The History and Recent Trends of Terminology in Hungary in the 21st Century

53Terminologija | 2024 | 31 doi.org/10.35321/term31-03 The History and Recent Trends of Terminology in Hungary in the 21st Century1 Vengrijos terminologijos istorija ir naujausios tendencijos XXI amžiuje ÁGOTA FÓRIS Károli Gáspár University of the Reformed Church in Hungary, TERMIK ORCID id: https://orcid.org/00000-0002-7599-0323 ABSTRACT The purpose of this article is to provide a review of the history and recent trends of terminology that impacted the evolution of terminology in Hungary in the 21st century. The last two decades brought effective changes in higher education, vocational training, scientific qualification, and publication in Hungary. All these changes provided an opportunity for better understanding, development, and teaching of terminology theory and terminology management, as well as strengthening international relations and starting a dialogue about Hungarian terminology policies. The paper first presents the significant changes in Hungarian terminology in the last two decades from the perspective of language rights and then focuses on the most important scientific publications in the field of terminology. The paper also highlights and presents in more detail the domains in which significant terminological work has been carried out in the previous two decades: Hungarian terms of law and public administration, EU-specific terms, medical terms, and terminology and nomenclature of natural sciences. KEYWORDS: Hungarian terminology, history of terminology, trends of the 21st century, terminology management, publications on terminology. ANOTACIJA Šio straipsnio tikslas – apžvelgti terminologijos istoriją ir naujausias tendencijas, kurios turėjo įtakos terminų raidai Vengrijoje XXI amžiuje. Pastarieji du 1 This research was supported by the project titled “Studies on Specialised Languages: theory and applications of terminology” by the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Károli Gáspár University of the Reformed Church in Hungary. Ágota Fóris54 The History and Recent Trends of Terminology in Hungary in the 21st Century dešimtmečiai Vengrijoje atnešė veiksmingų pokyčių aukštojo mokslo, profesinio rengimo, mokslinės kvalifikacijos ir leidybos srityse. Visi šie pokyčiai suteikė galimybę geriau suprasti, plėtoti ir dėstyti terminologijos teoriją ir terminų tvarkybą, taip pat sustiprinti tarptautinius ryšius ir pradėti dialogą apie vengrų terminologijos politiką. Straipsnyje pirmiausia pristatomi reikšmingi vengrų terminijos pokyčiai per pastaruosius du dešimtmečius iš kalbos teisių perspektyvos, o vėliau dėmesys sutelkiamas į svarbiausias terminologijos srities mokslines publikacijas. Straipsnyje taip pat išryškinamos ir išsamiau pristatomos sritys, kuriose per pastaruosius du dešimtmečius buvo atliktas reikšmingas terminologijos darbas: Vengrijos teisės ir viešojo administravimo terminai, specifiniai ES terminai, medicinos terminai bei gamtos mokslų terminai ir nomenklatūra. ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: vengrų terminija, terminologijos istorija, XXI amžiaus tendencijos, terminų tvarkyba, terminologijos leidiniai. 1. INTRODUCTION A significant number of books and articles have been published in Hungarian on the history of the Hungarian language, including the history of Hungarian specialized languages and terminology. There are fewer publications in English on the history of Hungarian terminology and a few articles were published on the trends and characteristics of Hungarian terminology at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries (e.g., Fóris 2010a. and Fóris forthcoming, Muráth 2010). The first two decades of the 21st century brought several new developments in the field of Hungarian terminology, and many scientific publications were published at the time. This paper aims to review and summarize the results and trends of these two decades. 1.1. Background and trends It is essential to start with a glance back at the end of the 20th century2. Changes and transitions in Hungarian industry, economy, and society already started in the 1980s. Some of these changes include the following: the introduction of a new system of taxation in harmony with the market; the formation of a dual-level banking system, that is, a central bank and commercial banks; conversion to a fixed (currency) price regime, etc. (see Fóris 2010a). This was facilitated and accelerated by the regime change in 1989, which was accompanied by the demise of the 2 For an overview of the history of Hungarian terminology in the 20th century, see Fóris forthcoming. 