Terminology Work, Terminology Management, Terminography – Potato, Patato or Not Exactly?

75Terminologija | 2024 | 31 doi.org/10.35321/term31-04 Terminology Work, Terminology Management, Terminography – Potato, Patato or Not Exactly? Terminologijos darbas, terminų tvarkyba ir terminografija – tas pats ar ne visai? IGOR KUDASHEV Tampere University, Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences ORCID id: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8147-8150 ABSTRACT This paper focuses on the definitions of three broad concepts of Terminology which are sometimes considered identical, sometimes partly overlapping, and sometimes different – terminology work, terminology management, and terminography. I use the latest editions of ISO standards on terminology work, terminology policies, and terminology products, as well as the two biggest manuals on terminology and terminology management as my research material. The methodology includes textual analysis, concept analysis, and semantic analysis. The referential part is followed by an analytical section, after which a set of principles is established for redefining the concepts, and tentative proposals are made on how they may be redefined. KEYWORDS: terminology work, terminology management, terminography, terminology studies, terminology science, definition. ANOTACIJA Šiame straipsnyje pagrindinis dėmesys skiriamas trijų plačių terminologijos sąvokų „terminologijos darbas“, „terminų tvarkyba“ ir „terminografija“, kurios kartais laikomos identiškomis, kartais – iš dalies sutampančiomis, o kartais – skirtingomis, apibrėžtims. Kaip tyrimo medžiaga naudojami naujausi terminologijos darbo, terminologijos politikos ir terminologijos produktų ISO standartų leidimai, taip pat du didžiausi terminologijos ir terminų tvarkybos vadovai. Metodika – teksto analizė, sąvokų analizė ir semantinė analizė. Po teorinės ir analitinės dalių pateikiamas principų rinkinys naujam sąvokų apibrėžimui ir preliminarūs pasiūlymai, kaip sąvokas būtų galima apibrėžti kitaip. ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: terminologijos darbas, terminų tvarkyba, terminografija, terminologijos tyrimai, terminologijos mokslas, apibrėžtis. Igor Kudashev76 Terminology Work, Terminology Management, Terminography – Potato, Patato or Not Exactly? 1. INTRODUCTION The broadest concepts are known to be the most difficult ones to define, and yet it is important to define them so that they do not become misleading. In this paper, I focus on the definitions of three broad concepts which are sometimes considered identical, sometimes partly overlapping, and sometimes different – terminology work, terminology management, and terminography. As definitions of specialized concepts are typically based on other specific concepts, I will also have to touch upon the definitions of several related concepts, such as terminology science, terminology studies, terminology activity, terminology reference resource, and terminology tool. A good overview of the use and interpretations of the terms terminology work, terminology management, and terminography in the literature on terminology can be found, for example, in Anita Nuopponen’s article (2018: 7–8). At the end of the overview, she makes the following conclusion: “In the terminological literature, various types of terminology work are described quite differently. There are many synonymous terms and cases of polysemy” (Nuopponen 2018: 8). However, the main focus of Nuopponen’s article is on the classification of various kinds of terminology work, so she does not elaborate on the intention or definitions of the three concepts any further. Nuopponen’s article was also based on the now outdated editions of the ISO standards. In the updated overview of the state-of-the-art, my special focus is on the latest editions of the pivotal ISO standards on terminology work, namely “Terminology work and terminology science – Vocabulary” (ISO 1087:2019) and “Terminology work – Principles and methods” (ISO 704:2022). I will also study related standards, such as “Terminology work in support of multilingual communication” (ISO 12616-1:2021), “Terminology policies – Development and implementation” (ISO 29383:2020), and “Terminology products and services” (ISO 22128:2008). The second important part of my material is the two biggest manuals of terminology and terminology management – “Handbook of Terminology Management” (HTM) and “Handbook of Terminology” (HOT). After the analysis of these sources, I will point out the issues in the definitions which I consider problematic, explore the concepts from the point of view of their essential and secondary characteristics, establish a set of principles aimed at clearer delimitation and definition of these concepts 77Terminologija | 2024 | 31 and the use of the corresponding terms, and make a tentative proposal for the redefining of the concepts. The methodology includes textual analysis, concept analysis, and basic semantic analysis. 