love with his own image, which he saw in the spring water (for more see VLEe; cf. TGM). In addition to the aforementioned -izmas derivatives, there are several individual -ija, -ozė, -ika suffix appellatives. The textbook refers to phobia21 as “a state of fear accompanied by obsessive ideas or impulses.”179 The term is derived from the name of the Greek mythological god of fear and panic, Phobos. Looking at the term structurally, it is possible to distinguish the suffix -ija (Greek -ia), meaning “sick or abnormal, pathological state” (Morkevičienė 2018: 10, 79). The term hypnosis, which is interpreted in the textbook as “a sleep-like state with a narrowing of the field of consciousness, induced by various means 19 The name was coined by the German pharmacist Friedrich Sertürner (1783-1840), associating it with the name of Morpheus, the god of dreams (OED). 20 Some sources (e.g. VLEe, AŽ1998: 350) state that the term was first used in 1910 by the Austrian psychologist and psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. In fact, the authorship of the term belongs to the German psychiatrist and criminologist Paul Adolf Näcke (1851–1913), who first used the term narcissism in 1899 (APTZ 2019 195). 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MYTHONYMIC TERMS IN LITHUANIA’S FIRST PSICHIATRY TEXTBOOK FROM THE INTER-WAR ERA Summary The article structurally dissects the psychiatry terms originating from mythonyms (the names of mythological creatures) that appear in the 1935 Įvadas į psichiatriją (Introduction to Psychiatry) by Juozas Blažys, the famous Lithuanian psychiatrist – the first of his kind in Lithuania. 221Terminologija | 2024 | 31 psychiatry textbook to be published in Lithuania in the period between the two world wars, looking into the methods of appellativisation that were used to form said terms, as well as scrutinising the characteristics of their structure, the types of the underlying mythonyms and their connection with the scientific term that they were chosen to designate. The terms in the textbook are words originating from the classical languages or readily borrowed from the Greek and the Latin languages or through intermediary languages, with appropriate morphological adaptations made for the grammar system of the Lithuanian language. The mythonyms of Greek and Latin origin that form part of psychiatry terms and are covered in the article are to be considered archaic universalities with unequivocal meaning across all languages. As a result, the psychiatry terms made with them travel from one language to the next, constituting an important part of the international eponymic terminology of psychiatry. Structurally, the textbook is dominated by morphological derivatives, while semantic derivatives are scarce. Some mythonymic terms (such as morfinizmas (morphinism)) were found to have been composed through absolute appellativation, while others (such as Edipo kompleksas (Oedipus Complex)) – through partial appellativisation. The three predominant types of absolute appellatives are direct (such as manija (mania)), affixal (such as fobija (phobia), lunatizmas (sleepwalking)), and composite (such as dipsomanija (dipsomania), agorafobija (agoraphobia)) appellatives. The most typical mythonymic psychiatry terms are those made by way of composite appellativisation, and the most probable reason behind their prevalence might be the ability of composites to designate more complex terms more compactly. One intrinsic quality of composite appellatives is that they have both components grounded on mythonyms. Some of them, such as manija, have become iterative elements in the composite formation of multiple psychiatry terms. As often as not, the mythonym is the post-positional component of the composite. Among affixal appellatives, suffixal appellatives with the productive suffix -izmas appellatives have a (such as morfinizmas) prevail, while prefixal appellatives are uncommon. Some affixal more complex structure: these are derivatives made with a prefix and a suffix, an international element and a suffix. Most of the psychiatry terms coined with mythonyms designate various mental disorders in human beings. Received 2024-04-30 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania E-mail [email protected]