55Terminologija | 2024 | 31 former socialist conceptual system of economics. As a result, a new, democratic and market economic terminology system, in line with the Western European terminology system, had to be created in several domains (e.g., economy, trade) in the 1990s. New businesses, publishing houses, translation agencies, and multinational companies were created. Several bilingual and multilingual glossaries were published by small publishers, primarily to assist with technical translation. The 1990s saw significant changes in technology worldwide, including Hungary (e.g., the development of information technology and telecommunications), with the advent of personal computers and the Internet, along with the first steps of digitalisation and work in the online space. In the 1990s and 2000s, standardisation was also transformed in Eastern European countries (for more information on the standardisation organisations in these countries, see Bölcskei 2019). In Hungary, the former state agency was transformed in 1995 into an independent public benefit organisation, and the Hungarian Standards Institution (MSZT; www.mszt. hu) was established. This was one of the preparatory steps and conditions for Hungary’s accession to the European Union in 2004. The primary task of the MSZT was to introduce EU standards in Hungary and, when possible, translate them into Hungarian. The Institution also provides certification. National standardisation is always carried out in the official language of the country (Hungarian) and involvement in international and European standardisation processes means that the English (specialized) language also plays an important role. However, for financial reasons, many European standards have been introduced as Hungarian standards in English; more than two-thirds of the Hungarian standards are in English, and as a result, the terminology is also in English. Consequently, about only onethird of the terminological standards and term lists in the introduction of standards have been published in Hungarian. The standards on terminological processes are international standards and have not been introduced in Hungary. The last two decades of the 20th century saw significant changes in the field of sports terminology. Since the second half of the 1980s, more than thirty new sports and forty sports federations have been registered in Hungary. This means that nearly one in two sports became established in these decades, and new sports are appearing to this day. Some of these new sports have retained their original terminology (e.g., Far Eastern martial Ágota Fóris56 The History and Recent Trends of Terminology in Hungary in the 21st Century arts), while others have been given terminology in Hungarian (e.g., rugby/ rögbi). The terminology of the new sports has been included in dictionaries, manuals, rulebooks, and several studies that have been published on the terminology of sports languages. In the past, the role of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences was crucial in scientific and academic terminology. However, at the end of the 20th century, higher education and the system of scientific qualifications were restructured, and academic education and qualifications were transferred from the Academy to the universities (PhD level, introduction of the Bologna system). In addition, the language of publications, particularly in the natural sciences, medicine, engineering and mathematics, has shifted largely towards English. Moreover, scientific journals in Hungarian gradually disappeared and scientific publishing in Hungarian declined; this trend continues today. Hungarian-language scientific terminology survives thanks to Hungarian-language higher education. While many European countries switched from using the mother tongue to English in higher education (especially at a master’s and PhD level) in the 2000s, the language of higher education in Hungarian universities remains Hungarian (see e.g., Fóris 2010b). Only in the last decade did Hungarian higher education shift towards English-language programmes, especially at the master’s and PhD levels. This is partially due to the government-sponsored “Stipendium Hungaricum” scholarship programme for international students, which has aimed to facilitate the internationalization of Hungarian higher education since 2013. The result of these changes has been the exclusivity of English terminology in higher-level scientific publications, and this has simultaneously led to bilingualism in higher education and the need for establishing English–Hungarian terminology equivalence in many areas. In addition to codifying, there has now emerged normative, descriptive, and current corpus-based grammars, dictionaries, and databases; the creation of terminological databases has also begun. In the area of linguistics, descriptive, data-based, empirical research has become stronger, while in terminology, the standardising and prescriptive trend gave way to the approach aimed at harmonisation in support of diversity. The codification of the standard version of the Hungarian language and its specialised languages was completed by the middle of the 20th century. The tools of codification were grammar, spelling rules, and dictionaries; the tools for the creation and dissemination of terms were newspapers and 57Terminologija | 2024 | 31 popular science and professional journals. Several comprehensive books on 20th-century general language standardisation and codification have been published, but there is not enough data on how standardisation has affected different language varieties (such as specialised languages), nor on the history of terminology in different disciplines and professions (Laczkó 2015). People working in various disciplines, mainly within the framework of professional organisations and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, have carried out considerable terminological work; however, their history and results have only been processed and documented in a few cases in the 20th century (e.g., the history of the language of chemistry). 