2. DEFINITIONS OF TERMINOLOGY WORK, TERMINOLOGY MANAGEMENT, TERMINOGRAPHY AND RELATED CONCEPTS IN ISO STANDARDS It is impossible to analyze all of the 80 standards issued by the ISO Technical Committee 37 (“Language and Terminology”) within the scope of this article, but this is also unnecessary for two reasons. First, not all of these standards are relevant when discussing the definitions of the selected concepts, and second, most of these standards accept the definitions from the pivotal standards “Terminology work and terminology science – Vocabulary” (ISO 1087:2019) and “Terminology work – Principles and methods” (ISO 704:2022). I will start by examining these two standards. 2.1. Definitions in the pivotal ISO standards on terminology work In the pivotal standard ISO 1087:2019 “Terminology work and terminology science – Vocabulary”, terminology science is considered a synonym of terminology studies, and both are defined as “science studying terminologies, aspects of terminology work, the resulting terminology resources, and terminological data” (ISO 1087:2019: 2). Terminology work, in its turn, is considered synonymous with terminology management, both being defined as “work concerned with the systematic collection, description, processing and presentation of concepts and their designations”. A note to the entry states that “terminology work often aims at creating and maintaining terminology resources” (ISO 1087:2019: 13). Another note says that terminology work often aims at terminology planning and can involve concept harmonization, term harmonization, and term formation. The terminology management system is defined as a “software tool with a metadata structure specifically designed for collecting, maintaining, and accessing terminological data”. Terminography is defined in this standard as “terminology work aimed at creating and maintaining terminology resources” (ISO 1087:2019: 13). As the above-mentioned definitions contain references to several other central concepts, their definitions have to be looked up as well. Terminology resource is considered a synonym of terminological data collection and Igor Kudashev78 Terminology Work, Terminology Management, Terminography – Potato, Patato or Not Exactly? is defined as a “collection of terminological entries” (ISO 1087:2019: 15). Terminological entry is a “collection of terminological data related to only one concept” (ISO 1087:2019: 14). Terminological data is “data related to concepts and their designations” (ISO 1087:2019: 14). ISO 704:2022 “Terminology work – Principles and methods” introduces the concept of ad hoc terminology work in which the emphasis is on how terminology is used in practice (ISO 704:2022: 45). Ad hoc terminology work is implicitly opposed to systematic terminology work in which the emphasis is on concept relations and concept systems. Users are redirected to ISO 12616-1:2021 “Terminology work in support of multilingual communication” for more information on the subject. ISO 12616-1, indeed, states in Note 3 to the definition of terminology work that terminology work can be carried out in a systematic or ad hoc fashion (ISO 12616-1:2021: 3). There is also a table (see Table 1) that juxtaposes some of the critical differences between systematic and ad hoc terminology work (ISO 12616-1:2021: 3). Table 1. The main differences between systematic and ad hoc terminology work, according to ISO 12616-1:2021 SYSTEMATIC AD HOC Focus Classification of the concepts in a subject field Solving terminological problems that occur in specific situations, e.g. a transla tion project Linguistic level Designations only Designations and other text elements Main approach Onomasiological Semasiological Starting point One subject field One text in a source language Result Concept entries that are more or less connected in a larger system Individual entries Interestingly enough, terminology management is not mentioned in ISO 704:2022 even once, although it is supposed to be a synonym for terminology work, according to ISO 1087:2019, and ISO 704:2022 is a newer standard. Terminography is mentioned only once – it is contextually defined as “creating and maintaining terminology resources, principally in print and electronic media” (ISO 704:2022: vi). In ISO 12616-1:2021, the terms terminology work and terminology management (and, to some extent, terminography) are used somewhat interchangeably in the table of contents and the text. 79Terminologija | 2024 | 31 2.2. Definitions in the ISO standard on terminology policies As ISO TC-37 standards are produced in several committees, and their life cycle varies, some relevant definitions remain unsynchronized with the pivotal standards at least for some time, which makes them interesting and valuable research material. For example, in the ISO 29383:2020 standard (“Terminology policies – Development and implementation”), terminology work, terminology management and terminography are defined and commented on in a slightly different manner than in the ISO standards mentioned above. Note to entry 3.14 states that terminology work includes term extraction, concept harmonization, term harmonization and terminography (ISO 29383:2020: 3), so terminography is seen as a part of terminology work rather than its kind. Terminology management, in turn, is no longer a synonym of terminology work but is defined as methods for collecting, maintaining, and accessing terminological data (ISO 29383:2020: 3). At the same time, this ISO standard introduces an interesting and useful juxtaposition between terminology users and terminology managers. Terminology users include resource and documentation developers, translators, lawyers, marketing staff and others; as stakeholders of the terminology planning activities, they are interested mostly in searching and using terms and terminological data (ISO 29383:2020: 15–16). Terminology managers are terminologists and information processors who are responsible for the development and maintenance of databases and other terminological resources; they are concerned with the implementation of terminology policies in the form of terminological resources, first of all, terminology databases. This juxtaposition may be useful for discovering additional meanings of these terms depending on the type of terminology activities and thus refining the definitions of terminology work and terminology management. 2.3. Definitions in ISO standard on terminology products and services Speaking of various points of view that help to better understand the relations between terminology work, terminology management and terminography, it is useful to have a look at the kinds of terminology products and services that are produced as a result of various kinds of terminology activities. The ISO 22128:2008 standard “Terminology products and services – Overview and guidance” provides a detailed classification of Igor Kudashev80 Terminology Work, Terminology Management, Terminography – Potato, Patato or Not Exactly? such products and services. This standard was last reviewed and confirmed in 2020, therefore the 2008 edition remains current. Interestingly enough, the terms terminology work and terminology management are not mentioned at all in this standard, while there are 45 hits for a wildcard search “terminograph*”. ISO 22128:2008 introduces two central concepts: terminology product and terminology service: 3.13 terminology product product that supports special language use or the field of terminology NOTE Products that support special language use refer to dictionaries, databases, and other products for the dissemination of specialized terminology while products that support the field of terminology refer to journals, training manuals, tools, etc. 3.14 terminology service service that involves the production and/or dissemination of terminology or terminographical products or supports education in the field of terminology (ISO 22128:2008: 3). Terminology products fall into four categories, according to this standard: – terminographical products; – terminology documents; – educational products; – terminology tools (ISO 22128:2008: 3). Terminographical product is defined as “terminology product consisting of a set of designations and terminological and/or linguistic information to support special language use” (ISO 22128:2008: 2). According to the standard, this category represents the largest set of products and forms the core of the terminology products produced by terminologists. This category includes, for example, printed and electronic terminologies, terminology databases, systematic terminologies for information management, terminology lists, etc. (ISO 22128:2008: 4). As far as we can see, the definition of terminographical products implies that they are dictionary-style reference products with the “left-hand side” (a list of terminological designations) and the “right-hand side”, i.e. some terminological and/or linguistic information related to them. Systematic terminologies and terminological databases are seen as only one possible type among others (although the list of terminographical products in ISO 22128:2008 is based on several bases of division, so the types of terminographical products do not exclude each other). The main characteristic 81Terminologija | 2024 | 31 of systematic terminologies, according to the standard, is that they are collections of terminological entries arranged systematically according to classes or in concept systems (ISO 22128:2008: 8). Systematic terminologies include various types of products, such as nomenclatures, taxonomies, thesauri, and ontologies (ISO 22128:2008: 8). Another category of terminology products, terminology documents, include any documents that deal with terminology issues and questions. Terminolographical entries do not constitute the bulk of the document’s content, although it may include embedded terminologies. This category of terminology products includes terminology journals, terminology bibliographies or catalogues, prescriptive terminology documents, and terminology policy documents (ISO 22128:2008: 11). Educational products include any product developed for teaching in a formal educational institution or for less formal training in the context of professional development. This category includes any product or any document used to “teach terminology, train terminologists or advance the profession of terminology” (ISO 22128:2008: 12). According