1.2. Purpose and methodology The purpose of this paper is to provide a general overview of the history and recent trends of terminology that impacted the evolution of terminology in Hungary in the 21st century. Firstly, this paper will present the significant changes in Hungarian terminology in the last two decades from the position of language rights, and then highlight the most important scientific publications in the field of terminology. Furthermore, the domains in which significant terminological work has been carried out in the previous two decades will be highlighted and presented in more detail: law and public administration terminology, EU-specific terms, medical terminology, and terminology and nomenclature of natural sciences. The chosen research method is a review and evaluation based on published articles: of the literature on terminology and historical linguistics; and academic and professional websites (synthesis and analysis of previous research); summarizing monographs, PhD theses, and databases on terminology have also been collected and highlighted. 2. THE FIRST TWO DECADES OF THE 21ST CENTURY. GENERAL QUESTIONS Terminology is an interdisciplinary scientific and professional field; it is related to various disciplines and professions, as well as to language policy, lexicology, lexicography, LSP research, and translation. 2.1. Language rights Most of the literature on language policy in Hungary has been in the field of language planning, more precisely, status planning and corpus Ágota Fóris58 The History and Recent Trends of Terminology in Hungary in the 21st Century planning. Terminology-related areas are covered by terminology policies and terminology planning (see UNESCO Guidelines 2005). The majority of native Hungarian speakers live in Hungary, but a smaller number live outside Hungary in neighbouring countries where Hungarian is a minority language; each country has a linguistic environment with a different majority language (Romanian, Slovak, Slovenian, Serbian, Croatian, Ukrainian, and German). The Hungarian language is pluricentric (Vančo, Muhr, Kozmács, Huber 2020). A variety of external influences (e.g., economic, legal, cultural) impact Hungarian terminology. Consequently, language change (including terminological change) develops in different ways in Hungary and minority contexts. By the turn of the millennium, Central European countries completely overhauled their legal systems, and as part of this process, they also created new language laws. In Hungary, the amended constitution, drafted after the fall of communism in 1989, did not yet proclaim the official language of the country; however, it did state that national and linguistic minorities were building blocks of the state and that it would ensure the use of their mother tongue, education in their mother tongue, and the use of names in their native language. The new constitution (called the “Fundamental Law of Hungary”) was adopted in 2011 and it stated that the official language of the country was Hungarian (Andrássy 2017: 74–75). The conceptual and terminological systems of communities speaking the same language naturally change and develop different conceptual and terminological systems, due to the different cultural, economic, legal, and administrative contexts (e.g., German LSPs in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland; English LSPs in different countries; Hungarian LSPs). Lanstyák (2002: 201) argues that it is natural that the Hungarian language changes in eight different ways in the countries of the Carpathian Basin, as linguistic changes are influenced by several factors outside of language. Thus, the terminology of Hungarian LSPs in the neighbouring countries was characterised by divergence, and it was only after the regime change in 1989 and the accession to the EU in 2004 that Hungarian speakers in the neighbouring countries were able to reconnect with the terminology used in Hungary. However, the harmonisation of the many Hungarian terminological variants and their collection in a database has not yet taken place, although initiatives have been taken (e.g., on language policy and language planning issues of Hungarians living in neighbouring countries, see e.g., 59Terminologija | 2024 | 31 Szabómihály 2009, and the studies on Hungarian terminology strategy in the “green paper”: Prószéky et al. 2023). 2.2. Terminology research, academic publications In Hungarian linguistic literature, the discussion of general questions of terminology intensively started in the 2000s when the Wüsterian principles were “rediscovered”; from then on, various publications dealt with the terminological schools of the 1930s, primarily and thoroughly with Wüster’s work (e.g., Zabóné Varga 2015). Since then, there has also been an increased interest in other trends in terminology; in particular, this includes socio-terminology, following the work of Maria Teresa Cabré, and the sociocognitive approach advocated by Rita Temmerman. One especially popular topic has been the overlapping areas of terminology and translation (for a detailed account, see the volume titled Translation and Terminology: Fóris 2022). Academic research in the field of terminology gained momentum mainly in linguistics rather than in the sciences, with a large number of publications and PhD dissertations on terminology. The Magyar Terminológia (Journal of Hungarian Terminology) was published between 2008 and 