to the standard, this category of products includes, for example, terminology manuals, terminology courses, terminology seminars, and terminology tutorials. The last group of terminology products, according to the ISO 22128:2008 standard, includes terminology tools – computer applications that assist terminologists in the production and delivery of terminology products and services. A deliverable can be developed as a single tool, in combination with other tools in an integrated system or adapted and customized from existing applications. This category includes: terminology management systems, tools for terminology extraction, look-up, comparison, publishing, annotation, conversion, indexing, submission, replacement, checking, and aligning, as well as terminology statistical tools, terminology workflow tools, terminology tools for localization, and concordance tools for terminology (ISO 22128:2008: 13). As we can see, the range of terminology tools is quite wide and not limited only to terminology databases and terminology management systems. Terminology services, in turn, fall into the following categories: terminology consulting services, terminology management services, services for the preparation and delivery of terminographical resources, tool development services, reference and information services, educational services, and certification services (ISO 22128:2008: 16). Igor Kudashev82 Terminology Work, Terminology Management, Terminography – Potato, Patato or Not Exactly? The conclusion we can make after examining the ISO 22128:2008 standard is that terminology work/management, as defined in ISO 1087:2019, may be associated only with a small part of the whole gamut of terminology products and services. A group of publications which is missing from the ISO 22128:2008 standard are academic publications on terminology, such as theses, monographs, and conference proceedings. They belong somewhere in between terminology documents and educational products. Another possibility is to consider them terminological “metaproducts”, which are not products or services per se but promote terminology science and terminology activities in general. A clear added value of the ISO 22128:2008 standard is also the concept of a terminographical product, the definition of which is very close to that of a terminological reference resource. 3. DEFINITIONS IN MANUALS ON TERMINOLOGY AND TERMINOLOGY MANAGEMENT In this section, I will examine explicit and contextual definitions of the concepts of interest in the two biggest handbooks on terminology and terminology management published by the John Benjamins Publishing Company: the “Handbook of Terminology Management” and the “Handbook of Terminology”. Both manuals are collections of articles on various aspects of terminology work and terminology management written by prominent researchers and experts in terminology. 3.1. Definitions in the “Handbook of Terminology Management” (1997) The editors of the “Handbook of Terminology Management” (HTM) mention several reasons for having selected the term terminology management over the terms terminology work and terminography. First, they consider it to be the only candidate term that fully encompasses the wide range of terminology activities covered by the Handbook. Second, the terms terminography and terminology work are, in their opinion, too narrow or lack universal acceptance, particularly among native and habitual speakers of English. Third, terminology management constitutes a parallel concept to information management. The Handbook also mentions data elements (discrete, identifiable, retrievable pieces of data) as the central element of terminology management (HTM: 2). 83Terminologija | 2024 | 31 For the Handbook, terminology management is defined very broadly as “any deliberate manipulation of terminological information” (HTM: 1). According to the Handbook, this very general concept covers: • practical terminology management as it has been carried out by domain specialists in order to fill their need for precise and unambiguous language in the form of both the concepts they create and with which they think, as well as the corresponding terms they use to communicate with each other; • the systematic recording of such information and its presentation as dictionaries, terminology collections, and terminology databases; and • the ad hoc retrieval of such information for the purposes of translation and interpreting, for text production as a function of technical communication, and for information management (HTM: 2). 3.2. Definitions in the “Handbook of Terminology” (2015) A more recent “Handbook of Terminology” (HOT) addresses a wide range of topics related to terminology. Although the word “management” is not included in the title of the book, it is parenthetically mentioned in the annotation on the front page: “The Handbook of Terminology <…> aims at disseminating knowledge about terminology (management) and at providing easy access to a large range of topics, traditions, best practices, and methods <...>”. The word combination terminology management occurs 290 times in the Handbook, while the search for terminology work yields 192 hits, and terminography 32. These results are only indicative, as some of the hits are derived from the references, keywords, headers, index words, and parts of longer terms, such as terminology management system or terminology management project. Unlike the compilers of “the HTM”, the editors of “the HOT” do not provide explicit, strict definitions of terminology work, terminology management, or terminography in the preface. The authors of two articles (Steurs, De Wachter & De Malsche 2015: 222; Karsch 2015: 291–292) accept the definition of terminology work from the ISO 1087 standard: “work concerned with the systematic collection, description, processing and presentation of concepts and their designations”. There is also a definition-like explanation of what “management of terminology” is: “Management of terminology (as an element of knowledge management) is part of the terminology work, which deals with the capturing, processing, updating and preparation of terminological data” (Steurs, De Wachter & De Malsche 2015: 224). Igor Kudashev90 Terminology Work, Terminology Management, Terminography – Potato, Patato or Not Exactly? Terminological description is information about the form, meaning, origin, relations and usage of LSP designations. In terminology reference resources, terminological descriptions provide information that is supposed to help users understand, use or replace LSP designations in external contexts (cf. Kudashev 2013: 14). This characteristic helps to differentiate terminology reference resources from similar types of works like encyclopedias and handbooks. LSP designations include not only prototypical terms but also other lexical and lexicalized units used in LSPs, such as nomenclature, appellations, professional slang, set phrases, and term elements (see Kudashev 2013: 48–64 for a discussion on what can be an object of description, for example, in a term bank). 9. Work and management are processes that require some degree of expertise and skill. In the context of terminology work/management, this can be interpreted as “based on a theory”. Best practices and widely accepted methodologies may also help, but domains, languages, goals, etc. differ, so one has to know what they are doing and not just copy someone else’s experience or rely on a single “universal” guide. 10. The use of the term terminology management in texts seems to refer to at least two different concepts: a broader and more abstract (= a kind of terminology activity, cf. terminology management strategy), and a more restricted and technical one (= computer-assisted processing of terminology data, cf. terminology management system). Terminology management (I) is usually conducted for the needs of a particular project or client, unlike terminology work which is usually conducted on a domain or subdomain level. Terminology management (II) seems to always relate to processes and operations performed with the help of computer applications (terminology tools) and is highly dependent on metadata which is of paramount importance for quality assurance (cf. Kudashev 2013: 15). Besides, a third meaning of terminology management is emerging (or should emerge): a field of knowledge studying the management of terminological data with the help of terminology tools. 8. CONCLUSION In this article, I have examined three central concepts and terms of Terminology: terminology work, terminology management, and terminography, as well as several related concepts. After the analysis of their interpretations in the 91Terminologija | 2024 | 31 ISO standards and two biggest handbooks of terminology (management), I have pointed out several issues in the definitions which I consider problematic and formulated a set of principles aimed at clearer delimitation and definition of the central concepts and the use of the corresponding terms. Based on these principles, I would like to present a tentative proposal regarding the definitions of the concepts, as well as two concept charts, which can be found in the Appendix. It should be noted that defining such broad and complex concepts requires thorough consideration from multiple perspectives. My goal is not to reject the existing definitions and replace them with new ones but rather to initiate a discussion on the subject within the terminological community. I hope that this research and the set of principles established above will contribute to improving the definitions and understanding of these three major concepts and branches of terminology activity. REFERENCES Bergenholtz Henning, Kaufmann Uwe 1997: Terminography and Lexicography. A critical survey of dictionaries from a single specialised field. – Hermes, Journal of Linguistics 18, 91–125. Burkhanov Igor 1998: Lexicography: A Dictionary of Basic Terminology, Rzeszów: Wydawnictwo Wyzszej Zskoły Pedagogicznej. Cabré Castellví M. Teresa 1999: Terminology: Theory, Methods and Applications 1, translated by Janet Ann DeCesaris, edited by Juan C. Sager, Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Faber Pamela 2015: Frames as a Framework for Terminology. – Handbook of Terminology 