2013 at the Akadémiai Kiadó publishing house. Terminology as a discipline was introduced into higher education (BA, MA, and PhD levels), followed by the launch of the Master’s programme in Terminology (2011–2018) at the Károli Gáspár University of the Reformed Church in Hungary. There are also now terminology-related training courses at various institutions. There has been a much greater demand for terminological work, primarily in the translation industry and then in technical writing, which has led to the creation of terminology databases; mainly translation-oriented databases and dictionaries were created (e.g., the Hungarian content of IATE, the Termin database, and terminological databases at private companies). However, no national terminological database has been created. Several terminology organisations and research groups have been established that are also members of international terminology organisations (see Fóris 2022: 115–120). Although the terminology of many specialised fields was already processed in the 20th century, in both specialised dictionaries and scientific publications (see Fóris forthcoming), it was not until the 21st century that the history of the terminology of individual specialised languages Ágota Fóris60 The History and Recent Trends of Terminology in Hungary in the 21st Century and domains was surveyed in Hungarian literature in a more detailed and comprehensive manner (e.g., books and PhD dissertations on medical, mathematical, sports, legal, economic, technical, and music terminology). There have also been publications on general terminology theory and the state of Hungarian terminology (e.g., Fóris 2005). Thus, a significant amount of terminological research and publications are carried out in research groups and PhD programmes at universities. In some companies (mainly translation agencies and multinational companies), terminology databases are being built, but in most cases, these are not public databases. For some time now, we have been attempting to bring together terminological research and terminological work, and also to start work on a Hungarian terminology portal and a national, public, Hungarian terminology database. Several books have been published in the past few years that discuss the details, sub-fields, and tasks related to the Hungarian terminology strategy (in general: Fóris, Bölcskei 2019 and Prószéky et al. 2023; on the terminology of law and public administration: Tamás, Szoták 2021, Rixer 2023 and issue 2023/X/3 of the journal Glossa Iuridica). It is promising that the construction of a terminology portal has also started because of the work launched in 2021 by the Terminology Research Group at the Hungarian Research Centre for Linguistics. 3. SPECIFIC QUESTIONS AND SUBJECT FIELDS Some of the areas in which extensive research has been carried out over the last two decades are highlighted below: the terminology of law and public administration, EU-specific terms, medical terminology, and terminology and nomenclature of natural sciences. Due to the large number of publications, a selected bibliography is given here. Where a summary volume or article on the subject has been published, it is cited as a reference. 3.1. Terminology of law and public administration 3.1.1. Terms of hungarian law and public administration In the legal and public administration fields, linguistic and terminology issues are addressed in publications concerning the requirements of comprehensible and accessible communication and are linked to efficiency and ethical issues. In the legal field, the requirement to use plain language is most relevant when drafting and translating legislation; in the administrative 61Terminologija | 2024 | 31 field, it is mainly relevant when communicating with citizens (mostly laypeople) and drafting official documents. Various initiatives have been launched worldwide to improve the clarity of official language use, mainly to provide stylistic, syntactic, and lexical recommendations (e.g., the Plain Language Movement in the USA in the 1970s, the Plain English Campaign in England in the 1980s, the European Commission’s Clear writing for Europe campaign in 2010). The general requirement for understandability is set out in legislation (see Tóth 2022), while the details of how to achieve clarity are laid out in standards (e.g., IEC/IEEE 82079-1:2019; ISO 24495-1:2023) and various style and language guides. The comprehensibility of legal documents is partly a linguistic issue and partly a legal one and can be assessed along many variables. Among the factors that make texts difficult to understand, the most frequently highlighted ones are the use of terminology and the syntactic and textual features. Linguistic analyses point out that there are no universally applicable guidelines to ensure the comprehensibility of legal texts, and that simplifying the language used (e.g., shortening sentences, replacing terms with colloquialisms) does not necessarily make the text comprehensible. It is also noteworthy that accuracy of content and comprehensibility are often in conflict. It is also important to consider the target audience and their legal and linguistic background. In Hungary, the issues of law and language were already interlinked in the 19th century, and the collection and creation of legal terminology was a central issue at that time. Research on Hungarian