1, Kockaert Hendrik J., Steurs, Frieda (eds.), Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 14–33. Fuertes-Olivera Pedro, Tarp Sven 2014: Theory and Practice of Specialised Online Dictionaries. Lexicography versus Terminography, Berlin: De Gruyter. Hartmann Reinhard, Gregory James 1998: Dictionary of Lexicography, London, New York: Routledge. HOT 2015 – Handbook of Terminology 1, Kockaert Hendrik J., Steurs, Frieda (eds.), Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John Benjamins. HTM 1997 – Handbook of Terminology Management 1. Basic Aspects of Terminology Management, compiled by Sue Ellen Wright and Gerhard Budin, Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. ISO 704:2022 Terminology work – Principles and methods, Geneva: ISO. ISO 1087:2019 Terminology work and terminology science – Vocabulary, Geneva: ISO. ISO 12616-1:2021 Terminology work in support of multilingual communication, Geneva: ISO. ISO 22128:2008 Terminology products and services, Geneva: ISO. ISO 29383:2020 Terminology policies – Development and implementation, Geneva: ISO. Kageura Kyo 2015: Terminology and Lexicography. – Handbook of Terminology 1, Kockaert Hendrik J., Steurs, Frieda (eds.), Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 45–59. Karsch Barbara Inge 2015: Terminology Work and Crowdsourcing: Coming to terms with the crowd. – Handbook of Terminology 1, Kockaert Hendrik J., Steurs, Frieda (eds.), Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 291–303. Kudashev Igor 2007: Proektirovanie perevodčeskih slovarej specialʹnoj leksiki, Helsinki: Yliopistopaino. Kudashev Igor 2013: Quality Assurance in Terminology Management: Recommendations from the TermFactory project, Helsinki: Unigrafia. Kudashev Igor 2020: Sähköiset työkalut auttavat parantamaan terminologisen tiedon saavutettavuutta. – Hirvonen Maija, Kinnunen Tuija (eds.). Saavutettava viestintä. Yhteiskunnallista yhdenvertaisuutta edistämässä, Helsinki: Gaudeamus, 199–211. Igor Kudashev92 Terminology Work, Terminology Management, Terminography – Potato, Patato or Not Exactly? Madsen Bodil Nistrup, Thomsen Hanne Erdman 2015: Concept Modeling vs. Data Modeling in Practice. – Handbook of Terminology 1, Kockaert Hendrik J., Steurs, Frieda (eds.), Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 222–249. Myking Johan 2007: Dichotomies: impossible and indispensable? – Evidence-based LSP: Translation, text and terminology, Ahmad Khurshid, Rogers Margaret (eds.), Bern: Lang, 265–283. MW – Merriam-Webster. Available at: https://www.merriam-webster.com. Nuopponen Anita 2018: Dimensions of Terminology Work. – Terminologija 25, 6–22. Sanastotyön käsikirja 1989: Sanastotyön käsikirja. Soveltavan terminologian periaatteet ja työmenetelmät, toimittanut Tekniikan sanastokeskus, Helsinki: Suomen Standardisoimisliitto. Steurs Frieda, De Wachter Ken & De Malsche Evy 2015: Terminology Tools. – Handbook of Terminology 1, Kockaert Hendrik J., Steurs, Frieda (eds.), Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 222–249. Warburton Kara 2015: Managing Terminology in Commercial Environments. – Handbook of Terminology 1, Kockaert Hendrik J., Steurs, Frieda (eds.), Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 360–392. APPENDIX REDEFINED CONCEPTS AND RELATED CONCEPT CHARTS terminology science science studying the origin, development, functioning, description and documentation of LSP designations and special domain concepts terminology activity activity with the primary focus on LSP designations and special domain concepts or systems of concepts terminology study terminology activity aimed at studying LSP designations and special domain concepts or systems of concepts NOTE: terminology studies may be conducted for theoretical or practical needs. terminology work systematic and theory-based terminology activity aimed at improving LSP communication on the domain or subdomain level by collecting and analyzing LSP designations and special domain concepts, providing them with terminological descriptions, and presenting the results in the form of terminology products or services terminology management I (terminology activity) terminology activity conducted for the needs of a particular project or client, aimed at collecting, (re)arranging, quick accessing, effective use and updating of LSP designations and their terminological descriptions NOTE: terminology management is usually conducted with the help of terminology tools, especially terminology management systems 93Terminologija | 2024 | 31 terminology inquiry terminology activity aimed at the exploration and analysis of individual LSP designations and special domain concepts for solving a particular task related to LSP communication NOTE: terminology inquiries may be conducted for theoretical or practical needs. Figure 1. Types of terminology activities by their primary focus LSP designation lexical or lexicalized object in languages for special purposes NOTE: In addition to terms, LSP designations also include proper names, professional slang, nomenclature, set phrases, and other lexical(ized) LSP objects. terminological description information about the