legal terminology gained new impetus in the 1960s when concerns about the comprehensibility of legal language were raised. In the 1980s, research began on the most important features of legal terminology. After the 2000s, the study of the language use of EU texts turned attention to the translation of legal texts and legal terminology (see e.g., Vinnai 2017). There has also been corpus-based research to study the comprehensibility of legal texts. At the University of Miskolc, the Miskolc Legal Corpus was created to use corpus linguistic methods to investigate the characteristics of legal texts in a large corpus of legal texts. In this study, lawyers and linguists collaborated to discover whether there are features of Hungarian legal terminology that hinder its comprehensibility (Vincze 2018); a book summarising this large-scale research was also published (Szabó, Vinnai 2018). In one part of the study, sentence Ágota Fóris68 The History and Recent Trends of Terminology in Hungary in the 21st Century and literature on the Covid-19 epidemic from English into Hungarian and to develop terminology in Hungarian, through which a corpus of more than 1.7 million words was produced (B. Papp, Somogyi 2022). 3.3. Terminology and nomenclature of natural sciences In the field of natural sciences, terminology and nomenclature were already distinguished in the 19th century, mainly in terms of whether they were used to refer to general concepts (terminology) or objects, individuals, or groups (nomenclature) (see ISO 1087:2019). The creation of terminology for a given subject is governed by the grammar of the general language, while the rules for the creation of nomenclature are governed by specific rules and codes. Several disciplines (e.g., chemistry, biology, geography) have created their independent systems for the development of nomenclature in their field, which have been coordinated by international professional organisations since the 20th century. In Hungary, the departments of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences are responsible for the establishment and updating of nomenclature rules (e.g., symbols, units of measurement, and names) (see Bölcskei, Fóris 2022). The lexicon of specialized languages, including terminology and nomenclature, has also raised important questions in recent decades. At present, an interdisciplinary committee, the Hungarian Interdepartmental Standing Committee on Hungarian Language of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, is responsible for transplanting international nomenclature rules into Hungarian, regulating specialized language spelling, and drafting the rules and manuals. In practice, the work of this committee is mainly focused on spelling issues (publishing spelling dictionaries); they do not deal with terminological work in the modern sense, for example, the building of terminology databases. The history of Hungarian scientific terminology has not yet been written down, and only a few studies have been conducted on the development of the terminology and specialised language of various scientific disciplines (e.g., chemistry, geology). Several monolingual, bilingual, and multilingual dictionaries have been published in the 20th and 21st centuries (see https://szakszotar.lib.pte.hu/hu/), but more complex terminology databases are still to be developed. In Hungary, there has been significant laser research in the field of optics (in physics), including laser physics. This drew attention to the study 69Terminologija | 2024 | 31 of the terminology of lasers in the first decade of the 2000s. In these years, research and the development of a specific group of lasers, high energy attoand femtosecond lasers6, started to develop rapidly; in this context, the TERMIK research group has studied and described the terminology of attoand femtosecond pulsed lasers and created a term base and the DictionELI dictionary (http://dictioneli.stepp.hu) on laser terminology. The main objective was to study the terminology and conceptual system in English and Hungarian to collect the terminology of bilingual (Hungarian and English) documentation. This would support the translation of texts (see Fóris, B. Papp 2015; Fóris 2022: 131–153). 4. CONCLUSION This article aimed to provide a synthesis of the history and recent trends of terminology in Hungary in the 21st century. The last two decades brought effective changes in higher education, vocational training, scientific qualification, and publication in Hungary. Our first conclusion is that all these changes provided an opportunity for improved understanding, development, and teaching of terminology theory and terminology management, as well as strengthening international relations and starting a dialogue about Hungarian terminology policies, in Hungary and neighbouring countries. This has led to a proliferation of terminology education, terminology courses and international relations, as well as an increase in scientific publications and the study of terms of different domains. The first two decades of the 21st century brought several new developments in the field of Hungarian terminology. Specifically, many scientific publications (papers, monographs, PhD theses) were published at the time. This paper started by outlining the significant changes in Hungarian terminology in terms of language rights in the last two decades. Then, the