origin, development, form, meaning, relations and usage of LSP designations as well as special domain concepts related to them NOTE: In terminological reference resources, terminological descriptions provide information that is supposed to help users understand, use or replace LSP designations in external contexts terminology reference resource terminology product, the core of which constitutes a collection of entries consisting of LSP designations and their terminological descriptions, organized in a way meant to speed up their retrieval Igor Kudashev94 Terminology Work, Terminology Management, Terminography – Potato, Patato or Not Exactly? NOTE 1: In addition to terminological entries, terminology reference resources may also contain outside matter (preface, user manual, appendices, etc.). An electronic terminology reference resource may also contain metadata required for its management. NOTE 2: Terminology entries may be organized in multiple ways, depending on the purposes of the terminology reference resource and the philosophy of its compilers. terminology tool computer application intended to assist in mining, refining, retrieving, and performing other transactions on terminological data, as well as planning, producing, managing, using, and developing terminology products and services terminology management system terminology tool with a metadata structure specifically designed for creating, maintaining, and using terminology reference resources NOTE: The terminology management system may incorporate other terminology tools, too, but its primary goal is the management of terminology reference resources. Figure 2. Terminology reference resources, terminography, and terminology management 95Terminologija | 2024 | 31 terminography I (field of knowledge) field of knowledge studying the history, development, design, compilation, use, maintenance, and evaluation of terminology reference resources NOTE: Terminography (I) is an interdisciplinary field of knowledge that has its roots in terminology science, lexicography, information science, knowledge management, computer science, and computational linguistics. terminography II (terminology activity) terminology activity related to design, compilation, and maintenance of terminology reference resources terminology management II (data management) management of terminological data with the help of terminology tools terminology management III (field of knowledge) field of knowledge studying the management of terminological data with the help of terminology tools NOTE: Terminology management (III) includes planning, organization, implementation and maintenance of terminology tools as well as the methodology and workflows for computer-assisted management of terminological data. TERMINOLOGIJOS DARBAS, TERMINŲ TVARKYBA IR TERMINOGRAFIJA– TAS PATS AR NE VISAI? Santrauka Šiame darbe daugiausia dėmesio skiriame terminų terminologijos darbas, terminų tvarkyba ir terminografija, kurie kartais laikomi sinonimiškais, apibrėžtims. Kaip tyrimo medžiagą naudojame terminologijos darbo, terminologijos politikos ir terminologijos produktų ISO standartus, taip pat du didžiausius terminologijos ir terminų tvarkybos vadovus. Mūsų metodika apima teksto analizę, sąvokų analizę ir pradinę semantinę analizę. Po teorinės ir analitinės dalių pateikiamas principų rinkinys naujam sąvokų apibrėžimui ir preliminarūs pasiūlymai, kaip sąvokas būtų galima apibrėžti kitaip. Išsiaiškinome, kad minėtosios sąvokos ne visada aiškiai ir griežtai apibrėžiamos standartuose ir vadovuose. Jų apibrėžtys taip pat labai skiriasi, net ir standartuose. Kai kurios apibrėžtys yra per plačios, tačiau dažniau jos tikslingai susiaurinamos to neakcentuojant. Didelė problema, kad vadovai yra straipsnių rinkiniai, parašyti įvairiais požiūriais, ir, rodos, kad nėra nuoseklios bendros terminų tvarkybos teorijos. Siūlome atskirti terminus terminologijos mokslas, terminologijos tyrimai ir terminijos analizė. Terminologijos darbas turėtų būti skirtas sisteminei ir teorija pagrįstai terminologijos veiklai, kuria siekiama pagerinti dalykinę komunikaciją srities ar posričio lygiu, Igor Kudashev96 Terminology Work, Terminology Management, Terminography – Potato, Patato or Not Exactly? pavadinti. Terminas terminų tvarkyba platesne prasme reiškia terminologijos veiklą, vykdomą konkretaus projekto reikmėms ar kliento poreikiams tenkinti. Specialesne prasme jis reiškia terminologinių duomenų tvarkymą naudojant terminologinius įrankius. Be to, atsiranda ir trečioji termino terminų tvarkyba reikšmė: žinių sritis, tirianti terminologinių duomenų tvarkymą terminologiniais įrankiais. Nedidelės apimties terminologijos veikla, atliekama sprendžiant konkrečią terminologinę problemą, tikriausiai turėtų būti vadinama terminijos analize (o ne ad hoc terminologijos darbu). Terminografija yra ir tarpdalykinė žinių sritis, ir terminologijos veikla, apimanti terminijos išteklių (ir tik jų) projektavimą, sudarymą ir priežiūrą. Gauta 2024-05-03 Igor Kudashev Tampere University, Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences Kanslerinrinne 1, FI-33014 Tampereen yliopisto Tampere, Finland E-mail [email protected]