most important academic publications in the field of terminology were highlighted. Finally, a detailed account was presented on the domains in which significant terminological work has been carried out in the previous 6 The collection of terms was inspired by the launch of the Hungarian sub-project of the so-called ELI project. The ELI (Extreme Light Infrastructure, for details see https://www.eli-alps.hu/) project is part of the new generation of large-scale research facilities in Europe. It is interesting to note that the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physics is “for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter” and Ferenc Krausz, one of the winners is credited with paving the way for the establishment of the Hungarian pillar of ELI in Szeged. Ágota Fóris70 The History and Recent Trends of Terminology in Hungary in the 21st Century two decades: the terminology of law and public administration (Hungarian legal and administrative terms, EU-specific terms), medical terminology, and terminology and nomenclature of natural sciences. Our second conclusion is that it is clear that the most active terminological work and research is taking place in those fields of science whose direct application has become important, i.e. law and administration, medicine and natural sciences. It also appears that, particularly in the legal and administrative domain, terminological research is closely linked to translation. Moreover, in each of these areas, several PhD theses and monographs have been written and numerous educational materials and dictionaries have been published. Overall, for most of the 20th century, Hungary was a monolingual country, which favoured monolingual terminology work. However, the geopolitical dynamics of the 21st century, such as globalisation, the rise of English-language research and publications, and membership of the EU, as well as closer links with Hungarians beyond the borders, have catalysed the rise of multilingual terminology work and have made it necessary to study and describe more precisely the terminological systems of the domains influenced by these processes. SOURCES A magyarországi szakszótárak és -lexikonok bibliográfiája. Available at: https://szakszotar.lib.pte.hu/hu/ [accessed October 11, 2023]. Bart István, Klaudy Kinga 2003: EU-fordítóiskola. Európai Uniós szövegek fordítása angolról magyarra, Budapest: Corvina. Clear writing for Europe. Available at: https://commission.europa.eu/about-european-commission/ departments-and-executive-agencies/translation/clear-writing-europe_en [accessed October 11, 2023]. DictionELI. Available at: http://dictioneli.stepp.hu [accessed October 11, 2023]. 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Szabó, E. Vinnai, Miskolc: Bíbor Kiadó, 9–36. Vincze Veronika et al. 2008: The BioScope corpus: annotation for negation, uncertainty and their scope in biomedical texts. – BMC Bioinformatics 9(11), 1–9. Vinnai Edina 2017: Jog és nyelv határán. A jogi nyelvhasználat nemzetközi és hazai kutatása, Budapest: Gondolat. Ződi Zsolt 2018: A jog érthetőségének határai: Meg tudják-e oldani a nyelvészek a jogi szövegek érthetetlenségének problémáját? – A törvény szavai, eds. M. Szabó, E. Vinnai, Miskolc: Bíbor Kiadó, 241–260. VENGRIJOS TERMINOLOGIJOS ISTORIJA IR NAUJAUSIOS TENDENCIJOS XXI AMŽIUJE Santrauka Šio straipsnio tikslas – apžvelgti Vengrijos terminologijos istoriją ir naujausias tendencijas, turėjusias įtakos terminų raidai XXI amžiuje. Pastarieji du dešimtmečiai atnešė veiksmingų pokyčių Vengrijos aukštojo mokslo, profesinio rengimo, mokslinės kvalifikacijos ir leidybos srityse. Publikacijų kalba, ypač gamtos mokslų, medicinos, inžinerijos ir matematikos srityse, iš esmės pasikeitė – imta rašyti ne vengrų, bet anglų kalba. Be to, mokslo žurnalai vengrų kalba palaipsniui nyko, o mokslinių publikacijų vengrų kalba sumažėjo; ši tendencija vyrauja iki šiol. Visi šie pokyčiai suteikė galimybę geriau Ágota Fóris74 The History and Recent Trends of Terminology in Hungary in the 21st Century suprasti, plėtoti ir dėstyti terminologijos teoriją ir terminų tvarkybą, taip pat sustiprinti tarptautinius ryšius ir pradėti dialogą apie vengrų terminologijos politiką. Straipsnyje pirmiausia pristatomi reikšmingi vengrų terminijos pokyčiai per pastaruosius du dešimtmečius iš kalbos teisių perspektyvos, o vėliau dėmesys sutelkiamas į svarbiausias terminologijos srities mokslines publikacijas. Straipsnyje taip pat išryškinamos ir išsamiau pristatomos sritys, kuriose per pastaruosius du dešimtmečius buvo atliktas reikšmingas terminologijos darbas: Vengrijos teisės ir viešojo administravimo terminai, specifiniai ES terminai, medicinos terminai bei gamtos mokslų terminija ir nomenklatūra. Akivaizdu, kad aktyviausias terminologijos darbas ir tyrimai atliekami tose mokslo srityse, kurių tiesioginis taikymas tapo svarbus, t. y. teisė ir viešasis administravimas, medicina ir gamtos mokslai. Taip pat atrodo, kad, ypač teisės ir administravimo srityje, terminologiniai tyrimai yra glaudžiai susiję su vertimu. Be to, buvo parašytos kelios daktaro disertacijos ir monografijos iš teisės ir viešojo administravimo, medicinos ir gamtos mokslų sričių, išleista daug mokomosios medžiagos ir žodynų. Gauta 2023-12-16 Ágota Fóris Károli Gáspár University of the Reformed Church in Hungary, TERMIK Dózsa György út 25-27. H-1146 Budapest Hungary E-mail [email protected]